红壤重金属的复合污染

The effects of combined heavy metal pollution of red soil on the growth of wetland rice and the transfer of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn from soil into plants were sudied by greenhouse pot experiment,The results showed that the plantyields were markedly affected by heavy metals,with the exception of Pb,in soils under the experimental conditions,without taking into consideration all the interactions among the elements.The concentrations of the elemets in plants were mainly affected by the specific element added to the soil.The effect of interactions among the heavy metals was very significant either on plant yields or on the concentration of the elements in plants.The risk assessment of a combined pollution by heavy metals in the soil is discussed preliminarily in terms of the relative pollution equivalent.     

Suitability of soil microbial parameters as indicators of heavy metal pollution

Several microbial parameters (microbial biomass, respiration, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, sulphatase, glucosidase, protease and urease activities) were measured in soils from five sites located in urban green areas close to roads differing in traffic density. Our aims were to evaluate the suitability of such parameters as field biomarkers of stress induced by heavy metal pollution, and to compare results obtained by single microbial parameters with results given by an index expressing the average microbial (AME) response of the microbial community. Data showed that all parameters were significantly reduced in the sites characterized by the highest load of metals in soil. Dehydrogenase, sulphatase, glucosidase activities and respiration, declined exponentially with increasing metal concentration, whereas phosphatase activity and AME decreased following a sigmoidal type relationship. In contrast, protease, urease and microbial biomass were not significantly correlated with soil metal concentration. Microbial parameters differed both in sensitivity to critical metal concentrations and in the rate of decline at increasing metal loads in soil. Due to the complex interplay of chemical, physical and biological factors which influence microbial activities and biomass, the proposed index (AME) appeared more suitable than single microbial parameters for a biomonitoring study of this type.     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on soil macrofauna in a grassland of Northern France

In the north of France, a century of industrial metallurgic activities produced significant heavy metal soil pollution. In the north of France zinc smelter waste created a gradient of zinc concentration from 171 to 19 000 ppm in 35 m. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil pollution on the composition, density and diversity of macrofauna communities. The results showed that heavy metals reduce the overall density of earthworms and other macrofauna populations. The composition of the macrofauna community changed with the degree of pollution. There was no simple relationship between soil zinc content and species richness. In polluted areas, the number of species could be lower, equal or higher than in unpolluted zones. Increase of species richness in some polluted zones was due to the settlement of tolerant arthropod taxa. Coleoptera and some Arachnida were possibly favoured by the litter accumulation resulting from the reduced population densities of earthworms and other decomposers.     

田块尺度上土壤重金属污染地统计分析及评价

该文以北京市某生态农场的大田为例,应用地统计学分析方法进行了变异函数的计算和模型拟合,建立了计算土壤重金属含量的最适空间插值理论模型,随后运用克立金估值方法绘制了田块尺度上土壤重金属的空间分布图,并与土壤重金属污染标准进行比较,土壤重金属污染评价结果表明:研究范围内的土壤重金属含量较低,未发现污染。该研究结果表明地统计学分析方法可为田块尺度上的农业优化管理提供决策支持。     

不同地区城郊用地土壤重金属含量特征的比较

对京津唐、张家港和长株潭3个地区的露天菜地、设施菜地、水田和旱地进行的调查表明,城郊区大部分农田土壤重金属含量尚低于国家相关的土壤质量二级标准,但部分重金属含量超出了当地背景值,说明重金属在城郊土壤中有所积累。菜地土壤重金属含量总体上要高于水田和旱地,说明高强度利用投入会导致土壤重金属累积。对长株潭一个污染区的研究表明,发生污染的土壤很难再恢复利用。京津唐城郊区的土壤重金属含量的变异系数总体上高于张家港地区。     

田块尺度上土壤重金属污染地统计分析及评价(简报)

该文以北京市某生态农场的大田为例,应用地统计学分析方法进行了变异函数的计算和模型拟合,建立了计算土壤重金属含量的最适空间插值理论模型,随后运用克立金估值方法绘制了田块尺度上土壤重金属的空间分布图,并与土壤重金属污染标准进行比较,土壤重金属污染评价结果表明：研究范围内的土壤重金属含量较低,未发现污染。该研究结果表明地统计学分析方法可为田块尺度上的农业优化管理提供决策支持。     

用固定剂减少污泥中重金属污染土壤的研究

该研究将加有重金属固定剂的污泥装入废弃塑料容器制成施肥器,利用人工淋水或自然降水,使污泥中的养分从施肥器中流入土壤,而重金属被固定在污泥中,减少重金属土壤污染,再收集处理残渣,防止二次污染。通过淋滤试验和种植油麦菜、蕹菜的盆栽试验得出以下结论：硫酸钾作为固定剂和污泥混合,不仅肥效好,作物产量高,而且污泥重金属被水淋出量少,植物体内重金属的含量低。该文为污泥合理农用提供了新方法,同时充分利用了废弃塑料容器等废弃物,成本低而收效显著。     

Wood strength loss as a measure of decomposition in northern forest mineral soil

Wood stake weight loss has been used as an index of wood decomposition in mineral soil, but it may not give a reliable estimate in cold boreal forests where decomposition is very slow. Various wood stake strength tests have been used as surrogates of weight loss, but little is known on which test would give the best estimate of decomposition over a variety of soil temperature conditions. Our study showed that radial compression strength (RCS) was a better indicator of wood strength change in southern pine (Pinus spp.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) than surface hardness or longitudinal shear. The suitability of using the RCS to measure wood decomposition in boreal mineral soils was tested in six Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations along a North–South gradient from Finland to Poland. After 3 years RCS losses ranged from 20% in northern Finland to 94% in central Poland, compared to dry weight losses of 3% and 65%. RCS was a sensitive indicator of initial wood decomposition, and could be used in soils where decomposition is limited by low temperature, lack of water or oxygen, or where a rapid estimate of wood decomposition is wanted.     

Evaluation of soil respiration characteristics to assess heavy metal effects on soil microorganisms using glutamic acid as a substrate

Computerized continuous monitoring of soil respiration rates before and during glutamic acid decomposition in heavy metal polluted soils was used to determine four microbial parameters: basal respiration rate, substrate induced respiration rate, lag time before the exponential increase of the soil respiration rate and the specific respiration increment during the exponential phase. Both smelter- and laboratory-contaminated soils were studied.

Basal respiration rate was the parameter most inhibited (54–77%) by heavy metal contamination. Increased soil moisture resulted in increased basal respiration rate, irrespective of pollution level. The substrate-induced respiration rate after the addition of glutamic acid was strongly correlated with the basal respiration rate (r = 0.85−0.95). The change in specific respiration increment was not related to metal contamination but increased with increasing soil moisture, with an optimum at about 250% H₂O based on soil organic matter (oven-dried). Lag time was the parameter best correlated with smelter-induced metal contamination (r = 0.64 and 0.75). Unlike the three other parameters, the lag time was unaffected by soil moisture, irrespective of contamination level.     

Mosses as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in polish national parks

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ph, Zn, Mn, Fe) and other elements (Mg, Na, K, Ca) were determined in the samples of Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens from 12 Polish national parks. The significant differences in the concentrations of all heavy metals between particular parks were found. The lowest concentrations of these metals were recorded in the mosses from the national parks in northern Poland, the highest in southern Poland. Significant differences in the heavy metals contents of the mosses between central and peripheral park areas, between green and brown parts of mosses, as well as between moss species were also found.     

新型TSADA的合成及其土壤重金属污染修复行为

为提高茶皂素(TS)修复土壤重金属离子的能力,经水提-沉淀法从茶籽饼提取茶皂素,以其为原料设计合成新型绿色茶皂素基螯合剂(茶皂素-1-酰胺二乙烯三胺,TSADA),用FT - IR研究TSADA的结构,并对其表面性能进行研究.结果表明,其临界胶束浓度低于茶皂素,而亲水亲油平衡值、起泡力及稳泡性均优于茶皂素.同时考察了振荡时间、螯合剂浓度、pH值及离子强度对螯合剂去除污染土壤重金属率的影响,发现,TSADA去除重金属率随振荡时间、浓度的增加而升高,随pH值和离子强度的增加而降低.螯合剂去除Pb2+、Cd2+离子的最佳工艺为:振荡时间为12h,质量分数为7％,pH值为5.0,Ca(NO3)2浓度为10 mmol/L.此条件下2种螯合剂对土壤中Pb2+、Cd2+离子去除率均达最大,TSADA对Pb2+和Cd2+离子去除率均优于茶皂素;TSADA对Pb2+和Cd2+离子的最大去除率分别为67.3％和99.9％.     

Glyphosate degradation as a soil health indicator for heavy metal polluted soils

Glyphosate is a commonly used herbicide in grassland soils and microorganisms control its degradation. We introduce the concept of using the degradation rate as an indicator for ecosystem health. Testing this concept, we used soils with a long history of heavy metal pollution (Cu, Pb, and Zn). We hypothesized lower degradation rates in metal-polluted compared to less polluted soils. The degradation rates were measured by repeated measurements of the parent compound in spiked soil-water slurries incubated at 20 °C over 21 days. Average rates showed no differences comparing among soils. We observed a positive correlation between glyphosate degradation rates and soil metal pollution. Therefore, we concluded that the expected impact of the metals on the bacteria responsible for the herbicide degradation was not established. We discuss the potential influence on biological degradation rates of soil pH and adsorption and implications using the concept of the soil health indicator.     

Detection of heavy metal pollution in estuarine sediments

Anomalies in the concentrations of heavy metals in estuarine sediments may not be reliably detected based on the measured concentration values or the ratios of metal concentrations to those of a reference element because of natural variations in both. However, the departure of a measurement from a regression line between metal and reference element concentrations may serve as a criterion for detecting an anomaly. The procedure has been applied to a suite of 34 sediments from a Florida estuary.     

铅锌矿区周边农田土壤跳虫群落特征与重金属污染的关联

以云南兰坪铅锌矿区周边的农田为对象,按距矿区距离设四条样带,每个样带按距河流由近至远等距选3个样点进行定量采样,测定和分析土壤跳虫物种多样性和群落结构、土壤重金属含量和理化性质、及跳虫体内的铅含量.共获跳虫26种,平均密度12042 ind·m2.样点与矿区或河流距离增加,土壤中镉、铅和锌含量下降,跳虫体内重金属含量下...     

红壤中重金属的复合污染及污染指数

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn and As coexisting in red soil on growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mung bean(Vigna rabiata(Linn.) Wilczek),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.),Slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)and aspen(Populus L.).Results showed that rice,mung bean and alfalfa were significantly influenced by combined poollution of the heavy metals,the contents of Pb,Cd and As in rice grains greatly exceeded the National Standards for Food Hygiene of China.Heavy metals at a high concentration seriously retarded growth of mung bean and alfalfa,but not so obviously with slash pine and aspen.The composite index is suggested for evaluating the relativity of combined pollution with heavy metals in soil.     

开封市城市土壤磁化率空间分布及对重金属污染的指示意义

建立基于土壤磁化率的重金属污染等级标准可为土壤重金属污染评价提供更为简便的磁学方法。采集开封市城市土壤表层样品99个,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量以及低频磁化率(χLF)和高频磁化率(χHF)。采用普通Kriging插值法探讨χLF的空间分布,污染负荷指数(PLI)评价土壤重金属污染程度,并在PLI与χLF相关分析的基础上建立了基于χLF的土壤重金属污染等级标准。结果表明,开封市城市土壤各样点7种重金属的平均PLI为2.53,呈中度污染,Cd是最主要的污染因子。土壤χLF平均值为125.7×10-8m3kg-1,总体上由东南向西北递减,高值区出现在东南部、老城区北部和陇海铁路沿线附近。各样点土壤重金属PLI与其χLF的回归方程为PLI=0.011χLF+0.320(r=0.663),呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。用土壤χLF可以评价开封市城市土壤重金属污染程度:当土壤χLF≤62×10-8m3kg-1时,为无污染;当62×10-8χLF≤153×10-8m3kg-1时,为轻度污染;当153×10-8χLF≤244×10-8m3kg-1时,为中度污染;当χLF244×10-8m3kg-1时,为强度污染。     

基于分等样地的江苏典型区农用地土壤重金属污染研究

在江苏农用地分等东台、六合-八卦洲、宜兴、昆山4个典型区样地进行土壤样品采集、测试分析与评价的基础上,采用GIS软件Sufer8.0,通过Kriging插值研究了农用地土壤重金属污染及其空间分布特征与规律。结果表明：1）东台农用地土壤重金属污染总体处于安全水平,六合-八卦洲有一定的污染,但总体尚好,宜兴则面临更高程度的污染危险,而昆山部分已经达到轻度污染,这种分布格局与经济发展形式及水平具有很强的相关性;2）4个典型区内部农用地土壤重金属具有各自的空间分布规律及其相应的形成因素;3）通过在分等标准样地土壤样品采集、测试分析,能够较好地揭示不同类型地区农用地重金属污染状况,从而为农用地环境质量管理和农业清洁生产等提供参考。     

Humus forms and metal pollution in soil

Smelters in northern France are a serious source of soil pollution by heavy metals. We have studied a poplar plantation downwind of an active zinc smelter. Three humus profiles were sampled at increasing distance from the smelter, and the thickness of topsoil horizons was measured along a transect. We analysed the vertical distribution of humus components and plant debris to assess the impact of heavy metal pollution on the humus forms and on soil faunal activity. We compared horizons within a profile, humus profiles between them, and traced the recent history of the site. Near the smelter, poplar trees are stunted or dead and the humus form is a mor, with a well‐developed holorganic OM horizon. Here faunal activity is inhibited, so there is little faecal deposition and humification of plant litter. At the distant site poplar grows well and faunal activity is intense, so there are skeletonized leaves and many organo–mineral earthworm and millipede faecal pellets. The humus form is a mull, with a well‐developed hemorganic A horizon. The passage from mor to mull along the transect was abrupt, mor turning to mull at 250 m from the smelter, though there was a progressive decrease in heavy metal deposition. This indicates that there was a threshold (estimated to be 20 000 mg Zn kg^?1) in the resilience of the soil foodweb.     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术,对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价,为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象，通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术，对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价，为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。