Ecological speciation in South Atlantic island finches

Examples of sympatric speciation in nature are rare and hotly debated. We describe the parallel speciation of finches on two small islands in the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean. Nesospiza buntings are a classic example of a simple adaptive radiation, with two species on each island: an abundant small-billed dietary generalist and a scarce large-billed specialist. Their morphological diversity closely matches the available spectrum of seed sizes, and genetic evidence suggests that they evolved independently on each island. Speciation is complete on the smaller island, where there is a single habitat with strongly bimodal seed size abundance, but is incomplete on the larger island, where a greater diversity of habitats has resulted in three lineages. Our study suggests that the buntings have undergone parallel ecological speciation.     

浙江普陀山岛植被区划方案

植被是海岛生态系统的重要组成部分。因海岛植被特征与大陆植被迥异,现有的陆域植被区划方案不能完全适用于海岛植被,亟须研究海岛植被区划方案,为海岛资源开发与管理、生物多样性保护、生态可持续发展提供重要依据。以浙江省普陀山岛为例,基于123个样地的群落调查、全岛地形地貌普查以及5类微生境的长期气象观测数据,综合提出海岛植被区划需遵循地域分异的相对一致性、植被类型和植物区系相统一、生物因子与非生物因子相结合的原则。制定了海岛植被区划的3级指标体系:一级指标为山体走势和气候;二级指标为海拔或地貌、植被类型;三级指标为微地形、群丛或群落。依据此方案将普陀山岛植被划分为东南坡温暖湿润区和西北坡冬季寒冷干旱区2个大区域,森林、灌丛、草丛等5个二级区域以及13个群落或群丛等三级区域,并详细阐述了每一级区域划分的依据,包括微气候、地形地貌、群落结构和物种组成等。针对区划结果,依据每一级区域中植被的特征提出相应的经营、管理措施,主要包括间伐、抚育、封育、自然演替等。     

Species number and endemism: the galapagos archipelago revisited

Regression analyses to determine plant species number are repeated for the Galápagos Islands with new data. The multiple curvilinear regression gives the best prediction of species number, with island area making the only significant contribution. The proportion of species endemic to the Galápagos is highest in the arid, transition zone and on small islands, and lowest in the littoral and mesic zones. This is explained in terms of zone-specific immigration and extinction rates and the very recent appearance of moist upland climates in the archipelago.     

舟山群岛野生木本观赏植物资源及分布

通过对舟山群岛野生植物资源的调查，筛选出野生木本观赏植物350种，隶属于75科183属。部分种类蕴藏量大，群落面积大于50hm^2的有14种。其中海岛特有植物12种，滨海特有植物16种，国家级珍稀濒危植物4种，浙江省省级珍稀濒危植物11种。资源在各海岛的分布从南到北逐渐递减，其中在舟山备县（区）普遍分布的有92种，分布在岱山岛、长涂岛及以南岛屿的50种，分布在舟山岛及其以南以东岛屿的94种，仪局限在该区域个别岛屿的多达160余种；生长环境以丘陵山坡为主，基岩海岸次之，少数种类见于沙砾质海岸和淤泥质海岸，表现出分布区域不平衡，生态幅度差异大，生境多样化等特征。     

西藏色季拉山阳坡林线方枝柏种群结构特征研究

通过对海拔4 320 m以上林线0.8 hm2样地方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)种群的每木调查,分析了阳坡林线特征、种群结构、数量动态及时间序列预测。结果表明,西藏色季拉山海拔4 320 m为森林郁闭上限,阳坡林线上限为4 520 m,属渐变型林线;方枝柏种群径级结构中Ⅰ~Ⅳ龄级个体所占比重较大,此后种群数量随径级增大而急剧减少;种群存活曲线介于DeeveyⅠ和DeeveyⅡ之间,基本趋于稳定。死亡率(qx)和消失率(kx)变化基本趋势一致,都在Ⅲ龄级出现低谷,以后死亡率和消失率曲线均随龄级增加而上升;时间序列分析表明,未来种群发展老龄个体逐渐增多。说明方枝柏种群在Ⅳ龄级前能够适应高山林线区域特殊的生境条件,生长较好并发育到青壮年期,此后由于竞争加剧,导致种群发生自疏。这也是种群自身生物学特性和环境条件等因素共同作用的结果,也是高山生态系统恶劣生境中种群的一种适应对策。     

基于Landsat8卫星影像的地表温度反演及福州春季城市热岛效应分析

为研究福州春季城市热岛空间分布特征,利用2018年3月11日Landsat8卫星影像,运用辐射传导方程法和普适性单通道算法对研究区进行地表温度反演,采用地面气象监测站实测的气温对2种方法的反演精度进行比较,并统计分析不同行政区地表温度等级特征。结果表明,这2种方法反演的地表温度的空间分布特征基本一致,辐射传导方程法精度优于普适性单通道算法。福州存在明显的城市热岛现象,高温区及次高温区为城市热岛效应影响区域,该区域为老城区及城市扩张的城市建设区,其中高温区主要分布于福州滨海新城、闽侯县(上街镇、南屿镇、南通镇)和仓山区等新近开发建设的建筑物密集区和裸地区域,低温和次低温区主要分布于森林和水体。为缓解城市热岛现象,城市开发建设中应保持一定面积的绿地和水体。     

不同海拔河滩地种植方向的初步研究——以云南小江河谷为例

云南东川小江河谷滩地具有光照充足、热量丰富和灌溉便利的自然条件,是解决山区耕地资源有限局面的重要潜在土地资源,如何科学有效、持续地开发和保护河滩地,将对当地发展特色农业和安置贫困山区移民具有马分重要的意义.笔者将小江河谷滩地按照不同海拔高度分为上(1 600～1 300m)、中(1 300～1 000 m)、下(1 000～700 m)3段,通过实地考察、现场测量、取样分析,并利用“3S”技术,较为系统地测试分析了各海拔河滩地的面积和土壤养分特性,并结合河谷滩地不同海拔气候特征,分析研究了小江河谷不同海拔河滩地的种植条件,探讨了河滩地合理有效地开发种植方向,以期为山区河滩地开发种植提供有益的参考.     

百色不同功能区土壤重金属形态分布及其生态风险评价

在百色城区及周边县城选择城市中心区、矿区和工业区采集土壤,分析其重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量及存在形态.结果表明,城市中心区土壤的重金属含量处于无污染水平,属于轻微生态危害程度;而工业区和矿区土壤的重金属含量超出百色土壤背景值,污染较严重,属于极强生态危害程度,其中Cd对土壤RI的贡献最大.不同功能区土壤重金属的分布形态特征既有相似性又有差异性.城市中心区、工业区与矿区土壤中,Cd的可交换态含量较高,占总量的18.2％～29.5％;Mn则主要以铁-锰氧化物结合态和残余态的形式存在;其余重金属元素(As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)以残余态为主,占总量的70％以上.     

The latitudinal gradient in recent speciation and extinction rates of birds and mammals

Although the tropics harbor greater numbers of species than do temperate zones, it is not known whether the rates of speciation and extinction also follow a latitudinal gradient. By sampling birds and mammals, we found that the distribution of the evolutionary ages of sister species-pairs of species in which each is the other's closest relative-adheres to a latitudinal gradient. The time to divergence for sister species is shorter at high latitudes and longer in the tropics. Birth-death models fitting these data estimate that the highest recent speciation and extinction rates occur at high latitudes and decline toward the tropics. These results conflict with the prevailing view that links high tropical diversity to elevated tropical speciation rates. Instead, our findings suggest that faster turnover at high latitudes contributes to the latitudinal diversity gradient.     

Late Pleistocene Desiccation of Lake Victoria and Rapid Evolution of Cichlid Fishes

Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and harbors more than 300 endemic species of haplochromine cichlid fish. Seismic reflection profiles and piston cores show that the lake not only was at a low stand but dried up completely during the Late Pleistocene, before 12,400 carbon-14 years before the present. These results imply that the rate of speciation of cichlid fish in this tropical lake has been extremely rapid.     

Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic islands

The arrival of humans on oceanic islands has precipitated a wave of extinctions among the islands' native birds. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this extinction event varies markedly between avifaunas. We show that the probability that a bird species has been extirpated from each of 220 oceanic islands is positively correlated with the number of exotic predatory mammal species established on those islands after European colonization and that the effect of these predators is greater on island endemic species. In contrast, the proportions of currently threatened species are independent of the numbers of exotic mammalian predator species, suggesting that the principal threat to island birds has changed through time as species susceptible to exotic predators have been driven extinct.     

水牛巴贝斯虫病可溶性抗原疫苗的疫区应用试验

体外培养获得的东方马贝斯虫可溶性抗原与等量弗氏完全佐剂混合作用作疫苗进行疫区免疫保护试验。试验动物共分２组,免疫级８２头牛在发病季节前１个月用疫苗间隔２周免疫２次,对照组不作处理。所有试验动物在试验前和发病季节后分别采血检测血清抗体水平,同时,在发病季节观察试验动物的发病情况。结果表明：在发病季节内,免疫组牛无一发病,血清抗体水平与试验前相比升高明显,而对照组８６头有５头出现临床症状,虽经治疗仍有２头死亡,血清抗体水平与试验前相比变化不明显。结果说明由可溶性抗原制备的疫苗具有良好的免疫保护作用。     

Changes in Ghanaian farming systems: stagnation or a quiet transformation?

This research was designed to understand better the patterns of agricultural intensification and transformation occurring in Africa south of the Sahara using the Ghanaian case. The paper examines changes in farming systems and the role of various endogenous and exogenous factors in driving the conversion of arable lands to agricultural uses in four villages within two agro-ecologically distinct zones of Ghana: the Guinea Savannah and Transition zones. Using historical narratives and land-cover maps supplemented with quantitative data at regional levels, the research shows that farming has intensified in the villages, as farmers increased their farm size in response to factors such as population growth, market access, and changing rural lifestyle. The overall trend suggests a gradual move toward intensification through increasing use of labor-saving technologies rather than land-saving inputs—a pattern that contrasts with Asia’s path to its Green Revolution. The findings in this paper provide evidence of the dynamism occurring in African farming systems; hence, they point toward a departure from stagnation narratives that have come to prevail in the debate on agricultural transformation and intensification in Africa south of the Sahara. We conclude that it is essential for future research to expand the scope of this work, while policies should focus on lessons learned from these historical processes of genuine change and adaptation.     

陆地棉与海岛棉两个末端氧化酶差异的比较

[目的]研究陆地棉与海岛棉2个末端氧化酶的差异,为陆海杂交育种材料选择提供理论依据。[方法]选用7份陆地棉、4份海岛棉为供试材料,比较了陆地棉和海岛棉不同发育阶段的抗坏血酸氧化酶（AAO）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性的变化的差异性。[结果]陆地棉和海岛棉2种末端氧化酶在整个发育进程中有相似的变化规律,AAO活性前期低后期高,且前期出现峰值;PPO活性表现为2个波峰,PPO前期活性高于后期,海岛棉PPO第1个波峰明显高于第2个波峰,陆地棉差异不大。[结论]海岛棉与陆地棉AAO、PPO活性在7月4日和8月6日的量存在差异,有可能为陆海杂交后代选育提供理论指导。     

Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Properties and Ice Dynamics from ERS-1 SAR Imagery

C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery from the European Space Agency's ERS-1 satellite reveals the basic zonation of the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The zones have backscatter signatures related to the structure of the snowpack, which varies with the balance of accumulation and melt at various elevations. The boundaries of zones can be accurately located with the use of this high-resolution imagery. The images also reveal a large flow feature in northeast Greenland that is similar to ice streams in Antarctica and may play a major role in the discharge of ice from the ice sheet.     

土壤中砷的形态及其连续提取方法研究进展

连续提取法(Sequential extraction procedure,SEP)是研究土壤中重金属等元素赋存状态的重要手段,对土壤环境风险的评估具有重要意义。砷在土壤中的迁移转化规律与其他重金属明显不同,因此针对不同形态土壤重金属的连续提取法并不完全适用于土壤中不同形态砷的提取。本文综述了土壤砷的化学提取形态、土壤砷形态连续提取方法中的提取剂、土壤砷形态连续提取方法及发展过程,并分析和总结了Wenzel法、Shiowatana法、Keon法和Drahota法等多种常用提取方法的优缺点,最后对土壤中砷形态仪器分析技术与土壤砷形态连续提取方法的联用进行了展望。     

Plant-animal mutualism: coevolution with dodo leads to near extinction of plant

An endemic sapotaceous tree Calvaria major found on the island of Mauritius is nearly extinct because its seeds apparently required passage through the digestive tract of the now-extinct dodo Raphus cucullatus to overcome persistent seed coat dormancy caused by a specially thickened endocarp.     

千岛湖竹岛建设建议及作用简

介绍了千岛湖竹岛建设的建议及竹岛的作用,并提出一些保障措施,以期为千岛湖竹岛的建设提供参考。     

Iron isotope fractionation and the oxygen fugacity of the mantle

The oxygen fugacity of the mantle exerts a fundamental influence on mantle melting, volatile speciation, and the development of the atmosphere. However, its evolution through time is poorly understood. Changes in mantle oxidation state should be reflected in the Fe3+/Fe2+ of mantle minerals, and hence in stable iron isotope fractionation. Here it is shown that there are substantial (1.7 per mil) systematic variations in the iron isotope compositions (delta57/54Fe) of mantle spinels. Spinel delta57/54Fe values correlate with relative oxygen fugacity, Fe3+/sigmaFe, and chromium number, and provide a proxy of changes in mantle oxidation state, melting, and volatile recycling.     

伏牛山植被及土壤养分分布特征研究

[目的]研究伏牛山地区植被群落特征和不同植被带土壤养分分异规律。[方法]采用群落生态学的调查方法,分析了伏牛山南北两坡植物种类分布特征、植物种的地理分布特征以及海拔梯度上的植被垂直带谱。采用常规养分分析法,测定了不同植被带的土壤养分含量。[结果]伏牛山现有微管植物175科、892属、2 879种,其中,中国特有种1 400种、热带分布种388种、温带分布种601种;由于伏牛山南北两坡植被分布的不同,导致相应植被带的土壤养分存在明显分异。[结论]该研究对了解伏牛山地区植被与土壤的生态过程具有指导意义。