东北黑土区不同种类有机物料腐解特征及驱动因素分析

有机物料高效还田是培肥黑土的重要途径,有机物料自身性质和腐解过程中的温度是影响有机物料腐解的关键要素。寒地黑土区不同种类有机物料的动态腐解过程及腐解影响因素的研究还较少。该研究通过在东北黑土区不同积温地点布设不同种类有机物料腐解田间联网试验,研究有机物料的动态腐解特征及主要影响因素。结果表明：1）有机物料自身性质存在明显差异,其中秸秆的碳氮比最高,有机肥最低,腐解指数变化趋势与碳氮比相反。2）经过720 d的腐解,6种有机物料的累积腐解率和累积释碳率具有明显的季节性和地带性变化规律。在积温较高的夏、秋季节累积腐解率和累积释碳率高于积温较低的春、冬季节;试验地点积温越高,累积腐解率和累积释碳率越大,从积温最低的黑河到积温最高的昌图,累积腐解率和累积释碳率分别增加了15.8%～41.0%和47.8%～114.0%。不同有机物料的累积腐解率表现为作物秸秆＞菌糠＞畜禽粪便,累积释碳率与之相反。3）有机物料腐解的同时发生碳释放和氮富集过程,除海伦和黑河地区玉米和水稻秸秆经过720 d的腐解后碳氮比未降至25以下外,其余处理碳氮比均低于25,腐解效果较好。腐解残留率衰减方程可较好的拟合了有机物料的腐解过程,作物秸秆的腐解速率常数k（0.23～0.25）显著高于木耳菌糠（0.15）和畜禽粪便（0.08～0.13）（P<0.05）。结构方程模型表明,有机物料自身性质对腐解特征的贡献率高于试验地点的积温、腐解时间和土壤性质,是影响有机物料腐解最主要的驱动因素。     

覆膜对有机物料的腐解及土壤有机质特性的影响

砂滤管长期培养试验结果表明,有机物料和农肥施入土壤后,腐解残留率(Yt)与有机物料施入后的时间(t)遵循Yt=Y^λ.t_oe方程式,式中Yo为有机物料缓分解成分的碳理占加入总碳量的百分数,λ为缓解成分的分解速率。覆膜使Yt和Yo值明显降低。田间试验结果表明,覆膜降低了有机质的活性,使PQ值(胡敏酸占可提取腐殖酸的百分数)和A2/A3比值(胡敏酸在波长200nm和300nm处吸光度之比)增高,胡敏酸对光吸收增强。     

中国农田土壤中有机物料腐解特征的整合分析

整合1980年—2013年中国农田土壤有机物料腐解试验的相关文献,分析了华南、华北、西北和东北等典型农业区不同类型有机物料腐解一年后的残留率(h1)及其驱动因子。结果表明,中国不同有机物料h1平均为0.335 g g-1,受到物料类型、区域以及二者交互作用等因素的显著影响。总体上,h1在物料类型上呈绿肥秸秆根茬≈有机肥,在区域上呈华南≈华北西北≈东北。但h1的区域差异因物料类型而异。其中,绿肥、秸秆和根茬的h1均呈华北华南和东北,而有机肥的h1在各区域间差异不显著。同时,h1的物料类型差异也因区域而异。在湿润半湿润的华南、华北和东北地区,h1均呈根茬秸秆和绿肥;而在干旱半干旱的西北地区,受水分条件的限制,各物料类型间h1差异不显著。逐步回归结果显示,木质素与氮素含量之比(lignin∶N)是绿肥、秸秆和根茬腐解的首要影响因子,而年均温和干燥指数居于其次,表明农田土壤中植物性有机物料的腐解,物料性质较气候因子占主导。但对于腐解或半腐解状态的有机肥,其腐解已不受气候和物料性质的显著影响。此外,单一气候因子或物料性质对h1变异性的解释率往往不超过15%,气候和物料性质的综合解释率尚低于40%,表明要准确预测农田土壤有机物料的腐解过程,需要更多地重视区域或点位特征(例如,土壤理化和生物学性质等)的影响。     

砂土中有机物质腐解与有机质调控

通过砂滤管和尼龙网袋法研究了有机物料在砂土的腐殖化和矿质化规律,对该土壤有机质培肥及调控提出了建议。研究表明:供试的几种物料总的分解速率趋势为:玉米秸杆>小麦秸杆>鸡粪>牛粪>猪粪。砂土有机质的矿化速率为3.06%;同时发现两种研究方式下,土壤有机质含量和活性有机质含量二者之间具有明显的相关性。     

有机物料腐解过程胡敏酸与Fe~(2+)的络合特征

采用玉米秸、绿豆秸、猪粪、羊粪4种有机物料进行腐解试验,研究了腐解过程形成的胡敏酸在不同条件下(pH、离子强度)与Fe2+的络合特征,结果表明,在相同条件下,粪肥腐解形成的胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合能力相对比秸秆的强。腐解过程胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合能力呈动态变化,胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合稳定常数与其羧基、总酸度成极显著正相关。在碱性条件下(pH=8.0),各有机物料腐解形成的胡敏酸与Fe2+的络合能力下降。     

有机物料腐解过程胡敏酸的分级研究

采用培养试验,在研究玉米秸、绿豆秸、猪粪、羊粪4种有机物料腐解过程腐殖物质的组成(H/F比)、胡敏酸性质动态变化的基础上,利用酒精沉淀法对胡敏酸进行分级,研究了不同腐解期胡敏酸的级分组成变异。结果表明,有机物料腐解形成的胡敏酸以级分3、4、5所占比例较多,级分1、2相对较少。级分3在整个腐解过程明显增加;级分1、2前期有所波动,后期呈增加趋势,级分4、5以减小趋势为主。胡敏酸性质变化与其级分组成变化有密切关系。     

有机物料对强酸性茶园土壤的酸度调控研究

通过室内培养的方式,研究了不同添加剂量下,不同C/N与灰化碱含量的有机物料对酸性茶园土壤的改良能力.试验结果表明:有机物料的添加可以有效地减少土壤交换性酸、铝饱和度,增加土壤交换性碱基,但是在调节土壤pH能力上并非一定有效.初始阶段,“灰化碱”的释放与有机氮的矿化提高了土壤的pH,随后pH由于硝化作用出现不同程度的下降.C/N高的作物秸秆(小麦和水稻秸秆)能够有效地抑制硝化,使pH下降幅度较小;而C/N低的作物秸秆(花生秸秆和菜籽饼)促进硝化,使pH大幅度下降.最终土壤pH与其C/N呈正相关性(y=0.00343x+4.14,r=0.977),而与其灰化碱含量无关.并且随着秸秆添加剂量的加大,C/N高的作物秸秆最终调剂pH的能力是显著提高的(P＜0.05),而C/N低的作物秸秆最终调剂pH的能力没有显著提高(P＜0.05).因此,C/N高的作物秸秆可能更适合土壤酸度的长期调节,与其相关的田间试验需要进一步进行证实.     

冀西北栗钙土有机质分解及土壤速效养分变化的研究

采用尼龙网袋法研究栗钙土有机质分解及土壤速效养分的变化结果表明,不同有机物(肥)料在前3个月分解较快,最初30d坡梁栗钙土和旱滩草甸栗钙土分解率分别为32.68％和30.32％。新施入有机物(肥)料可明显提高土壤有机质活性系数,平均提高16％左右,腐殖质活性顺序依次为牛粪>莜麦秸>豌豆秸。有机物(肥)料腐解周年后土壤有机碳及速效氮、速效磷、速效钾明显增加。2类土壤有机碳分别为106.67％～135.00％和53.33％～58.18％,速效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别提高34.62％～52.31％和21.10％～50.37％、18.20％～207.60％和34.20％～210.05％、64.92％～143.12％和28.75％～102.49％。     

植物残体腐解过程腐解物热解特征的研究

本文差热，热重和微商热重分析技术，研究植物残体腐解过程能态的动态变化规律。结果表明，ＤＴＡ曲线上３３０℃放热峰是有机质热解的主要特征峰，用该峰的焓变（△Ｈ）大小表征有机残体能态的相对高低，得到有机残体腐解过程能动态变化特征为：在宏观整体上表现为放能过程，但在局部阶段呈现吸能与放能的交替。整个腐解过程依据能量变化特征，可依次划分为波动起伏－急剧下降－趋于平稳三个阶段。焓变与有机碳（％）呈极显著相关，     

有机物料及其配施在潮土中的残留特点

试验采用尼龙布袋埋袋法研究了5种单一物料(玉米秸、稻秸、苜蓿、鸡粪、猪粪)和2种混合物料(玉米秸-猪粪-鸡粪、苜蓿-猪粪-鸡粪)在潮土中的腐解状况,以了解土壤中有机质的积累规律,探讨有机肥料对土壤的培肥效果。研究结果表明,玉米秸、稻秸、苜蓿、鸡粪、猪粪等是增加土壤有机质的较好物料;对C/N比较高的物料,当增加N素(添加猪粪、鸡粪这些氮含量较高的物料)、调节C/N比值时,可以促进混合物料有机碳的分解和向腐殖质的转化。     

三江平原地区不同有机物料腐解规律的研究

利用网袋法模拟田间还田方式, 研究不同还田方式下玉米、大豆秸秆的腐解特征。结果表明: 经过150 d的分解, 玉米和大豆秸秆残留率在33.7%~61.1%之间, 秸秆还田分解趋势为: 土埋处理>露天处理, 土埋玉米秸秆>土埋大豆秸秆, 露天条件下大豆和玉米秸秆分解速率一致。从细胞结构上看, 玉米秸秆随着还田时间的延长, 基本组织和维管束遭到破坏, 细胞壁变薄, 细胞内物质消失, 细胞排列疏松; 大豆秸秆组织结构变化不明显。露天和土埋处理各有机物料有机碳分解率分别为39.9%~48.9%、49.6%~65.8%, 土埋玉米和大豆秸秆腐解速度明显高于露天处理。两个处理氮、钾分解率无太大差异, 分别为51.1%~67.7%、74.6%~91.7%, 而磷素变化比较明显, 露天和土埋处理玉米秸秆的磷释放率平均比大豆秸秆高49.4%、56.7%。作为还田物料玉米秸秆要好于大豆秸秆。     

水分和有机物料对镉污染土壤的改良效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验相结合的方式,系统研究了3种土壤水分含量条件下,添加不同有机物料对镉(Cd)污染土壤的改良效应。研究结果表明:淹水、田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下添加有机物料均有利于污染土壤中可交换态Cd含量的降低,铁锰氧化物及有机结合态Cd含量的增加。随土壤中水分含量的增加,影响程度增加,即淹水>田间持水量>65%相对含水量。3种水分条件下,添加蚯蚓粪处理Cd活性降低明显,其次为猪粪处理,草炭处理相对较差。淹水条件下,油菜体内Cd的含量最低,田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下油菜部分发育指标差异不显著。添加不同有机物料各处理促进油菜生长的顺序大致为:蚯蚓粪>草炭>CK>猪粪。     

Decomposition of different organic materials in soils

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate organic C mineralization of various organic materials added to soils. A soil sample was mixed with organic material to approximate a field application of 9 g organic C kg^-1 soil (0.9% or 50 Mg ha^-1). The organic materials used were four crop residues [corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], four animal manures [chicken (Gallus domesticus), pig (Sus scrofa), horse (Equus caballus), and cow (Bos taurus)] and four sewage sludges [Correctionville (Imhoff tank), Charles City (holding tank), Davenport (secondary digester), and Keokuk (primary digester)]. The soil-organic material mixture was incubated under aerobic conditions at room temperature (20±2°C) for 30 days. The CO₂ evolved was collected in standard KOH solution by continuously passing CO₂-free air over the soil. Results showed that, in general, the amounts of CO₂-C released mereased rapidly initially, but the pattern differed among the organic materials used. More than 50% of the total CO₂ produced in 30 days of incubation was evolved in the first 6 days. Expressed as percentages of organic C added, the amounts of CO₂ evolved ranged from 27% with corn to 58% with alfalfa. The corresponding percentages for animal manures ranged from 21 to 62% with horse and pig manures, respectively, and for sewage sludges they ranged from 10 to 39% for Charles City and Keokuk sludges. All CO₂ evolution data conformed well to a first-order kinetic model. Potentially, readily mineralizable organic C values and first-order rate constants (k) of the organic matter-treated soils ranged from 1.422 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0784 day^-1 to 6.253 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0300 day^-1. The half-lives of the C remaining in soils ranged from 39 to 54 days for plant materials. The corresponding half-lives for the C remaining from animal manures and sewage sludges ranged from 37 to 169 days and from 39 to 330 days, respectively.     

Ameliorating subsoil acidity by surface application of calcium fulvates derived from common organic materials

Subsoil acidity is a serious constraint to crop production, and is difficult to correct by conventional liming practices. Thus, a different approach to ameliorating acid subsoils was evaluated. Subsoil material of an acid Ultisol (pH 4.4) was packed into 50-cm long columns, then leached with solutions of CaCl₂, CaCO₃ (suspension) or Ca fulvates prepared from chicken manure, cowpea green manure, or sewage sludge. The total water applied was 30.26 cm (or 800 ml) in 2 days. Thereafter, the columns were dismantled and cut into 5-cm segments for chemical analysis. The results indicated that only 2% of the added Ca from CaCO₃ moved past the 15-cm depth, compared to 68% from CaCl₂ and 35–75% from Ca fulvates. Correspondingly, CaCO₃ precipitated all KCl-extractable Al in the top 5 cm, but had no effect beyond the 10-cm depth. The CaCl₂ displaced a small but significant portion of extractable Al from the top 15 cm and redeposited some of that Al in lower depths. Similar to CaCO₃, Ca fulvates from chicken manure and green mamure only decreased extractable Al significantly in the top 10-cm layers, but had little effect beyond that depth. By contrast, the Ca fulvate from sewage sludge decreased Al down to the 45-cm depth. In terms of reducing Al saturation as a percentage of total extractable cations (effective cation exchange capacity), the Ca fulvates were as effective as CaCO₃ in the 0-to 5-cm layer, and more effective than CaCl₂ in any soil layer because of the increased exchangeable Ca and/or decreased Al. In general, surface application of common organic material-derived Ca fulvates can increase subsoil Ca and decrease the Al saturation percentage. However, Mg depletion and enrichment of unwanted metals (e.g., Na or heavy metals) may be a problem when leaching with these organic sources.     

Decomposition temperature sensitivity of isolated soil organic matter fractions

The general consensus is that a warming climate will result in the acceleration of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, thus acting as a potential positive feedback mechanism. However, the debate over the relative temperature sensitivity of labile versus recalcitrant SOM has not been fully resolved. We isolated acid hydrolysis residues to represent a recalcitrant pool of SOM and particulate organic matter (POM) to represent a labile pool of SOM, and incubated each at different temperatures to determine temperature sensitivity of decomposition. Short-term incubations of POM generated results consistent with published experiments (i.e., greater proportion of C respired and lower Q₁₀ than whole soil), while incubations of acid hydrolysis residues did not. The contrasting results illustrate the difficulty in assessing temperature sensitivity of labile versus stable SOM decomposition, partly because of the inability to quantitatively isolate labile versus stable SOM pools and to be sufficiently certain that respiration responses to temperature are not masked by processes such as enhanced stabilization or microbial inhibition/adaptation. Further study on the temperature sensitivity of decomposition of isolated SOM fractions is necessary to better explain and predict temperature responses of bulk SOM decomposition.     

Evolution of organic matter and nitrogen during co-composting of olive mill wastewater with solid organic wastes

 Four olive mill wastewater (OMW) composts, prepared with three N-rich organic wastes and two different bulking agents, were studied in a pilot plant using the Rutgers system. Organic matter (OM) losses during composting followed a first-order kinetic equation in all the piles, the slowest being the OM mineralisation rate in the pile using maize straw (MS). The highest N losses through NH₃ volatilisation occurred in the mixtures which had a low initial C/N ratio and high pH values during the process. Such losses were reduced considerably when MS was used as the bulking agent instead of cotton waste (CW). N fixation activity increased during the bio-oxidative phase before falling during maturation. This N fixation capacity was higher in piles with a lower NH₄ ⁺-N concentration. Only the composts prepared with OMW, CW and poultry manure or sewage sludge reached water-soluble organic C (C_W) and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations and C_W/N_org and NH₄ ⁺/NO₃ ^– ratios within the established limits which indicate a good degree of compost maturity. Increases in the cation-exchange capacity, the percentage of humic acid-like C and the polymerisation ratio revealed that the OM had been humified during composting. The germination index indicated the reduction of phytotoxicity during composting. Received: 14 June 1999     

土壤水分对水稻土和菜园土有机碳分解的影响

采用培养法研究在不同水分条件下水稻土和菜园土有机碳的分解变化特征。结果表明,不同的土壤类型和不同的水分条件下CO2释放速率的变化趋势都是前期分解速率快,后期分解速率减慢并趋于稳定。低土壤水分含量不利于水稻土和菜园土的有机碳分解,中等土壤水分含量有利于菜园土的有机碳分解,高土壤水分含量有利于水稻土的有机碳分解。对有机碳分解累计量曲线的拟合,幂函数(y=b0*xb1)可以很好的反映这种变化趋势,并且b0和b1与土壤水分含量都有很好的相关性。