绵羊放牧方式及强度对围封恢复草场牧草细胞壁成分及营养价值的影响

选取内蒙古自治区典型草原区封育恢复中天然放牧草场,进行毛肉兼用细毛羊的暖季放牧试验.采用2×5完全随机试验设计,设定不同放牧方式（不放牧,连续放牧,四区、五区、六区轮牧）及2种放牧强度（1.0,1.4 hm2/un.sh）,运用酶分析方法分析比较了围封过程中放牧绵羊对封育草场牧草细胞壁成分月动态变化及营养价值的影响.结果表明,整个暖季放牧期内,不同放牧区牧草营养物质含量主要受到放牧方式的显著影响（P＜0.05）.具体表现为,不放牧处理牧草细胞壁有机物（OCW）含量始终显著低于各放牧处理,不同放牧处理间没有明显差异;划区轮牧处理牧草始终保持着较高的消化性部分且显著高于连续放牧处理;不放牧处理牧草始终保持着较高的Oa和较低的Ob,而连续放牧处理与其相反,各轮牧处理间没有显著差异;轮牧处理总可消化养分（TDN）和代谢能（ME）含量较高,尤其在牧草生长旺盛期（八月份）,六区轮牧放牧场牧草可利用营养物质含量最高,营养价值最高.     

混播人工草地不同放牧制度下草畜互作试验研究

试验于2010年6～9月在中国农业科学院草原研究所农牧交错区试验示范基地的混播人工草地上进行。试验分为划区轮牧组和连续放牧组,轮牧组与连续放牧组各设3个重复,轮牧区每个重复各有5个小区,每个小区放牧时间为6d。试验结果显示,不同放牧制度对各组草地牧草的干物质产量影响不显著;对各组草地牧草的营养物质影响差异显著(P<0.05);划区轮牧组牧草的粗蛋白质(CP)含量有高于同期连续放牧草地牧草的趋势,而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量低于连续放牧草地的牧草;对绵羊增重影响组间差异不显著。     

放牧对典型草原牧草营养及绵羊增重和瘤胃发酵的影响

选取内蒙古克什克腾旗典型草原区封育后轻度利用的天然草地,采用双因素试验设计,设定4种放牧方式(连续放牧、四区轮牧、五区轮牧和六区轮牧)及2种放牧强度(1.0SU/hm²、0.7SU/hm²,以下简称GI 1.0、GI 0.7),以不放牧为对照区,探究暖季放牧对植被地上生物量、草群养分供给量、绵羊增重及瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明：(1)8～9月,未放牧处理地上生物量显著高于放牧处理,各放牧处理间未见明显差异。10月,地上生物量受到放牧强度的显著影响,同时表现出受放牧方式影响的趋势,但未见明显的二因素交互效应。具体表现为放牧强度GI 0.7组平均生物量显著高于GI 1.0组,放牧方式中划区轮牧平均生物量有高于连续放牧的趋势。GI 0.7时连续放牧的生物量明显下降,轮牧与未放牧处理差异不显著,可维持较高的生物量;GI 1.0时轮牧与连续放牧的生物量均显著下降,五区轮牧明显优于连续放牧。(2)草群养分供给量(FNY)的粗蛋白供给量(CPY)、中性洗涤纤维供给量(NDFY)和高消化性养分供给量(HDNY)指标对放牧强度和放牧方式的响应,与地上生物量的响应...     

不同利用方式和不同放牧强度对草原生产力的影响

通过对宁南山区草原不同利用方式和不同放牧强度草场生产力的测定,平均产草量为鲜草1767kg/hm2,干草883.5kg/hm2,干物质679.6kg/hm2;草场轮牧产草量高于秋季测定的平均产草量;不同放牧方式草场产草量的顺序为:四季放牧三区轮牧区>冷季放牧区>四季放牧区;相同放牧强度的四季放牧三区轮牧比四季放牧草场产草量高。     

内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原不同放牧区混合牧草营养成分和瘤胃发酵特性的研究

【目的】评价内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原不同放牧区混合优势牧草营养价值，确定放牧家畜营养供给和最佳放牧区。【方法】测定和分析内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原 8 个主要放牧区青草期混合优势牧草营养成分、结构性碳水化合物、体外瘤胃发酵特性，并对其营养价值进行综合评定。【结果】乌兰察布嘎查放牧区混合牧草粗蛋白(CP)含量显著低于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，乌拉盖水库放牧区混合牧草粗灰分 (Ash)含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，乌兰察布嘎查放牧区和斯仁音昭村放牧区混合牧草钙 (Ca)和磷(P)含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，而宝克牧场放牧区混合牧草可溶性碳水化合物 (WSC)含量最高(P＜0. 05)；乌兰察布嘎查放牧区混合牧草酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、纤维素含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、 半纤维含量显著低于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)；瘤胃体外发酵 12~48 h，发酵液 pH 无明显变化，查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草产气量(GP)、体外干物质降解率(DMD)和体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)随时间增加呈现递增趋势，均显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)。【结论】内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草营养价值最佳。     

暖季轮牧对长芒草型干草原生产性能的影响初报

通过对长芒草 杂草草场暖季划区轮牧、自由放牧及围栏封育3种处理方式的研究，结果表明：划区轮牧区植物群落种建群的质量百分比显著高于自由放牧区和围栏封育区。划区轮牧十分有利于长芒草草场的恢复，对今后草地资源可持续利用有着十分重要的意义。     

沙地恢复草场主要可食牧草营养价值动态分析

为了制定科学合理的草地利用制度,在内蒙古浑善达克沙地对围栏封育恢复阶段草场家畜可采食的10种主要牧草采用常规、范氏纤维洗涤法和酶分析法测定不同生长季节营养成分含量,分析比较营养物质的动态变化,并进行营养价值评价.结果表明:随生长期的延长牧草粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量逐渐下降,总纤维含量逐渐增加;从构成细胞壁物质的组成成分上分析,同一生长时期的豆科牧草消化率要低于禾本科牧草;试验区沙地人工、半人工植物群落与生态系统基本处于稳定状态,灌木、半灌木及草本饲用资源相对较丰富,因此沙地草场治理恢复后对其可以进行适度的放牧利用.     

不同放牧制度对荒漠草原地上生物量及种间关系的影响

采用围栏放牧控制试验,研究了不同放牧强度和放牧方式对封育9年荒漠草原地上生物量及种间关系的影响。结果显示,1)放牧强度对生长季不同时期牧草地上生物量的影响不同,中度自由放牧小区的牧草地上生物量在整个生长季都高于封育小区;2)环境条件对牧草地上生物量的影响较大,在光热水等资源充足时,自由放牧区3种牧压梯度下的牧草地上生物量均高于封育禁牧小区,当遭遇高温干旱胁迫时,自由放牧区的牧草地上生物量的增长量均比封育禁牧小区低,中度轮牧草场表现出较好的抗胁迫能力;3)放牧能够减小荒漠草原年内牧草地上生物量的时间变异,而其空间变异对不同放牧制度的响应较为复杂,在不同强度、不同方式以及植被生长季的不同时期都有所不同;4)轻度自由放牧不会改变植物的种间关系和群落之间的关系,而重度自由放牧不仅加剧了群落间的资源竞争,还会引起研究区3种群落发生不同程度的逆向演替,中等强度的4区轮牧方式为研究区最优的放牧模式,它一方面减缓了群落界面上的资源竞争,另一方面促进了本氏针茅群落的顺行演替。以上结果表明,合理地调控人类放牧制度能够促进草地生态系统功能,从而起到恢复和保护草原的作用。     

不同轮牧方式对荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响

研究轮牧方式对草地植被特征的影响,可为草地合理放牧提供科学依据。在宁夏荒漠草原,以载畜率0.75只·hm^-2为水平,以围封禁牧草地为对照(CK),对连续放牧(CG)、二区轮牧(TG)、四区轮牧(FG)和六区轮牧(SG)方式下草地物种植被组成、群落盖度、生物量、净初级生产力、物种多样性以及群落稳定性进行研究。结果表明:1)轮牧使荒漠草原优良牧草重要值下降,但可增加植物物种种类;增加轮牧分区有利于优良牧草和多年生草本重要值的保持,但对半灌木的影响较小;2)植被盖度以封育和四区轮牧较高,地上生物量和净初级生产力以四区轮牧和六区轮牧草地较高,地下生物量以封育和六区轮牧处理较高,草地凋落物量以封育较高;3)轮牧可增加物种丰富度、多样性以及优势度,但群落均匀度指数下降;4)各处理下植物群落均不稳定,相比之下,围封禁牧群落稳定性最高,连续放牧最低。综合植被特征和生产中的便利性,研究认为四区轮牧是研究区最适宜的轮牧方式。     

不同轮牧方式对荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响

研究轮牧方式对草地植被特征的影响,可为草地合理放牧提供科学依据。在宁夏荒漠草原,以载畜率0.75只·hm~(-2)为水平,以围封禁牧草地为对照(CK),对连续放牧(CG)、二区轮牧(TG)、四区轮牧(FG)和六区轮牧(SG)方式下草地物种植被组成、群落盖度、生物量、净初级生产力、物种多样性以及群落稳定性进行研究。结果表明:1)轮牧使荒漠草原优良牧草重要值下降,但可增加植物物种种类;增加轮牧分区有利于优良牧草和多年生草本重要值的保持,但对半灌木的影响较小;2)植被盖度以封育和四区轮牧较高,地上生物量和净初级生产力以四区轮牧和六区轮牧草地较高,地下生物量以封育和六区轮牧处理较高,草地凋落物量以封育较高;3)轮牧可增加物种丰富度、多样性以及优势度,但群落均匀度指数下降;4)各处理下植物群落均不稳定,相比之下,围封禁牧群落稳定性最高,连续放牧最低。综合植被特征和生产中的便利性,研究认为四区轮牧是研究区最适宜的轮牧方式。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein