外生菌根真菌纯培养中生理活性物质代谢的研究

随着外生菌根研究的不断深入,越来越多的菌根工作者开始注意到了外生菌根真菌生理活性物质研究的重要价值。T.Santoro et al.,G.N.Krywolap et al.,D.H Marx等先后研究了外生菌根菌在各种培养条件下产生拮抗活性物质及这些拮抗物的理化性质和生物学功能,证明了外生菌根具有生物防治效应的部分原因是由于真菌抗生素的分泌。80年代以来,发现外生菌根及其真菌产生的植物激素在形成菌根及促进寄主植物生长方面起重要作用。如J.H.Graham et al.等先后研究了外生菌根菌产生某些     

几种药用植物抑菌活性的初步研究

以链格孢、尖孢镰刀菌、出芽短梗霉、灰葡萄孢为供试真菌,用生长速率法和孢子萌发法对8种药用植物提取物的离体活性物质进行测定。结果表明:在供试浓度为0.1g/mL时,对5种供试菌菌丝的抑制率:党生和黄芩达78%以上;苦参和生地为65%。苦参、党参和黄芩对5种供试菌的孢子萌发抑制率大于70%;尤其是党参、黄芩和苦参的提取液,对供试菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率均大于70%。     

艾蒿提取液对9种植物病原真菌抑制作用研究

用9种植物病原菌为供试菌。采用经典生长速率法对艾蒿提取液的离体活性进行测定。结果表明:在生药质量浓度为0.1g/mL时,艾蒿提取液对9种病原真菌均表现出不同程度的抑制作用,其中艾蒿乙醇提取液对串珠镰刀菌的抑制作用最明显,抑制率达到98.2%;对致病疫霉Ⅰ、仁果丛梗孢、瓜果镰刀菌的抑制率达70%以上;艾蒿丙酮提取液对串珠镰刀菌、仁果丛梗孢、致病疫霉Ⅰ的抑制率分别为78%、72%和67%。     

核桃内生真菌对几种致病菌的拮抗试验研究

用25种核桃内生真菌,分别与玉米小斑、小麦赤霉、番茄灰霉病原菌进行两点对峙培养拮抗实验,结果表明：23种核桃内生菌抑菌活性对玉米小斑病病原菌极强者5属,对小麦赤霉病病原菌极强者i属,对番茄灰霉病病原菌没有极强者。小卵孢霉对玉米小斑病、小麦赤霉病和蕃茄灰霉病病原菌的抑菌活性都极强,可以初步作为防治这3种作物病害的生物源农药首选菌种;单孢枝霉对该3种病原菌的抑菌活性强。壳大卵孢霉对小麦赤霉病和蕃茄灰霉病病病原菌,粘盘孢属对玉米小斑病和蕃茄灰霉病病原菌抑菌活性强,单孢枝霉、壳大卵孢霉和粘盘孢属也可以作为防治这3种作物病原菌的优选菌株。     

核桃内生真菌G8菌株的分离鉴定及抑菌活性

从核桃根部分离得到一株真菌,编号为G8,对其进行生物学观察,初步鉴定为葡萄壳小圆孢菌,并对其进行了复侵染研究,确定其为核桃内生真菌.对此菌株进行液体发酵,研究其发酵液及其萃取物的抑菌活性.结果表明：（1）发酵液的提取物对28种植物病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,各萃取相粗提物在40mg·mL^-1时,乙酸乙酯萃取物的抑制效果最好,其次为正丁醇萃取物,萃余物最弱,但正丁醇萃取物对水稻纹枯、杨树溃疡、小麦雪腐病原菌的抑制率大于其它两相.（2）不同质量浓度的乙酸乙酯萃取物对11个病原真菌的活性实验结果表明：对苹果轮纹、苹果腐烂、小麦根腐、稻瘟4种病原菌的抑制率为100%,对苜蓿炭疽、小麦赤霉、番茄早疫、苹果炭疽和玉米小斑5种病原菌的抑制率表现出极显著差异,对玉米大斑和辣椒疫霉2种病原菌的抑制率无显著差异.（3）乙酸乙酯萃取物对5种细菌的抑菌试验表明,对蜡状芽孢杆菌和马铃薯芽孢杆菌2种细菌表现为抗药性,但不同质量浓度处理间差异不显著.     

历山国家级自然保护区虫生真菌资源及杀虫活性研究

对地处山西东南部的历山国家级自然保护区的虫生真菌种类资源及其杀虫活性作了初步的研究。共分离鉴定真菌3目13属19种，2种为山西特有种，其中的丝孢目真菌为该地区的优势种群。选取其中的多形白僵菌和印度轮枝菌，分别对林业害虫杨二尾舟蛾、杨梢叶甲幼虫进行杀虫活性试验，多形白僵菌的平均杀虫效果高于印度轮枝菌16．4％。     

山苍子油活性成分对木材真菌的抑制作用

为筛选出新的对绵腐卧孔菌、绿色木霉和彩绒革盖菌3种常见木材真菌有效的杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了山苍子油主成分及其衍生物共10种化合物对这3种常见木材真菌的抑制率,建立毒力方程并分析其活性。结果表明:10种化合物对3种常见木材真菌的生长均表现出一定的抑制作用,而且随着浓度的升高,抑制作用增强;通过10种化合物对3种常见木材真菌的毒力回归分析,并与三唑酮相比较,依次筛选出对绵腐卧孔菌、绿色木霉和彩绒革盖菌的抑制作用最强的分别为柠檬醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛、β-紫罗兰酮和鸢尾酮,其半数有效抑制质量浓度(EC50)依次分别为18.69、23.50和32.21 mg/L。3种真菌分别经柠檬醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛、β-紫罗兰酮和鸢尾酮处理后,菌体细胞膜的相对渗透率发生变化,表明山苍子油活性成分的木材防腐作用与菌体细胞膜遭破坏有关。     

樟叶越桔嫩枝内生真菌的植物病原菌拮抗活性

[目的]筛选具有病原菌拮抗活性的樟叶越桔嫩枝内生真菌,为活性内生真菌的进一步开发利用提供参考.[方法]以禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum等5种病原真菌和密粘褶菌Gloeophyllum trabeum等3种木腐菌为指示菌,采用平板对峙法测定内生真菌的拮抗活性.[结果]有7株内生真菌对绵腐卧孔菌Poria...     

三种杨树树皮真菌群落的研究

对毛白杨、陕林4号杨、北京杨不同年龄枝条、树体空间层次的真菌种类、数量及季节动态作了分析，结果表明：三种杨树树皮真菌群落组成不同，链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、毛壳属(Chaetomium)等为毛白杨上的优势菌种群；链格孢属、曲霉属、木霉属(Trichoderma)、青霉属(Penicillium)等为陕林4号杨的优势菌种群；链格孢属、曲霉属、盾壳霉属(Coniothyrium)、青霉属等为北京杨的优势菌种群。真菌种类及数量在树体空间层次的分布趋势是由上到下逐渐增多；真菌群落季节变化趋势为夏、秋季种类和数量稍高，春、冬季有所减少。     

竹刨花板上的几种真菌

在实验室里对竹刨花板上的真菌作了研究，发现竹刨花板上常见真菌有桔青霉Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍｃｉｔｒｉｎｕｍ　Ｔｈｏｍ、黄曲霉ＡｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓｆｌａｖｕｓＬＫ．、多主枝孢Ｃｌａｄｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｈｅｒｂａｒｕｍ（Ｐｅｒｓ．）ｅｘＦｒ．和多毛孢Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉａｓｐ．等。     

辽宁省5种新记录大型真菌

文章简要记述了发生于辽宁省的5种新记录大型真菌,即:土生环锈伞、大炭角菌、蛇头菌、变红齿菌、圆瘤孢多孔菌。     

培养基种类对外生菌根真菌生长的影响

外生菌根是真菌同寄主植物形成的一种互益的联合体 ,它对寄主植物的有益作用主要表现在 :扩大寄主植物根系的吸收面积 ,产生植物激素等生长调节物质以及抗生素和某些挥发性物质 ,进而增强了寄主植物的抗逆性 ,同时它对许多林木根部土传病害有良好的防治效果。目前 ,外生菌根主要应用在容器育苗、苗圃育苗和大规模造林等方面 ,在干旱地区、草原、侵蚀地、工业废地、荒地及采伐迹地造林上也都需要外生菌根。随着菌根研究的不断深入 ,人们发现在生长过程中 ,不同菌根真菌对营养的要求不同。因此 ,用不同的培养基 ,在 2 5℃无光条件下培养、筛选…     

The growth-promoting activity of terpenoids on wood-decomposing fungi

Linear growth of wood-decomposing fungi on an agar medium was usually retarded, but in some cases enhanced, by terpenoids in gaseous form. Increased dry matter production was demonstrated in some Coniophora, Peniophora, Stereum and Polyporus species exposed to the vapours of longifolene, α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ-3-carene, limonene or a mixture of cuparene and thujopsene. The positive response to longifolene in some cases seemed to involve a more efficient utilisation of the glucose in the medium.     

Antifungal activity of Liriodenine from Michelia formosana heartwood against wood-rotting fungi

Wood-rotting fungi lead to great economic losses of lignocellulosic materials. The influence of extractives on the decay resistance of Michelia formosana wood and the antifungal activities of heartwood extract and its constituent against wood-rotting fungi were evaluated. Results revealed that extractives had a strong influence on the decay resistance of M. formosana heartwood. The unextracted heartwood block was resistant to fungi, while the extracted heartwood block was not. Antifungal activities of ethanolic extract from heartwood were assessed; results revealed that the ethanolic extract possessed good antifungal activity against wood-rotting fungi. The ethanolic extract was further separated into four fractions including n-hexane-soluble fraction, ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, n-butanol-soluble fraction, and water-soluble fraction. Among these fractions, the n-hexane-soluble fraction exhibited the best antifungal ability. An alkaloid, liriodenine, was isolated from the active n-hexane-soluble fraction. IC₅₀ values of liriodenine against the white-rot fungi Lenzites betulina and Trametes versicolor were 0.76 and 3.50?μg/mL, respectively. IC₅₀ values of liriodenine against the brown-rot fungi Laetiporus sulphureus, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Fomitopsis pinicola were all lower than 2.0?μg/mL. Results indicated that liriodenine exhibited a broad spectrum of antifungal activity and great potential to develop as an environmentally benign fungicide for the preservation of lignocellulosic materials.     

60种花卉多酚、黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性

为了筛选出抗氧化能力强的花卉品种,对60种花卉植物的50％乙醇提取物进行了多酚、黄酮含量测定,并对提取物进行清除DPPH的试验.结果表明:花卉中含有丰富的多酚和黄酮类物质,多酚含量在70 mg/g以上的花卉有芍药花、金盏菊、黄刺玫、美蔷薇、红玫瑰等,黄酮含量较高的花卉有连翘、马蹄莲、山楂、杏、榆叶梅等,含量在7.05～...     

枣树越冬期内生真菌的分离鉴定及抑菌研究

为了明确越冬期枣树组织中内生真菌的种类和分布情况,并从中筛选出对枣缩果病病原有拮抗作用的内生菌株,从越冬期健康枣树的树皮、枣股、枝条中分离获得内生真菌225株,共鉴定出12个真菌属,其优势属为茎点霉属、链格孢属、毛壳菌属和镰刀菌属。研究结果表明:越冬期健康枣树组织中内生真菌分布普遍,种类丰富;不同品种、不同部位中内生真菌的种类和数量都有差异。室内平板对峙实验结果表明:在225株内生真菌中,有25株内生真菌对枣缩果病病原茎点霉菌1-2有抑制作用,最高抑菌率为85.45%;有14株内生真菌对病原壳梭孢菌1-5有抑制效果,最高抑菌率为76.00%;内生真菌F7和F8对两种病原菌均有抑菌效果,而且均有明显的抑菌带,这说明上述两株菌均可产生抗菌代谢物质。     

Antifungal activity of essential oils isolated from Egyptian plants against wood decay fungi

The essential oils of eighteen Egyptian plants were extracted by hydrodistillation and their chemical compositions were analyzed by GC-MS. The antifungal activity of the isolated oils was evaluated against two wood decay fungi Hexagonia apiaria and Ganoderma lucidum in vitro. The essential oil of Artemisia monosperma showed the highest inhibitory effect against H. apiaria (EC₅₀ = 31 mg L^?1) and G. lucidum (EC₅₀ = 53 mg L^?1). The results of in vitro tests indicated that the essential oils of Cupressus sempervirens, Citrus limon, Thuja occidentalis, Schinus molle, A. monosperma and Pelargonium graveolens were the most potent inhibitors against both fungi. These six oils caused significant reduction of wood mass loss of Scots pine sapwood after 6 weeks of fungal exposure. The oil of C. limon revealed the highest reduction of wood mass loss caused by H. apiaria, while A. monosperma oil displayed the highest reduction of wood loss caused by G. lucidum. These results support the potential use of essential oils for wood protection against decay fungi.     

Urease activity in soil as a factor affecting the succession of ammonia fungi

We studied the activity of urease in soils of Castanopsis cuspidata, Quercus serrata, and Chamaecyparis obtusa forests in western Japan to determine why succession of ammonia fungi takes place synchronously on soils treated simultaneously with the same level of urea among different vegetation types regardless of the time of year that the treatments are conducted. The activity was determined by the amount of urea remaining after urea addition and incubation on three soil layers, O, A, and B, on nine occasions. As a result, we found that the activity was significantly the highest in the O layer, that it did not differ according to vegetation type, and that it did not change through sampling occasions. The results indicate that the O layer is strongly implicated in generating favorable conditions for ammonia fungus proliferation by its overwhelming ability to decompose urea to ammonia. In soils treated simultaneously with urea, it appears that the ammonium-N concentration increases in similar patterns among different types of vegetation and at different times of the year.     

Dehydrogenase activity and VAM fungi in tree-rhizosphere of agroforestry systems in Indian arid zone

Biological activity in tree rhizosphere and association of VAM fungi with tree-roots could be used as selection criteria for agroforestry trees in arid ecosystems. Dehydrogenase activity and VAM fungi association in rhizosphere of six agroforestry trees (Azadirachta indica, Acacia tortilis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata) were studied under irrigated and rainfed conditions in the arid zone of India. Higher dehydrogenase activity (9.5 to 16.8∼p kat g soil⁻¹), root colonization (58.3 to 68.5%) and spore density (132.5 to 234.7 spores 100 g soil⁻¹) were observed in tree rhizosphere as compared to that in non-rhizosphere (7.4, 37.7 and 44.4). Irrigation had increased dehydrogenase activity by 22.1% while it reduced root colonization and spore density by 14.2% and 16.2%, respectively. Trees of A. indica had registered maximum growth while E. camaldulensis the least. Findings suggest that selection of A. nilotica, A. indica, and T. undulata for plantations of agroforestry in arid region would reduce the risk and ensure sustainability of the agroforestry system.     

中纤板废水处理中混凝剂筛选的试验研究

中密度纤维板生产废水的特点是高CODcr、高SS,针对这种废水的水质特点,确定采用混凝法进行预处理。混凝剂选用PAC、PAFC、PFS、FeCl_3,助凝剂选用PAM,通过试验,首先筛选出PAFC和PFS两种无机混凝剂单独投加时处理效果较好,CODcr去除率可达到55%左右,再将这两种混凝剂分别与PAM联合投加后,最终确定以1.0g/L的PFS和10mg/L的PAM联合处理时效果最好,CODcr去除率可达到75%,每t水预处理价格为1.8元。