静电纺丝制备魔芋葡甘聚糖-纳米四氧化三铁纳米纤维膜结构及性能

将魔芋葡甘聚糖-纳米四氧化三铁共混,通过静电纺丝技术进一步制备纳米纤维膜,研究纳米四氧化三铁、KGM、甘油、Na₂CO₃含量对纳米纤维膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe₃O₄、KGM、甘油、Na₂CO₃含量对纳米纤维膜性能有较大影响,当纳米Fe₃O₄含量为1.0%,KGM含量为1.2%,甘油含量为0.1%,Na₂CO₃含量为0.1%时,制得的纳米纤维膜的拉伸强度为28.35 MPa,断裂伸长率为6.42%。X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）证明静电使KGM分子和Fe₃O₄粒子间存在着较强的相互作用,形成纤维表面的微孔结构薄膜。此外其静电纺丝增加了薄膜的性能,静电纺丝使膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别提高了72.4%和32.0%,水蒸汽透过系数和氧气透过率分别降低了35.2%和49.7%,且通过静电纺丝可使膜具有一定抗氧化性能。     

脱乙酰葡甘聚糖/壳聚糖共混膜制备工艺对膜性能的影响

以脱乙酰KGM、壳聚糖为主要原料，用共混成膜制备可食性膜。通过以脱乙酰基度、脱乙酰KGM/壳聚糖配比、混合膜液浓度、甘油用量为变量，以共混膜的拉伸强度、膜断裂伸展率及膜水蒸气渗透系数为指标，通过单因素和多因素正交试验，确定脱乙酰KGM/壳聚糖共混膜的最佳制备工艺参数。结果表明，当脱乙酰基度为0.70、脱乙酰KGM/壳聚糖配比为3 ∶ 7、共混膜液浓度为1.5％、甘油用量为0.50 mL时，共混膜的性能最优，拉伸强度高、断裂伸长率大、水蒸气渗透系数小，为共混膜在果蔬保鲜（特别是甜玉米）上的应用提供依据。     

可可膳食纤维的制备工艺及物理特性研究

以可可果皮为原料，采用酸水解法提取水溶性膳食纤维和水不溶性膳食纤维。结果表明，可可水溶性膳食纤维的最佳提取工艺为：料液比为1∶30，水浴温度90℃，pH 2.0，提取时间30 min，得率为25.19%。可可膳食纤维总得率达57.99%，不溶性膳食纤维的持水力为5.23 g/g，溶胀性为11.42 mL/g。     

金线莲多糖的提取工艺优化

以金线莲为试验材料,采用热水浸提法,对其多糖提取工艺进行优化。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验考察料液比、提取温度、提取时间及提取次数对多糖提取得率的影响,优选出最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:影响金线莲多糖提取率的主次因素为:提取温度提取次数提取时间料液比,并且4个因子对多糖提取得率影响均达到显著水平。金线莲多糖的最优提取工艺条件为:料液比1︰30、水浴温度70℃、提取时间90 min、提取4次。在最优提取工艺条件下,金线莲多糖提取得率为26.68%。研究认为应用此工艺多糖得率高,且简单易于调控,具有一定的应用价值。     

大豆分离蛋白生产降血压肽酶解技术研究

选用6种蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白,根据ACE抑制率高低,最终选择胰蛋白酶为最佳蛋白酶。通过单因素试验和L16(45)正交试验研究底物浓度、水解时间、酶与底物比、温度和pH值对酶解液降血压活性的影响,确定了水解最优条件组合。结果表明:底物浓度5%,水解时间6 h,酶和底物比为0.08,温度为50℃,pH值为8.0时,所得水解液ACE抑制率最高,为76.8%。     

黑豆皮中黄酮提取及粗提物抑菌效果研究

通过对影响黑豆皮中黄酮类物质提取率的乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比、提取次数等因素进行了单因素试验、PB试验和响应面分析,将提取工艺进行了优化.结果表明:对黄酮提取具有显著影响的因子为乙醇浓度(P=0.0207)、提取温度(P=0.0285)和料液比(P=0.0170).最佳工艺为乙醇浓度70%、提取温度76.2...     

小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶活性检测方法的研究

以邻苯二酚为底物，采用分光光度法在405nm波长测定小麦全籽粒浸提液的吸光度变化，以此反映小麦多酚氧化酶活性的大小。从反应开始到5min时间段酶促反应最快，品种间差异较大，随后则逐渐下降；浸泡时间对全籽粒浸提法测定多酚氧化酶活性具有显著影响。浸泡时间小于20h，品种间差异较小；浸泡时间超过30h，酶液自身吸光值增加较多，因此浸泡时间以25-30h为宜。小麦多酚氧化酶与底物反应较适宜的温度和pH为35℃和6.0左右。     

糖基化大豆分离蛋白制备工艺优化及对其性质的影响

以大豆分离蛋白为试验材料,优化糖基化大豆分离蛋白制备工艺并研究经过葡萄糖处理对大豆分离蛋白溶解度、凝胶强度、乳化性以及热稳定方面的影响。结果表明:糖基化大豆分离蛋白最佳制备工艺为反应温度69.49℃、反应时间46.64 min、糖的添加量10.64%,凝胶强度最高为76.03;在相同p H下,经葡萄糖处理后的大豆分离蛋白溶解度较大,沉淀较少,而未糖基化的大豆分离蛋白沉淀量增加。糖基化处理的大豆分离蛋白乳化稳定性(emulsifying stability,ES)和热稳定性均有所增强。糖基化改性过程可显著提高大豆分离蛋白的溶解性和乳化性能,这为拓宽其在食品工业中的应用提供了理论基础。     

环氧化天然橡胶凝胶与溶胶的热降解

采用热重法研究了环氧化天然橡胶的凝胶和溶胶的热降解和热氧降解,并用３次样条函数对热重数据进行插值和微分,通过二元线性回归求出了凝胶和溶胶的热降解活化能、反应级数和频率因子。凝胶的起始降解温度、热氧降解温度及活化能高于溶胶的起始降解温度、热氧降解温度及活化能,说明凝胶的热稳定性高于溶胶。     

糯玉米胚乳重组淀粉的热力学和晶体特性

以7个糯玉米品种为材料,分离糯玉米大、小淀粉粒,以不同重量比的大、小淀粉粒配比组成重组淀粉,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X-射线衍射仪(XRD)研究重组淀粉的热力学和晶体特性。结果表明,7个糯玉米品种按大、小淀粉粒配比的重组淀粉起始温度、峰值指数、热焓值和结晶度及各个衍射峰的尖峰强度整体上表现为3:02:11:11:20:3配比;峰值温度、终值温度和糊化范围整体上表现为3:02:11:11:20:3配比。相关分析发现,7个糯玉米品种重组淀粉中大淀粉粒所占比例与起始温度(r=0.86~0.99)、热焓值(r=0.90~0.97)、峰值指数(黑糯4号除外,r=0.90~0.99)及结晶度(r=0.86~0.98)均呈(极)显著正相关;与峰值温度(西星黄糯6号除外,r=-0.88~-0.98)、终值温度(r=-0.89~-0.97)和糊化范围(r=-0.86~-0.98)呈(极)显著负相关;小淀粉粒所占比例恰好相反。重组淀粉中大淀粉粒比例越高,淀粉糊化起始温度、峰值指数、热焓值及结晶度越高;峰值温度、终值温度和糊化范围越低。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).