不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种悬浮细胞的硼钙营养效应

采用细胞培养的方法 ,研究了培养基中硼钙营养水平变化对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种悬浮细胞生长及硼、钙和镁含量的影响。结果表明 ,增加硼营养显著促进了悬浮细胞的生长 ,钙对悬浮细胞生长的影响因硼供应状况和品种而异。两品种间差异表现为 ,低硼的抑制效应、高硼的促进效应以及较高钙的抑制效应都是硼低效 (对缺硼敏感 )品种Bakow(原代号 9141,曾用代号 01)比硼高效 (对缺硼不敏感 )品种特早 16 (原代号 9118,曾用代号 03)明显。增硼显著降低悬浮细胞的钙含量 ;镁含量因增硼先上升而后下降。增钙对悬浮细胞中硼含量无显著影响 ,硼钙镁之间存在着复杂的关系。     

钙、硼营养对黄冠梨品质和果面褐斑病发生的影响

为探讨钙、硼营养对黄冠梨品质和褐斑病的影响,于幼果套袋之前进行叶面喷施0.3% H3BO4 (B)、0.5% CaCl2(Ca)、0.3% H3BO4＋0.5% CaCl2 (B＋Ca) 3次,每次间隔7d的试验。结果表明,3种处理均能显著降低果实贮藏前期果皮多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性、提高过氧化物酶（POD）活性和冷藏期间果皮褐斑指数;其中B+Ca处理效果最明显,并显著提高采收时单果重、果皮中Ca含量、Ca/Mg和Ca/K;Ca、B+Ca处理能降低果皮中可溶性酚含量;B处理显著提高果皮和果肉中的硼含量。这说明B+Ca处理能明显改善黄冠梨果实采收品质和贮藏性能。     

硼镁营养对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种苗期硼形态的影响

通过营养液培养试验,研究硼镁对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种苗期硼形态的影响。结果表明,硼正常时,硼高效品种青油10号自由态和半束缚态硼含量较低效品种高,能参与转运的硼较多;硼低效品种95105束缚态(细胞壁)硼含量较高,自由态和半束缚态硼含量较低,转运、利用效率低。低硼时,硼高效品种根部束缚态硼减少,自由态和半束缚态硼增加,而叶中各形态硼分配合理,达到优化利用;反之,硼低效品种适应营养胁迫的能力较高效品种差。镁在一定程度上可以使硼向有利于其移动的形态转化,提高硼库容量,但在低硼、低镁时,却减少硼低效品种硼库容量,加剧地上部硼的缺乏。     

喷硼对梨果硼、钙含量及石细胞形成相关酶活性的影响

以黄花梨为试验材料,分别于幼果期、膨大期和成熟期进行叶面喷施硼酸,研究外源硼对梨果实硼和钙含量、石细胞含量及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:1）从叶面喷硼对果实吸收硼的短期效果来看,果实发育的不同时期叶面喷施硼酸均促进果实对硼的吸收,其各处理的促进效果顺序为幼果期果实膨大期果实成熟期,不同时期叶面喷施硼酸均提高了果肉中水溶态硼、半束缚态硼和束缚态硼的含量; 2）幼果期喷硼提高了梨果实的钙含量,而果实膨大期和成熟期喷硼降低了果实内的钙含量,但各时期喷硼处理均提高梨果肉细胞壁内的钙含量; 3）不同时期叶面喷施硼酸降低了梨果石细胞含量,果实过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性也低于对照,且幼果期处理效果最佳。     

硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种细胞壁组成的影响

采用营养液培养技术 ,研究B对不同B效率油菜品种细胞壁组成的影响。结果表明 ,根系细胞壁提取率及细胞壁纤维素含量高于叶片 ,果胶含量低于叶片 ,半纤维素含量和叶片差异不大。缺B使细胞壁提取率升高 ,但对根系和叶片细胞壁组成的影响不显著。不同B效率油菜品种细胞壁组成在根系和下部叶中差异不大 ,上部叶片高效品种螯合剂可溶性果胶含量显著高于低效品种 ,碱溶性果胶含量显著低于低效品种 ;半纤维素和纤维素含量及果胶总量差异不大     

钙硼营养与果实生理及耐贮性研究进展

近年来 ,钙、硼在果树上的应用十分广泛 ,它们对果实品质及耐贮藏性具有重要的影响 .本文从果树对钙硼的吸收、转运与分布 ,钙硼与细胞壁、细胞膜的结构和功能 ,钙硼营养与果实的生理失调 ,钙硼营养与果实成熟及耐贮性等问题加以综述 ,阐明钙硼营养及其互作效应对果实生理及耐贮性影响的研究状况与进展 .     

不同施硼量对油菜叶片中不同形态硼含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同施硼量对不同生育期不同部位叶片中水溶性硼和全硼含量的影响,并对以水溶性硼代替全硼作为植株营养诊断的方法进行了初步探讨。当施硼量达到5 1kg/hm2,油菜苗期、抽薹期的生物产量以及子粒产量均下降,但叶片中的全硼和水溶性硼含量仍随施硼量的增加而增加。不同生育期和不同部位叶片的全硼含量虽然与施硼量有较好的相关性,但是不同处理之间的差异,特别是过量差异过小,很难用于营养诊断。水溶性硼含量与施硼量也有较好的相关性,而且苗期未完全展开叶片和完全展开叶片的水溶性硼含量可以较敏感地反应油菜的硼营养差异,因此,可以用作硼的营养诊断方法,但是水溶性硼的诊断临界指标需要进一步的研究。     

不同硼效率棉花品种果胶与不同形态硼含量的差异

溶液培养条件下研究硼(B)对不同B效率棉花品种水溶性果胶、原果胶及水溶性B、酸溶性B含量的影响.结果表明,供B充足时,B低效棉花品种各部位果胶含量均大于高效品种,不同形态B含量也有同样的规律.缺B时,高效品种各部位果胶含量一般高于低效品种.严重缺B使2个棉花品种不同形态B含量均显著降低,水溶性B变化比酸溶性B更明显,低效品种各部位酸溶性B及上部幼叶水溶性B含量降低幅度均大于高效品种,下部老叶和根中水溶性B降低幅度小于高效品种.缺B还使2个品种上部幼叶与下部老叶水溶性B含量比值增加,高效品种增加幅度大于低效品种,该比值在品种间的差异明显大于水溶性B和酸溶性B含量的差异,可以更好地反映不同品种的B效率.     

硼对油菜不同品种酶活性和根系活力的影响

在土培和水培条件下,研究硼对不同芥菜型油菜品种某些酶活性和根系参数的差异。结果表明,缺硼使叶片中SOD、CAT活性降低,而使POD和G6PDHase增加;敏感品种的缺硼与否差异显著,而不敏感品种则差异不明显。缺硼对敏感品种根系长度、重量、体积、表面积、活跃吸收面积以及比活跃表面积的抑制作用也明显大于不敏感品种,因而影响养分的吸收和代谢。     

Effects of Boron and Calcium Supply on Calcium Fractionation in Plants and Suspension Cells of Rape Cultivars with Different Boron Efficiency

Abstract

In this study, the effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) supply on Ca fractionation in suspension cells and different tissues of rape (Brassica napus L.) plants of two cultivars with different B efficiency were studied, with a purpose to elucidate the mechanism by which B affects Ca concentration in plants. As Ca supply increased in nutrient solution or culture medium, the relatively easily extractable Ca fractions, that is H₂O and 80% ethanol extractable Ca in leaves, 1 mol L^?1 NaCl extractable Ca in upper leaves, roots and suspension‐cell were significantly increased. While the recalcitrant Ca fractions extracted by 2% acetic acid, 0.6 mol L^?1 HCl and Ca in the residue were not affected by Ca supply. Increasing B supply in nutrient solution or culture media significantly reduced 1 mol L^?1NaCl extracted Ca in suspension cell and roots of both cultivars, which were most likely related to the alteration of cell wall metabolism. Calcium extracted by 2% acetic acid, 0.6 mol L^?1 HCl and Ca in residue in suspension‐cell and roots of B inefficient cultivar Bakow were easily improved by B deficiency as compared to that of B efficient cultivar Tezao16. Increasing of these relative recalcitrant Ca fractions was related to the different response of cultivars to the B deficiency, which may reflected different extent that Ca deposited in the two cultivars due to impaired membrane integrity under B deficiency. The effects of B on Ca concentration in lower and upper leaves of the two cultivars were quite different and were the integrated effects of B on Ca metabolism, Ca transport in plants and growth of certain organ. Increasing B supply increased total Ca concentration in upper leaves of Bakow and reduced that of Tezao16, which might relate to the different adaptability of the two cultivars to comparatively higher B supply.     

糖醇螯合钙肥对马铃薯产量、品质及养分吸收的影响

采用恒温水浴加热的方法合成糖醇螯合钙(自制钙肥),与美国布兰特公司生产的糖醇螯合钙(市售钙肥)同时进行马铃薯大田喷施试验,研究糖醇钙对马铃薯产量、品质和钙素吸收、迁移转化的影响。研究结果表明:①与不施钙肥(喷施等量清水)相比,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理分别增产10.9%和12.1%,大薯率分别提高5.4%和3.7%,两种钙肥处理均降低了中、小薯率;自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理块茎硝态氮含量分别下降28.8%和31.6%,自制钙肥处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白的含量和氮素积累量分别增加7.2%和20.9%,市售糖醇钙处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白含量和氮素积累量均降低3.2%。②钙肥处理均提高了马铃薯各器官的钙素含量,在出苗后80 d,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙含量分别增加8.0%和9.0%,茎中钙含量分别增加10.1%和6.8%,叶片中钙含量分别增加1.8%和6.8%,块茎中钙含量分别增加26.7%和20.0%。③施用钙肥均提高了马铃薯各器官与全株的钙素累积量,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙素累积量均提高20.0%,茎中钙素积累量分别提升97.1%和55.7%,叶片中钙素积累量分别提升56.5%...     

硼钙营养对胡柚果实激素及相关酶代谢的影响

连续2年对胡柚进行叶面喷施硼(B)、钙(Ca)及硼加钙(B+Ca)试验,以探讨B、Ca及其互作对胡柚果实吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)等内源激素代谢的影响效应。结果表明,B及B+Ca处理明显降低胡柚果实的IAA、GA3、ABA的含量及果实发育前期的ABA/(IAA+GA3)比率,降低了IAA氧化酶的活性,提高了过氧化物酶(POD)的活性;Ca处理对激素代谢的影响效应相对较小。     

酸雨胁迫对大豆萌发种子糖代谢动态的影响

为了探索酸雨胁迫对大豆萌发种子糖代谢动态的影响,试验采用蒸馏水浸泡大豆种子,再以pH2.5、4.5模拟酸雨(AR)处理大豆种子,考察不同强度AR胁迫对大豆萌发种子可溶性糖、还原性糖、蔗糖、淀粉及α、β-淀粉酶含量的影响。结果表明,第1天AR组的可溶性糖含量上升,第2天明显降低,随后稳定降低;AR胁迫下的第1天-第4天,还原糖含量维持较高水平,第3天-第5天呈下降趋势;pH2.5组在第2天-第5天蔗糖含量减少;AR胁迫的第2天-第4天淀粉含量降低;总体上,AR组的α-淀粉酶活性CK,但从第5天起pH2.5组的α-淀粉酶活性CK;β-淀粉酶活性在第1天-第6天高于或接近CK,pH2.5组在第7天低于CK。糖代谢各项指标和淀粉酶活性之间的关系表明,可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖含量变化幅度随AR胁迫强度增大而增加,淀粉含量变化与之相反;AR组对淀粉酶活性影响是导致萌发改变的内在因素之一。     

Influence of Levels and Methods of Boron Application on the Yield and Uptake of Boron by Cotton in a Calcareous Soil of Punjab

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of boron (B) application on yield and B uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in B-deficient calcareous soil of south-west Punjab. The treatments comprise six levels of soil-applied B (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg B kg^?1soil) and two levels of foliar-applied B (0.1% and 0.2% borax and granubor solution) along with the common control (no B application). The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design with three replications. The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron. Among foliar-applied boron levels, 0.1% borax solution was better than 0.2% borax solution. Soil-applied boron was at par with foliar-applied boron. The efficiency of borax and granubor was found to be equal in both sources of boron. The mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton and roots increased significantly up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil-applied B level and then recorded nonsignificant with further higher levels of boron. For the foliar method of B application, the mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton increased significantly over the control. The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application. Further, it was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.91), boron uptake by root (r = 0.98), and sympodial branch per plant (r = 0.81). The interaction of B application levels and sources was not significant for all studied traits. Regardless of B sources, B application had a significant effect on yield, yield attributes, and B uptake up to 1.0 mg B kg^?1 level for soil-applied B and 0.1% borax or granubor solution for foliar-applied B.     

Evaluation of Extractants for Boron under the Influence of Organic Matter and Applied Boron in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils Growing Rape (Brassica campestris L.)

Field experiments during 2006–07 and 2007–08 were conducted in an Aeric Endoaquept to evaluate extractants suitable for boron (B) under the influence of organic matter and B in both rhizosphere (R) and nonrhizosphere (NR) soils with rape (Brassica campestris L.) as a test crop. The results reveal that the average B content in Mehlich 3 (MH-3) B was greatest (0.791 mg kg^?1) in NR soil, while that of the same in R soil was greatest (0.785 mg kg^?1) with Mannitol–calcium chloride (CaCl₂) (MCC) followed by hot -CaCl₂ (HCC, 0.750 mg kg^?1) in the treatment T₄ where NPK (80:40:40), B at 0.5 kg ha^?1, and farmyard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha^?1 were applied together. Based on linear regressions and correlations between different extractants and yield responses, the MH-3 extractant gave the greatest value of co-efficient of determination (R² = 0.36**, r = 0.598**) and has proved to be a superior extracting solution for B in NR in an Aeric Endoaquept. The results further suggested that the extractability of B with these three extractants did not have any control over rhizosphere soil zone.     

Differential Changes in Cell-Wall Content and Boron and Calcium Concentration in Newhall Navel Orange Grafted on Two Rootstocks Differing in Boron-Deficiency Responses

The study aimed to determine if the variability of the effect of boron (B) deficiency on Newhall navel orange grafted on trifoliate orange (deficient-B-sensitive) and on citrange (deficient-B-tolerant) can be explained on the basis of changes in cell-wall content and in cell-wall B and calcium (Ca) concentrations. The plants were cultured in the nutrient solution (with or without B) for 65 days. Boron deficiency increased the cell-wall content in old leaves (leaves from last season) of trifoliate orange but had no impact on citrange. Boron deficiency did not reduce B concentration in cell walls of old leaves of citrange-grafted plants but increased their Ca concentration. For trifoliate-orange-grafted plants, however, B deficiency decreased the B concentration in cell walls of old leaves and did not increase their Ca concentration. The changes of B and Ca concentrations between with and without B supply in pectin were in good agreement with the changes of those in cell walls. The relatively greater ability of citrange-grafted plants to maintain B and Ca in the cell wall may contribute to their tolerance to low external B.     

不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数和伤流液组分的差异

溶液培养条件下研究硼对不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数、伤流量及伤流液组分的影响。结果表明,缺硼抑制棉花根系生长,根重、根体积、根长、活跃吸收面积、总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积占总吸收面积的比例以及伤流量均显著降低,高效品种降低幅度比低效品种小;缺硼还使高效品种根系比表面积升高,而低效品种无显著变化。缺硼显著影响不同棉花品种伤流液各组分含量,与低效品种相比,高效品种伤流液中有较多的NO3-、K+、无机磷、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸。说明缺硼条件下高效品种根系比低效品种具有更强的吸收、代谢活力,可能是其硼效率较高的主要原因之一。     

Effects of Soil and Leaf Treatments to Eliminate Boron Deficiency in Olives

This study was implemented to determine effectiveness of various treatments in recovering boron (B)–deficient olive trees in the Marmara region. The study was carried out during the period 2000–2005. The experimental soil was in loamy texture with medium alkaline pH, low organic matter, and low B concentration. The experiment was conducted in a randomized plot experimental design with 12 treatments. In the study, different B fertilizers were applied to soil and leaves. Treatments of 125, 250, and 500 g^?1 borax (sodium tetraborate) were applied to the soils at the beginning of the experiment to determine the later effects of sodium tetraborate. Treatments of 125, 250, and 500 g borax were applied to the soils every year in March. Also, 0.4% borax was applied two or three times, 0.8% sodium tetraborate two or three times, and 0.5% bor-track (boron ethanol amine) two times by foliar applications during the growing period. According to the results, two applications of 0.4% sodium tetraborate to the leaves gave the best results. Soil applications of 250 g sodium tetraborate every year and 500 g sodium tetraborate every two years were the most effective treatments.