Maternal Effects on the Expression of Individual Aliphatic Glucosinolates in Seeds and Seedlings of Brassica napus

An investigation into the glucosinolate profile of seed and leaf tissue of F₁ hybrids from reciprocal crosses between B. napus‘Cobra’ and a synthetic B. napus line was undertaken to test hypotheses concerning the site of biosynthesis of seed glucosilates. The profile of the seed aliphatic glucosinolates was dentical to the maternal parent suggesting the absence of glucosinolate biosynthesis and glucosinolate interconversion within the embryo and the transfer of fully formed glucosinolates from maternal tissue into the developing seed. In cotyledons, while there was no evidence for de novo glucosinolate biosynthesis, there was evidence for side chain modication and the interconversion of existing glucosinolates. in true leaves, the glucosinolate profile of the reciprocal F₁ hybrids were identical, and in accordance with that expected from the F₁ genotype.     

The Inheritance of Polima Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Brassica napus L.

The restores tested in this study have only one pair of fertility-restoring genes (Rf) but many temperature-sensitive genes (Ts). The Rf genes are alleles at the same locus. The cytoplasm of the restorers RC₁, RC₂, RC₃ and ‘Huaie’ is male sterile, but that of RC₄, is normal.     

Alkenyl Glucosinolate Levels in Androgenic Populations of Brassica napus

The levels of individual and total alkenyl glucosinolates in seeds of microspore-derived spontaneous diploid plants from low by high and low by low glucosinolate parent crosses were examined to assess the utility of haploidy in canola breeding. The distributions of lines in the populations supported previous proposals that alkenyl glucosinolate levels are under multigenic control. Levels of all of the individual glucosinolates were positively correlated and were significantly reduced in canola-quality material in comparison to rapeseed-quality material. The populations of microspore-derived lines from low × high crosses were skewed to high glucosinolate levels but the population from a low × low glucosinolate cross had a greater proportion of low glucosinolate lines. The former observations can be explained in terms of the dominance of genes for high glucosinolate levels in Brassica napus. The present findings contradict previous reports that androgenic lines have higher glucosinolate content than the parents and in fact, haploidy may select for low glucosinolate lines when crosses between low glucosinolate parents are used.     

甘蓝型油菜种皮颜色的遗传分析

应用主基因 多基因混合遗传模型并结合经典遗传学方法对甘蓝型黄籽油菜No.2127-17与黑籽油菜99Yu42和恢5148-2杂交组合的6个世代(P1,F1,P2,B1,B2和F2)群体的种子种皮颜色进行联合分析。经典遗传学表明,种皮颜色受部分显性核基因控制,并具有母体遗传特点。混合遗传分析表明,受一对加性-显性主基因 加性-显性多基因(D-1)控制,主基因对种皮颜色的表现起主要作用。其中,组合No.2127-17/99Yu42中主基因的加性和显性效应分别为7.58和2.48,而多基因则分别为1.91和1.33。在B1,B2和F2群体中种皮颜色主基因遗传率分别为35.34%,63.27%和60.76%,多基因遗传率分别为2.80%,7.12%和13.29%。环境对其遗传表现影响较大,方差占总方差的29.95%,~61.86%。     

Glucosinolates and Resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Wild and Cultivated Brassica Species

Synthetic lines of Brassica napus were derived by combining the genomes of B. atlantica and B. oleracea var. alboglabra, which were respectively resistant and susceptible to foliar infection by Leptosphaeria maculans, with a susceptible line of B. rapa. Resistance was expressed in the synthetic lines containing the genome of B. atlantica. The high levels of alkenyl glucosinolates which occur in leaves of B. atlantica, and which have been implicated in disease resistance, were also expressed within the synthetic lines, although the dominant glucosinolate had changed from sinigrin to glucobrassicanapin. Disease resistance and glucosinolate profiles did not co-segregate in F₂ progeny from crosses between the synthetic lines.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜的遗传研究

从1975—1990年作者及其研究集体系统坚持了甘蓝型黄籽油菜的遗传育种研究。15年来取得了以下主要研究结果: 1.甘蓝型黄籽油菜的种皮色泽不同于白菜型、芥菜型和埃塞俄比亚油菜,为土黄或姜黄,而没有纯黄,只有杂黄,即在黄色种皮上有黑色斑点、斑块或褐色环带。 2.长期自交后仍得不到遗传上稳定的纯黄后代;在大群体中,不论是自     

Variation of Seed Glucosinolates in Lines of Brassica napus

The glucosinolate (GSL) pattern of 93 resynthesized (resyn) repeseed lines was examined over three years, and five stable genotypes with distinct GSL profiles were identified. Typically the resyn B. napus profile exhibited progoitrin as the main GSL, but contained sinigrin. The different GSL patterns of the four deviating lines are discussed with respect to the proposed biosynthetic pathway. Within the resyn and further extensive breeding materias, screening for low indolyl GSL contents resulted in finding one genotype with an extremely low 4-hydroxy-gluco-brassicin and glucobrassicin content. Furthermore, other lines were identified, over a wide range of indolyl GSL contents. The values were stable over two years.     

Inheritance and potentials of a mutated dwarfing gene ndf1 in Brassica napus

A dwarf mutant ‘NDF‐1′, approximately 70 cm high, was derived from a 200‐cm high doubled haploid (DH) line ‘3529’ (Brassica napus), seeds of which were jointly treated with chemical inducers and bombardment of fast neutron. The leaves of the ‘NDF‐1’ mutant were wrinkled and thicker compared with the wild‐type control. The mutant had much lower values than its original parents for all agronomic traits, except for its seed weight. A genetic analysis revealed that dwarfism is under the control of a major gene (designated as ndf1) with a mainly additive effect and non‐significant dominance effect. Because of the high level of resistance to lodging, breeding programmes for double low dwarf oilseed rape and heterosis utilization were initiated. Some new dwarf strains with improved agronomic performance were developed. The hybrid of the cross between the tall parent and the dwarf line showed increased harvest index and significantly higher seed yield than the tall parent or the control variety ‘Zhongyou 821’ and presented an estimated heterosis vigour rate as high as 12.5–25.8%. The dwarf trait will be a promising marker for a simple, economic and efficient way to control the purity of F₁ hybrid varieties in hybrid production of B. napus.     

Independent Inheritance of Flower Colour and Male-Fertility Restorer Characters in Brassica napus L.

Available material of oilseed (Brassica napus L., AACC) comprises two yellow-flowered breeding lines and a white/pale-flowered line of resynthesized rape. The flower colour white/pale is dominant over yellow, and is controlled by a gene located in the C-genome. The yellow-flowered genotypes acted as restorer lines and the white/pale-flowered genotype as a maintainer line in a cytoplasmic male sterility system. The segregation pattern of flower colour and male fertility restorer characters were studied in F₂ generations of crosses between these lines, also in a three-way cross additionally including a yellow flowered B. campestris (AA) line. Evidense was obtained in support of the conclusion that the flower colour and male fertility restorer characters are monogenically controlled and independently inherited. Whether the male fertility restorer gene is located in the A or C genome remains to be determined.     

Inheritance of the resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans of Brassica nigra and B. juncea in near-isogenic lines of B. napus

The inheritance of resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans was studied in near-isogenic lines derived from asymmetric somatic hybrids between Brassica napus+Brassica nigra and Brassica napus+Brassica juncea, respectively. The hybrids had been backcrossed to B. napus for seven generations before the genetic segregation of the blackleg resistance was determined. The results of the inheritance studies suggested that one single dominant allele controls the resistance in the Brassica napojuncea line, whereas two independent dominant loci were found in the Brassica naponigra line. Total leaf DNA from the near-isogenic lines was isolated and 89 loci were detected by hybridization to 66 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers previously mapped in the B. nigra genome. Out of the 89 loci, eight loci were detected in the B. naponigra line and six were found in the B. napojuncea line. RFLP markers co-segregating with blackleg resistance in adult leaves were also found. Two markers associated with linkage group 5 and 8, respectively, of the B genome were found in the B. naponigra line and one marker was associated with linkage group 2 in the B. napojuncea line.     

甘蓝型油菜花叶性状的遗传及基因定位

为明确甘蓝型油菜花叶性状的遗传特点,开发与花叶性状连锁的分子标记。以甘蓝型油菜品系2205(圆叶)、1423(花叶)为亲本,构建了3个世代群体:F1、BC1和F2,探讨花叶性状的遗传规律;利用分子标记技术对花叶基因进行定位。结果表明,F1植株叶形表现为花叶,BC1(F1×2205)和F2中花叶与圆叶的植株分离比分别符合1∶1和3∶1,说明甘蓝型油菜的花叶性状受1对不完全显性基因控制。利用集团分离法(BSA)筛选637对SSR引物,共筛选到了3个与花叶基因紧密连锁的SSR标记:CB10079、BNGMS114和BNGMS385。连锁分析发现,这3个连锁标记均位于花叶基因的一侧,其中BNGMS114与花叶基因的遗传距离最近,其遗传距离为2.5 c M。将这3个连锁标记的序列与白菜基因组的序列进行比对,结果发现它们与白菜A10染色体的序列共线性较好,花叶基因位于A10染色体的15.70 Mb下游区段。上述标记的获得为油菜花叶性状的分子标记辅助选择育种以及花叶基因的克隆奠定理论基础。     

Independent Inheritance of Erucic Acid Content and Flower Colour in the C-Genome of Brassica napus L.

The synthetic Brassica napus L. line No7076 was obtained from a cross between yellow-flowered and zero-erucic turnip rape (B. campestris) Sv85-38301 and white-flowered and high-erucic (41.4%) B. oleracea ssp. alboglabra No6510. This synthetic B. napus is pale-flowered and has an average erucic acid content of 25.8 %. It was crossed with the yellow-flowered and zero-erucic B. napus line SvS4-2S053 and segregation of the erucic acid content and flower colour was studied in F₁ and F₂ generations. The high erucic acid content was controlled by a single gene in the C-genome and was additively inherited. Strong evidence was obtained in support of independent segregation of the erucic-arid content and the flower colour characters controlled by the C-genome of B. napus.     

甘蓝型油菜"凸耳"性状的遗传鉴定及利用途径探讨

甘蓝型油菜“凸耳”性状是在油菜幼苗期(3～8叶)表现出来的一个在叶片面上长1～5片小叶的易于识别的形态标记性状，在油菜遗传育种研究与利用中有着较高的利用研究价值。通过对甘蓝型油菜“凸耳”性状遗传机制和遗传鉴定研究，在摸清其遗传控制基础和遗传规律基础上，对该性状在油菜遗传育种研究与利用中的利用途径和应用前景进行分析评价，有着很大的利用价值。     

Inheritance of progoitrin and total aliphatic glucosinolates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L)

Inheritance of progoitrin and total aliphatic glucosinolate concentrations were investigated in oilseed rape, using parental, F₁, F₂ and first backcross generations, derived from a cross between resynthesized spring rape and a double-low spring rape cultivar. Progoitrin and total aliphatic glucosinolate concentrations were measured in mature seeds of single plants from these generations, using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. For progoitrin, an additive/dominance model of gene action adequately explained the variation among the generation means, but for total aliphatic glucosinolate concentration, non-allelic interactions were also detected. Predictions based on estimates of the genetic parameters indicated that recombinant inbred lines, rather than second cycle hybrids, appeared to offer a better prospect of reducing glucosinolate concentrations in this material. Estimates of the minimum number of genes controlling these two characters were broadly in line with the number required for the known stages of their biosynthesis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Identification and Inheritance of Fertility Restorer Genes for 'tour' CMS in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Eighteen genotypes of Brassica napus were crossed to a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line of B. napus BO 15 carrying B. tournefortii cytoplasm (‘tour’ cytoplasm). Fourteen genotypes were found to be stable maintainers of the ‘tour’ CMS. Of the remaining four genotypes, GSL-1 and ‘Asahi-natane’ were found to be heterozygous and ‘Mangun’ and ‘Yudal’ were homozygous for the restorer gene. Analysis of the F₁ and F₂ progenies of (CMS) BO 15 בMangun’ and (CMS) BO 15 בYudal’ showed that fertility restoration is controlled by a single dominant gene. The availability of a number of stable maintainer lines and the simple inheritance pattern of fertility restorer gene makes ‘tour’ CMS a useful system for hybrid seed production in rapeseed.     

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)千粒重性状遗传体系分析

通过遗传差异较大的2个甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）纯系亲本组合（HSTC14×宁油7号）衍生后代的世代家系群体分析，应用主基因+多基因家系世代联合分离分析方法研究油菜千粒重的遗传体系。结果表明，甘蓝型油菜HSTC14×宁油7号组合千粒重遗传体系系由一对主基因+多基因构成，主基因中只有加性效应(d = 0.1062),不存在显     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养胚发生能力的遗传分析

用 4× 4完全双列杂交研究了甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养胚状体发生能力的遗传规律。结果表明 :多数F1的胚产量与具高胚发生能力的亲本相近 ,部分F1的胚产量与双亲中亲值接近。胚状体发生能力主要由基因的加性效应控制。高胚发生能力由显性核基因控制。广义和狭义遗传力分别为 97 2 %和 81 1%。由Lisandra(高胚发生能 )×Kamikita(低胚发生能 )的F2 群体胚发生数的分离结果得出小孢子胚状体发生能力由具加性效应特点的两个基因位点控制     

Inheritance and Agronomic Performance of the Waxless Character in Brassica napus L.

A mutant of oilseed rape (B. napus L.) with waxless leaves was discovered in 1988. Three pairs of reciprocal crosses were made between the mutant (Wl) and 3 normal wax layered lines (Nwl). By the summer planting in Kunming and Wenjiang and the autumn planting in Wenjiang, it was confirmed that the Wl character is completely dominant to the normal opposite Nwl. Chi-square tests revealed that the segregation ratios of Wl to Nwl among B₁ and F₂ plants fit to 1:1 and 3:1, respectively, i.e. the assumption of one gene pair. The yield of 12 hybrids, which were derived fom Wl and some Nwl lines, exceeded the check control ‘Zhong You 821’, a best cultivar in Chinese production by 19.31 % on the average. When the seedling had 3–4 leaves, both phenotypes can be accurately determined visually on the field. This material possesses potential value for studies of the genetics and breeding, as a prominent genetic marker in B. napus.     

人工合成甘蓝型油菜抗旱性及DNA甲基化水平分析

甘蓝型油菜是具有重要经济价值的多倍体物种,是优质食用植物油和饲料蛋白质的重要来源之一。但是其驯化历史较短,遗传背景狭窄,且在整个生命周期中都对干旱胁迫敏感,因此培育高产耐旱品种是甘蓝型油菜的重要育种目标之一。本文用15%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,对人工合成甘蓝型油菜不同世代(S1～S4)及其二倍体亲本进行不同时间的胁迫处理,并结合表型观察,以及叶片中丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等生理指标的测定,初步了解上述材料的抗旱性差异。结合表型观察和叶片中相对含水量分析,发现人工合成甘蓝型油菜S1～S4及其亲本的抗旱性表现为甘蓝 Bn-S3 Bn-S4 Bn-S1 Bn-S2白菜型油菜。干旱胁迫后Bn-S3、Bn-S4的POD及SOD活性较高,MDA含量较低,表明Bn-S3和Bn-S4能更加有效地清除活性氧(ROS),对过氧化损伤的防御能力更强。通过HPLC分析发现所有材料的甲基化水平在胁迫12 h时最高,其中亲本白菜型油菜Br的甲基化水平最高, Bn-S1和Bn-S4介于两亲本之间,而Bn-S2和Bn-S3低于两亲本。甲基化敏感多态性分析也显示人工合成甘蓝型油菜在干旱胁迫后,甲基化和去甲基化水平均发生了明显的变化,表明植物的甲基化变化可能有利于提高其抗旱能力。     

Resynthesis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): A comparison of sexual versus somatic hybridization

Sexual and somatic Brassica napus hybrids produced from the same parental plants were compared. Sexual crosses between a white-flowered, self-compatible broccoli selection (B. oleracea var. italica, cc genome) as the maternal parent and a flowering pak choi accession (B. chinensis, aa genome) yielded one unique spontaneous hybrid and four hybrids through embryo rescue. Thirty-nine somatic hybrids were recovered from a protoplast fusion experiment. Hybridity was confirmed by morphology, isozyme expression, flow cytometry, and DNA hybridization. Sexual and somatic hybrids exhibited differences in leaf morphology, flower colour, flowering habit, and organellar inheritance. Sexual hybrids were all fertile amphidiploids (2n = 38, aacc) following spontaneous chromosome doubling. All somatic hybrids had high nuclear DNA contents; most were probably hexaploids (aaaacc or aacccc) from the fusion of three portoplasts. Two initially sterile hexaploid (aaaacc) regenerates eventually set selfed seed after the loss of the putative extra aa genome following regrowth from axillary buds. A bias toward inheritance of B. chinensis chloroplasts was observed with somatic hybrids.