直播杂交稻分蘖发生及穗粒构成特点

以青优湛二作早、晚稻直播试验材料，研究直播杂交稻的分蘖、成穗及结实特性，结果表明：直播稻的第一次分蘖发生机率以第Ⅲ～Ⅵ节位最高，达９７．５～１００％；成稳率以第Ⅰ～Ｖ节位蘖较高，成穗蘖苗生于主茎叶龄８．５叶期内；主穗和第一次蘖的成穗数占每亩总穗数的９０％以上，占每亩总粒数的９４％以上，分蘖穗的株高与单穗总粒数是极显著的正相关，栽培上应适当减少前期施氮量，控制高位次无效蘖，中期施好穗肥，提高成穗率。     

汉寿县早稻机械化直播栽培试验示范

2006年在汉寿县进行了早稻机械化直播栽培试验示范，采用手工撒播和软盘抛秧为对照。结果表明，机械化直播能明显增加产量，分别比撒播和抛秧增加9．0％和1．1％。增产的原因主要是机械化直播采取了规格密点播，分蘖增长平稳，最终形成较高的有效穗数和每穗总粒数。机直播的纯收入比抛秧增加21．0％，比撒播增加2009％，且省工显著，可以推广应用。     

水稻不同耕作栽培方式比较研究

试验结果表明,免耕直播稻比常耕抛秧稻分蘖早10~13 d,分蘖节位低1个节位,成穗率高6.82个百分点;单株总根数多88.9条、根总长多902.9 cm、根系体积多4.7 cm3、根系干重多0.91 g;后期绿叶数多0.7张,假茎粗0.08 cm;每公顷有效穗多24.15万穗,每穗总粒数多3.9粒,每穗实粒数多5.7粒,结实率高2.02个百分点。不同的耕作方式相比,直播稻比抛栽稻生育期缩短3~6 d;穗粒结构以稻草还田免耕直播稻最好,产量也最高,比非还田免耕直播稻增产4.78%,比免耕抛秧稻增产6.39%,比常耕直播稻增产11.79%,比常耕抛秧稻增产11.39%。不同留桩高度对免耕直播稻产量没有直接的影响,免耕直播稻纹枯病危害较轻,特别是稻草还田免耕直播稻纹枯病最轻。     

直播稻丸化种衣剂应用效果初报

2005年采用自行研制的水稻丸化种衣剂包衣直播稻种子，在汉寿和浏阳进行了试验研究。结果表明。相比对照，丸化剂能加快直播稻出苗、促进分蘖、增加干物质积累，最终明显提高了秧苗综合素质；同时农药成分能有效防治秧苗期稻蓟马危害，防效达70.89％。最终产量平均增幅5．83％～8．59％，单位面积有效穗数明显增多是增产的主要原因。     

杂交稻密肥技术研究：Ⅱ.肥料分施技术

为了探索杂交稻肥料分施技术，设置了不同蘖穗肥分施比率试验，明确：（１）蘖穗肥分施比将等量肥料集中作分蘖肥显著增产，但蘖穗肥比率７：３，６：４和５：５之间的产量差异不显著；（２）蘖穗分施增产的原因，是提高了分蘖成穗率，促进稻穗发育，扩大了库容量，并增强了中，后期的干物质生产力，增加对籽粒的物质供应；（３）穗粒肥所占比率〉３０％；增加了中，后期净光合率，但减少中期贮藏性物质的贮积。     

不同播种方式对冬小麦主要农艺性状及籽粒干物质积累的影响

为了进一步明确地膜小麦的增产机理，从1998～2000年在两个生长季节里对地膜穴播、膜侧沟播、露地条播方式下冬小麦主要农艺性状、籽粒干物质积累过程进行了比较研究。试验结果表明，地膜穴播和膜测沟播可使单株分蘖数、穗粒数、穗粒重、单位面积产量增加，但分蘖成穗率和根／茎比降低，基部节间延长，抗例伏性降低；植株最上部叶片中可溶性糖和籽粒中糖分含量增加，籽粒中蛋白质含量降低。籽粒干重的增加，主要表现在渐增期和快增期灌装速率较高，而缓增期无差异；膜侧沟播的个体性状较好，地膜穴播的群体性状较好。地膜穴播比膜侧沟播的产量高。     

早籼金早47直播栽培生育特性及高产技术

金早47于2001年通过浙江省农作物品种审定,目前已成为浙江省早稻的主栽品种.作直播栽培,其抽穗、成熟期较早,生育期较稳定;分蘖早,有效穗数增加,穗大粒多,结实率高,增产潜力大;株高适中,剑叶挺直,茎秆粗壮,耐肥抗倒,熟色好.其高产栽培技术有：除草、翻耕、精细整田、施足基肥;适时播种,合理密植;及时除草施肥,促进分蘖早生快发;科学灌水,提高分蘖成穗率和植株抗倒力;适时用药,防治病虫害;成熟后及时收割.     

杂交水稻制种施用稀土的效应初探

１９８９年对杂交组合汕优６３的制种亲本进行了施用稀土试验。结果表明：秧苗期施用稀土后，秧苗分蘖早而多，素质好；本田期施用稀土后，表现穗大、颖花多、开花良好，抗逆性增强，结实率高，增产明显。以幼苗２～３叶期和幼穗分化始期喷施两次的效果最好，每次每亩用量５０克，兑清水２５公斤。其投资效益比达１：３００左右。     

水稻机械点播的综合效益和配套技术

水稻生产不经育秧插秧等环节，采用机械点播机直接种子点播，生产效率提高20倍，稻谷增产7％，每667m^2节本增效100多元，综合效益显著。经试验示范，探明机械点播的配套技术为：整地平烂净，湿润点播，合理调控点播量，浅水分蘖、发足80％穗数苗烤田；适当减少分蘖肥，增施穗粒肥。     

杂交晚稻旱育秧秧苗素质及增产途径研究

通过对旱育秧和水育秧进行比较研究，结果表明：（１）旱育秧较水育秧增产４．９％，增产显著，增产途径是多穗；（２）形态上，旱育秧苗移栽叶龄小，叶片小，分蘖少，叶鞘长，植株高；（３）生理上，旱育秧苗叶鞘积累的干物质多，叶片比叶重大，根系氧化能力强，束缚水和脯氨酸含量高，而叶绿素和丙二醛含量低     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.