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Murray B. Isman 《Phytoparasitica》1997,25(4):339-344
In spite of the wide recognition that many plants possess insecticidal properties, only a handful of pest control products
directly obtained from plants,i. e., botanical insecticides, are in use in developed countries. The demonstrated efficacy of the botanical neem (based on seed
kernel extracts ofAzadirachta indica), and its recent approval for use in the United States, has stimulated research and development of other botanical insecticides.
However, the commercialization of new botanical insecticides can be hindered by a number of issues. The principal barriers
to commercialization of new botanicals are (i) scarcity of the natural resource; (ii) standardization and quality control;
and (iii) registration. These issues are no problem (i) or considerably less of a problem (ii, iii) with conventional insecticides.
In this review I discuss these issues and suggest how the problems may be overcome in the future.
Based on a paper presented at the symposiumBiopesticides for Crop Protection, Seoul National University Suwon, South Korea, 22 August 1996. 相似文献
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Salehzadeh A Jabbar A Jennens L Ley SV Annadurai RS Adams R Strang RH 《Pest management science》2002,58(3):268-276
A range of cultured cells of invertebrate and vertebrate origin was grown in the presence of a number of phytochemical pesticides to test the effect of the latter on cell proliferation. The main observation was that azadirachtin was a potent inhibitor of insect cell replication, with an EC50 of 1.5 x 10(10) M against Spodoptera cells and of 6.3 x 10(9) M against Aedes albopictus cells, whilst affecting mammalian cells only at high concentrations (> 10(-4) M). As expected, the other phytochemical pesticides, except for rotenone, had little effect on the growth of the cultured cells. Rotenone was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of insect cells (EC50:10(-8) M) but slightly less toxic towards mammalian cells (EC50:2 x 10(-7) M). Neem terpenoids other than azadirachtin and those very similar in structure significantly inhibited growth of the cell cultures, but to a lesser degree. The major neem seed terpenoids, nimbin and salannin, for example, inhibited insect cell growth by 23% and 15%, respectively. 相似文献
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中国是世界农药生产大国,生产能力已达100万吨左右,约1/2产品出口到世界农药市场。半个多世纪以来中国农药的发展趋势基本上与世界农药的发展同步。近年来已开始自主合成新农药,有21种已获得中国专利。农药毒理学是农药研究开发的重要基础研究领域,是新农药研究开发之本,不论在新化合物的合成筛选还是农药的剂型和制剂开发利用方面,生理毒理学和宏观毒理学的深入研究都将为新农药的研究开发提供强大的推动力。本文介绍了世界某些重要农药生产公司在新农药研发方面的成功经验,可供中国新农药和农药剂型及制剂研究开发部门共享。 相似文献
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植物精油对三种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15
测试了27种植物精油对粘虫、棉铃虫和小菜蛾的杀虫活性。结果表明:①用100倍精油丙酮液处理的小麦叶碟饲喂粘虫3龄幼虫48h后,砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮和姜根4种精油对试虫的拒食率均达80%以上;砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮等7种精油对粘虫4龄幼虫历期和蛹重均产生一定的影响,尤以砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮精油致幼虫死亡率最高,砂地柏果实和甜橙果皮精油对蛹重影响最为明显;②以含1%精油的人工饲料饲喂棉铃虫3龄幼虫9天后,山苍子果实、甜橙果皮精油处理组幼虫重量均仅为对照的20%左右,且各精油对幼虫历期、蛹重和化蛹率均有一定的影响;③八角茴香果实精油对小菜蛾的拒食活性达59.1%以上。 相似文献
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Bioassays of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and blends of its major constituents were conducted using host-specific strains of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on bean and tomato plants. Two constituents tested individually against a bean host strain and five constituents tested individually against a tomato host strain accounted for most of the toxicity of the natural oil. Other constituents were relatively inactive when tested individually. Toxicity of blends of selected constituents indicated a synergistic effect among the active and inactive constituents, with the presence of all constituents necessary to equal the toxicity of the natural oil. 相似文献
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为明确对柑橘大实蝇具有引诱或拒避作用的植物精油或挥发物,通过Y形嗅觉仪分别测定柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫对橘子精油、橙叶精油、橙花精油、柠檬桉精油、薄荷素精油、栀子花精油、D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇和月桂烯的选择率。结果表明,柑橘大实蝇雄虫倾向于选择橘子精油、橙花精油、D-柠檬烯、柠檬桉精油、栀子花精油,雌虫倾向于选择芳樟醇和柠檬桉精油。柠檬桉精油对柑橘大实蝇雌虫和雄虫均有显著的引诱作用,雌虫对柠檬桉精油的选择率为52.38%,雄虫的选择率也达到了50%。本研究为开发对柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫均具有引诱作用的引诱剂提供了一定的理论参考。 相似文献
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杨凌馥稷生物科技有限公司针对甘蓝蚜、甘蓝菜青虫分别开发出植物源杀虫剂1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂、0.4%蛇床子素可溶液剂进行防治,均有较好的防效。两种植物源杀虫剂产品在农业生产中具有较好的推广应用前景。 相似文献
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从植物源杀虫剂作用的特异性、作用机理、对非靶标生物的安全性以及害虫对植物源杀虫剂的抗性等方面介绍了植物源杀虫剂领域新的研究进展,并对该领域新的研究方向做了介绍,对植物源杀虫剂在未来的发展做了展望。 相似文献
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F. Barlow 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(1):94-96
Soybean Rust. By Kenneth R. Bromfield. American Phytopathological Society, Monograph no. 11, 1984, pp. 65. ISBN 0–89054–062–4. Price $10.50 (A.P.S. members $ 8.00). Plant‐Microbe Interactions. Volume 1. Molecular and Genetic Perspectives. Edited by Tsune Kosuge and Eugene W. Nester. New York: Macmillan, 1984., ISBN 0–02–949470–2. Price $38.00. Coffee Rust in the Americas. Edited by R. A. Fulton. American Phytopathological Society, Symposium Book No. 2, 1984, pp. 120. ISBN 0–89054–064–0. Price $18.00 (APS members $14). Acarology VI, Volume 2. Edited by D. A. Griffiths and C. E. Bowman. Proceedings of the VI International Congress of Acarology held at Edinburgh University, Scotland, 5–11 September 1982, pp. 647–1296. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Limited. ISBN 0–85312–604–6. Price £49.50. (Distributed by John Wiley &; Sons Ltd.) Index Phytosanitaire 1985: France, Afrique Méditer‐ranéenne et Tropicale. Association de Coordination Technique Agricole. Price 98 f (in France), 91 f (overseas, without tax). 相似文献
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筛选和评价植物资源的除草活性可为新型植物源除草剂的研发提供候选材料和理论依据。本研究用种子萌发法和平皿法,评价了56科113种植物提取物对反枝苋和马唐种子萌发和生长的抑制活性。结果表明,在125 mg DW/mL的供试浓度下,大黄、牡丹皮、大叶三升麻、木香、佩兰、楸树、安息香树、泡桐、短叶罗汉松和杜衡提取物对马唐种子萌发和生长的抑制作用最为明显;牡丹皮、佩兰、木香、鹿藿和短叶罗汉松提取物对反枝苋种子萌发和生长的抑制活性最为明显。毒力测定表明,楸树、木香、杜衡、泡桐、佩兰、安息香树和大叶三升麻提取物对马唐幼根的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为39.30、5.93、13.93、28.69、8.72、19.19和15.19 mg DW/mL;对马唐幼芽的IC50分别为48.22、8.13、15.28、42.12、22.39、7.78、23.43和12.92 mg DW/mL。木香、牡丹皮、短叶罗汉松、鹿藿、佩兰和紫背浮萍对反枝苋幼根的IC50分别为2.46、2.85、2.59、1.03、2.24和2.79 mg DW/mL;对反枝苋幼芽的IC50分别为7.05、31.21、24.17、4.52和... 相似文献
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黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster 是多种水果生产中为害最为严重的害虫。植物精油可影响多种昆虫的行为。本试验提取了辣椒Capsicum annuum、小香葱Allium cepiforme、韭菜A.tuberosum 、洋葱A.cepa 、薄荷Mentha canadensis及大黄Rheum officinale 的精油,测试了各精油对黑腹果蝇行为的影响并分析了主要化学成分,在此基础上,测试了5种精油中主要化合物对黑腹果蝇行为的影响。结果表明:6种植物精油均对黑腹果蝇表现出一定的驱避活性,活性次序为:薄荷>洋葱>韭菜>大黄>小香葱>辣椒。各精油中所含的主要化合物为长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、茴香脑、大黄酸、3-甲氧基苯酚。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑及茴香脑对黑腹果蝇表现出显著的驱避活性,当浓度为62.5 mg/L时,它们对黑腹果蝇的驱避率均高于90%,15.62 mg/L的大黄酸和3-甲氧基苯酚表现出显著的引诱活性,驱避率分别为-87.50%和-117.76%。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、3-甲氧基苯酚具有开发为昆虫驱避剂和引诱剂的潜力。 相似文献
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为明确5%桉叶油素可溶液剂的急性毒性,根据中华人民共和国标准《农药登记毒理学毒性试验》(GB15670-1995)等试验方法,对5%桉叶油素可溶液剂急性经口、急性经皮、急性吸入毒性、眼睛刺激试验和急性皮肤刺激试验等进行研究,并进行了急性毒性安全性评价。急性毒性测定结果表明:5%桉叶油素可溶液剂对雄性和雌性大鼠的急性经口LD50均为2000 mg/kg·BW,属于低毒性;5%桉叶油素可溶液剂对雄性和雌性大鼠的急性经皮LD50均大于2000 mg/kg·BW,属于低毒性;雄性和雌性大鼠的急性吸入LD50均大于2156 mg/m3,属于低毒性;5%桉叶油素可溶液剂对大耳兔的眼睛刺激性试验表明,给药后不洗眼,眼睛刺激积分指数(I.A.O.I.)为7,眼刺激平均指数(M.I.O.I.)48 h后小于5,呈现轻度刺激性;5%桉叶油素可溶液剂对豚鼠的皮肤刺激试验表明,皮肤刺激积分均为0,呈现无刺激性。本研究测定结果表明,5%桉叶油素可溶液剂在推荐剂量条件下使用是安全的。 相似文献
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Twenty-nine plant extracts of local species were evaluated for their potential as a source of bioactive ingredients with significant
acaricidal activity that could lead to the development of new and safe bio-acaricides. The crude extracts (70% ethanol) of
these plants were tested for their acaricidal activity against the carmine spider miteTetranychus cinnabarinus in a bioassay under controlled conditions. Mortality, repellency, and the number of eggs laid were measured. Extracts fromEucalyptus camaldulensis andInula viscosa caused more than 25% mortality. Sixteen plant extracts showed significant repellency compared with the control. The six best
extracts, resulting in more than 75% repellency, were fromAllium sativum, Capparis spinosa, Cupressus sempervirens, Lupinus pilosus, Rhus coriaria andTamarix aphylla. Extracts from 16 plants were found to cause a significant reduction in the number of eggs laid compared with the control.
The greatest reduction was achieved by extracts fromC. spinosa, Cyperus rotundus, E. camaldulensis, L. pilosus, Punica granatum, R. coriaria andT. aphylla. A relatively negative fit was found between the mean number of repelled mites and the number of eggs laid (r=−0.65), which
might indicate that most repelled mites were unable to lay eggs before leaving the leaf discs of the bioassay. Our results
show that several plant extracts have good potential for acaricidal activity and are worth further investigation.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 16, 2003. 相似文献
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肉桂精油对4种重要果蔬病原真菌的生物活性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为进一步明确肉桂精油的农用抑菌活性,采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和活体组织法系统测试了其对番茄灰霉病菌、苹果青霉病菌、番茄茎枯病菌和黄瓜镰刀菌4种重要果蔬病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,肉桂精油对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果较好。离体活性测试中,肉桂精油对4种供试菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为272.17、324.78、316.24、326.95 mg/L;对4种供试菌孢子萌发的EC50分别为196.01、273.52、390.44、311.23 mg/L。果实针刺法试验结果表明,在10 g/L处理剂量下,肉桂精油对番茄灰霉病的治疗作用和保护作用分别为64.16%和34.90%(3 d),保护作用与对照药剂1 g/L腐霉利无显著差异。 相似文献