中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究

梳理国内外农田土壤重金属污染修复的研究热点及最新进展,总结有效的修复治理技术及实际效果,为我国重金属污染农田的安全利用提供依据。利用COOC和VOSviewer文献计量工具,以中国知网（CNKI）全文数据库和Web of Science核心合集数据库（WOS）为数据检索源,对2010 ~ 2021年农田土壤重金属污染修复与治理领域的相关文献进行知识图谱的可视化分析。在2010 ~ 2021年间,国内外对农田土壤重金属修复研究文献数量呈快速增长态势,且英文文献的增长率明显高于中文文献。我国在农田土壤重金属污染修复领域的研究占有绝对领先地位（发文量占比率最高,达26.8%）,对全球重金属污染治理工作的贡献最大。国内外在该领域发文期刊（TOP 3）有：《农业环境科学学报》《安徽农业科学》《环境工程学报》《Environmental Science and Pollution Research》《Chemosphere》《Journal of Hazardous Materials》。关注的重金属种类主要是镉、铅、砷等。国内外的研究学者呈“小聚体、大分散”的特点,合作关系有待进一步加强。通过关键词分析表明,固化/稳定化技术和植物修复技术在中英文献中的研究比重均较高（约80%）,是目前研究的重点和热点。从田间试验的修复效果来看（以镉污染为例）,低积累作物品种种植（籽粒降镉率达67.9%）、无机－有机组配（42.7%）以及叶面阻控技术（39.9%）在降镉方面表现出较好的效果,未来还需将其与农艺措施（如间套作、水分调控）、微生物菌剂等联合配施,以实现更好的田间修复和治理效果。     

中国农田重金属污染预警系统研究

本文分析了农田重金属污染的＂物质-驱动力-环境因素＂的相互关系,结合中国国情,初步建立了中国农田重金属污染预警系统。它包括：农田重金属污染预警的＂天-地-人通用概念模型＂;国家级、省级综合预警和县级单一预警方法;粮食季单产、耕地人口密度、耕地工业产值三个预警指标;＂红橙黄绿青蓝紫＂7个警级;省级预警中的工业和经济开发区等标记方法,县级预警中的城郊区、矿山区、污灌区、交通线、污染水体、养殖基地等标记方法;国家级、省级预警实例。研究结果表明：系统适合中国国情;预警方法科学、通用、实用、简单;预警指标符合中国国情和实际,所需数据容易获得。     

沈阳市部分农田土壤重金属污染评价

以土壤重金属含量为依据,以土壤环境背景值为评价标准,对沈阳市部分农田土壤的重金属污染状部作了初步评价,并分析了土壤重金属含量与农作物的关系,为防治土壤重金属污染提供了科学依据。     

重金属在农田生态系统中迁移的建模研究

对重金属在农田生态系统中的迁移机理进行了详尽介绍，并以此为基础提出一整体数学模型，推导出作物籽实中的重金属含量与灌溉水质、土壤性质、作物根系性质等参数间的定量关系。对陕西交口灌区的农田生态系统也进行了模拟，所得到的模拟值与实测值之间吻合较好。     

中国农田土壤重金属污染与其植物修复研究

通过对我国部分城市农田土壤及农作物重金属污染状况的调查,分析了我国农田土壤重金属污染的特点以及污染的来源,最后介绍了重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术以及该技术的优点和局限性.     

农田土壤重金属污染的危害及修复技术

随着我国经济发展水平的显著提升,农田土壤重金属污染问题逐渐加重,不仅降低了农作物的生产质量及产量,还危及人们的身体健康,因此合理处理农田土壤重金属污染成为当前社会发展的首要任务.为确保农田土壤重金属污染能够得到有效治理,在农田土壤重金属污染处理时,应该因地制宜,结合污染的程度及来源,针对性地选择物理修复技术、化学修复技...     

基于文献计量的中国农田土壤重金属污染评价

对中国知网和万方数据库中2003至2013年间农田土壤重金属污染的相关文献进行基于文献计量和地理信息技术的农田土壤污染指数时空分布信息挖掘。结果表明:全国农田土壤重金属污染处于轻度污染到中度污染之间,并表现出一定的时空分异规律。湖南、云南两省的农田土壤重金属污染最为严重,东南地区以广东、广西为核心形成高-高聚集。在探讨的几种重金属元素中,污染严重程度依次为CdPbCuAsCr。Pb、Cd污染较为严重,多与地区矿产资源的开发利用方式有关,应作为优先控制元素。研究成果或成为全国土壤污染状况调查的重要补充,可以促进区域土壤、环境相关研究的开展。     

西安市不同灌溉类型农田土壤重金属污染状况研究

以西安市不同灌溉类型的农田土壤为对象,研究了重金属污染现状及其与灌溉类型的关系。结果表明,不同灌溉条件下的农田土壤重金属含量差异较大,沣惠渠灌区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb平均含量最高,邓家村污水灌区次之,皂河水灌区、井灌区更次之,泾惠渠灌区土壤中的含量最低。Ni、Cr元素含量则以邓家村污水灌区最高,沣惠渠灌区、皂河水灌区、井灌区、泾惠渠灌区依次降低。从污染指数来看,沣惠渠灌区〉邓家村污水灌区〉井灌区〉皂河水灌区〉泾惠渠灌区。沣惠渠、邓家村、皂河灌区重金属主要来源于污水;井灌区重金属主要来源于霸桥热电厂和渭河电厂以及农家肥的施用等;而泾惠渠灌区各重金属受成土母质和成土因素的影响较大。     

广西不同类型农田土壤重金属含量状况分析

以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)的二级标准值作为判定依据,对广西水田、园地、旱地3类农田土壤的8种重金属含量超标情况进行统计分析。结果表明,3类农田土壤重金属含量超标率较高的元素是Cd、Hg、Ni,其次是As、Zn,而Cu、Pb、Cr较低;旱地土壤重金属超标率远高于水田和园地,水田又高于园地;在超标样品中,水田和园地以单项重金属超标为主,旱地以多项重金属复合超标为主。     

农艺措施治理重金属严重污染农田土壤效果初探

受重金属严重污染的农田,采用施猪厩肥、石灰等农艺措施治理,能明显降低重金属对水稻生长发育的危害程度,显著提高产量,增产幅度在23.7%—41.9%之间,其中猪厩肥效果好于右灰,两项措施并用的效果更佳,但产量仍只有未污染农田的69%左右。谷粒中Cu、Pb等含量不仅没有降低,还有增加的趋势,此类措施只能作为治理的辅助措施。如何彻底治理此类农田,需作进一步深入研究。     

土壤、蔬菜的铅污染相关性分析及土壤铅污染阈限值研究

为探求土壤重金属污染和蔬菜污染的相关性,为绿色蔬菜生产提供技术支持,以郑州市常见的5种叶菜类蔬菜[油麦菜（Lactuca sativa var．Asparagina）、荆芥（Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq）、蕹菜（Lpomoea aquelica）、生菜（Lactuca sativa）、苋菜（Amaranthus hypochondriacus）]为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培的方法研究了土壤Pb浓度与蔬菜污染的相关性,并对绿色蔬菜生产要求的土壤Pb污染阈限值进行了预测。研究结果表明：低浓度Pb污染的土壤对蔬菜生长、产量无明显影响;随着施Pb浓度的增加,5种蔬菜中的Pb含量均呈增加趋势,且与土壤中的Pb含量相关性显著;模拟得出的Pb阈限值油麦菜为39．9092±2．4469mg·kg^-1,荆芥43．8986±3．5855mg·kg^-1,蕹菜35．2934±1．7872mg·kg^-1,生菜33．6964±2．1512mg·kg^-1,苋菜34．5396±2．4254mg·kg^-1;对Pb富集能力由大到小排序为生菜〉苋菜〉蕹菜〉油麦菜〉荆芥。     

竺山湾湖滨缓冲带生态工程综合效益评价——以江苏省宜兴市周铁镇为例

[目的]对江苏省竺山湾地区宜兴市周铁镇湖滨缓冲带生态工程的综合效益进行评价,定量分析生态工程建设的价值,为太湖及其他流域湖滨缓冲带生态工程建设效益评价提供借鉴和参考。[方法]在长期定点观测周铁镇竺山湾湖滨缓冲带生态工程建设和运行基础上,从生态、社会、经济3层面构建包括水质净化、涵养水源、保护生物多样性、大气调节、提供就业、科研教育、社会稳定、旅游休闲、提供水产品等内容的综合效益评价指标体系,运用成果参照法、影子工程法、旅行费用法、条件价值法、替代法、直接市场法等对各项指标价值进行评价。[结果]周铁镇湖滨缓冲带生态工程综合效益价值约为176.66万元/a,生态效益、社会效益、经济效益的价值分别为125.55,33.61和17.5万元/a,表现为:生态效益社会效益经济效益。单项指标价值对比发现,水质净化价值最大,达60.52万元/a,大气调节价值次之,为47.15万元/a。[结论]周铁镇湖滨缓冲带生态工程建设有效改善了湖泊水环境,生态效益最为显著,符合生态工程建设的生态效益优先原则。     

江苏省外生菌根真菌资源调查

A total of 1400 soil samples from the plow layer （0-20 cm） at an approximate interval of 5 km were collected in the autumn of 2002 over the entire black soil arable crops region to determine the spatial variability of seven variables, such as total organic matter content （OMC）, total N, total P, total K, alkali-dissolvable N （AN）, available P （AP） and available K （AK）, with classical statistics and geostatistical analysis across the entire black soil area in Northeast China. In nonsampled areas ordinary kriging was utilized for interpolation of estimated nutrient determinations. Classical statistics revealed highly significant （P ≤ 0.01） correlations with all seven of the soil properties, except for OMC with AP and total K with AK. In addition, using coefficients of variation, all soil properties, except for total K, were moderately variable. A geostatistical analysis indicated that structural factors, such as parent material, terrain, and water table, were the main causes of the spatial correlations. Strong spatial correlations were noted with OMC, total N, total P, AN, and AP, while they were moderate for total K and AK. The effective spatial autocorrelation of OMC, total N, total P, and AN ranged from 1 037 to 1353 km, whereas the ranges of total K, AP, and AK were only from 6 to 138 km. The fit of the experimental scmi-variograms to the theoretical models indicated that except for AN, kriging could successfully interpolate other six variables. Thns, the geostatistical method used on a large scale could accurately evaluate the spatial variability of most black soil nutrient properties in Northeast China.     

Public understanding of protected area designation

Protected areas have a central role to play in educating people about biodiversity and nature conservation. However, there is little evidence regarding how effective public education efforts related to protected areas have been. We used on-site questionnaires at Sites of Special Scientific Interest to determine whether visitors to sites were aware of their protected status. Less than one-third of visitors knew the site they were visiting was a SSSI. However, there was substantial variation in understanding across sites (8-43%). When we compared this variation to five possible predictor variables, only membership of conservation organisations was retained in all models in the 95% confidence set, with members of these groups being better informed about protected area designations. However, the predictive power of all models was low. These results represent a challenge for those aiming to reengage people with conservation and the countryside, and to educate them about its value and contribution.     

云南曲靖烤烟坡耕地不同农作处理的水土流失特征

通过对云南红壤坡耕地一年内产流降雨的监测,研究不同农作处理下烤烟坡耕地的水土流失特征。结果表明：1）顺坡垄作处理条件下,施肥量的差异造成地表植被覆盖率的差异,影响了水土流失量和养分流失量;2）破膜提土处理条件下,相比未破膜处理,破膜后可增加地表土壤的保水能力、减少水土流失量,其中秸秆覆盖在揭膜后对减轻水土流失效果更好;3）烤烟生长前期,农作处理方式是影响水土流失和养分流失的主要因素,烤烟生长后期,地表植被覆盖率成为影响坡耕地水土流失和养分流失的主要因素;4）氮、磷养分流失途径相比较,总磷流失相对于总氮流失受径流流失影响更大。     

Impact of shallowly deposited ore-bearing dolomites on local soil pollution aureoles of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in an old mining area

Purpose

The study area, located in Upper Silesian Industrial Region, was rich in significant amounts of ores that were classified of Mississippi Valley type. Being these ores especially rich in Pb and Zn, an intense development of mining and ore extraction industry was verified in this area. The goal of this study was to investigate how local pollution aureoles of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were influenced by the presence of shallowly deposited ore-bearing dolomites.

Materials and methods

Very extensive sampling campaign was carried out, and over 1,000 samples were collected in the area of about 150?km². Local aureoles of investigated metals were calculated for two soil layers. The first one covered the part of soil core from the soil surface to the depth of 20?cm and the second one from the depth of 40?cm to the depth of 60?cm. All spatial distributions of particular metals in soil were calculated by means of ordinary kriging using free softwares QGIS and SAGA.

Results and discussion

Maximum concentrations of Pb and Zn in soil in study area were very high, reaching over 24,000 and 77,000?mg/kg, respectively. Maximum concentrations of As and Cd were also very high, reaching about 1,000?mg/kg. Those maximum values were observed in the direct vicinity of the Boles?aw mine and its mine dumps. Almost all local aureoles were located within the range of ore-bearing dolomites. It was especially visible for Pb and Zn, minerals very common in ore deposits. Otherwise, local aureoles of As and Cd were more related with the vicinity of mines and other pollution sources, being more associated to the anthropogenic pollution than to the presence of ore-bearing dolomites.

Conclusions

The aureoles of Pb and Zn, and in moderate degree of As, were associated with a mineral composition of ores. Differently, the location, the shape, and spatial pattern of Cd aureoles suggest that they were mostly influenced by anthropogenic pollution. Anthropogenic factors were dominating over the lithogenic ones and masking the influence of the shallowly deposited ores.     

基于生态环境保护视角的农村居民点用地布局适宜性评价——以江苏省宜兴市为例

[目的]以生态环境保护为视角,根据江苏省宜兴市经济发达、生态环境优越的特点,从水土保持和生物多样性保护两方面探讨农村居民点用地布局适宜性,为该区农村居民点规划、整理提供依据。[方法]基于宜兴市2010年ETM遥感数据、DEM数据和植被覆盖数据,运用最小累积阻力模型得到水土保持和生物多样性保护最小累积阻力面,借助ArcGIS 9.3软件,采用空间叠加分析方法和自然断点法对宜兴市农村居民点用地布局适宜性进行分类。[结果]宜兴市农村居民点用地可划分为高度适宜、中度适宜、低度适宜、不适宜4种类型,分别占农村居民点用地总面积的57.67%,12.82%,22.83%,6.68%。[结论]不同适宜程度的农村居民点用地应当分别采取重点发展、适度建设、限制扩张以及优先整治的对策,基于生态环境的农村居民点用地布局适宜性评价能够满足宜兴市农村居民点用地布局中保护生态环境的要求。     

南京城郊菜地土壤Pb在小白菜体内的分布及富集作用研究

通过盆栽试验,利用人为污染的南京城郊菜地土壤,研究了Pb在小白菜体内的富集作用。结果表明:低浓度的Pb促进了小白菜的生长,而高浓度的Pb则抑制其生长。小白菜体内的Pb含量随着添加Pb浓度的增加而增加,并且与土壤添加Pb及土壤有效Pb的关系可以用指数函数拟合(P<0.001)。Pb在小白菜地上部的富集系数介于0.010～0.579之间,在根的富集系数介于0.437～5.167之间。通过小白菜可食用部位Pb含量与土壤添加Pb的直线回归,得到南京城郊菜地土壤Pb的毒性临界浓度为201.54mgkg-1。