A comparison of faba beans and peas as whole-crop forages

Faba beans and peas were compared as spring sown whole-crop forages in two trials at Lough-gall. No herbicide, insecticide or N fertilizer was used. Harvesting took place at the end of July. As pure stands, tic beans (cv. Blaze) yielded up to 10 t of dry matter (DM) ha⁻¹. Lower yields were obtained at lower seed rates, or with horse beans (cv. Stella Spring), broad beans (cv. Polar) or peas (cvs Minerva and Krupp). Tic and horse bean forage had a mean DM concentration of 166 g kg⁻¹, which was higher than those of broad bean and peas. Crude protein (CP) concentration at a mean of 159 g kg⁻¹ was similar in tic beans and peas. Faba beans mixed with cereals yielded less than beans alone, but peas with cereals yielded slightly more than peas alone. The inclusion of a cereal raised forage DM contents but lowered CP contents. Perennial ryegrass-white clover mixtures undersown in faba beans established well, but poorer swards were obtained in some of the pure pea stands which lodged severely. It is concluded that, as pure stands, tic beans have advantages over peas. Some of the disadvantages of peas can be overcome by growing a mixture of peas with cereals.     

Variability of survival and yield traits in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones under marginal field conditions in Ghana

Increasing the genetic base of current parental cacao varieties grown in West Africa with clones that are able to perform well under marginal conditions could improve cacao production. Survival and yield of 30 different cocoa clones of more recent introductions were compared with five parental clones of improved cocoa varieties under natural field conditions in Ghana. A randomized complete-block design with five replications was used to evaluate the 35 clones for the following traits: percentage survival, increase in trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), canopy spread, bean mass and bean yield. Significant (p < 0.05) clone effects for all traits and broad-sense heritability range of 0.16–0.51 were observed. Bean mass and bean yield varied from 0.90 to 1.44 g and 149 to 467 kg/ha, respectively. Bean yield and TCSA was positively and moderately correlated (r = 0.46; p < 0.01). Clones A 1/197, ICS 70 and MO 20 outperformed the best control clone for both survival and yield, which could be used in cacao breeding to improve production under marginal conditions in Ghana.     

四种豆子中大豆异黄酮含量比较研究

研究不同波长、不同乙醇浓度、实验室条件等对大豆异黄酮测定的影响,并通过试验找出利用紫外分光光度法测定的最佳条件,测定提取的黄豆、红豆、绿豆、黑豆中的大豆异黄酮的含量,并对其含量加以比较.     

Michigold: A yellow-fleshed potato cultivar for fresh market

Michigold (MS704-10Y) is a round, blocky, yellow-fleshed cultivar with medium netting selected at Michigan State University for the fresh market. It could also be used for chip processing out of field or from short-term storage at 10 C. Under Michigan conditions, Michigold matures in 110–120 days with marketable yields of 122% of Yukon Gold and 95% of Atlantic. Plant growth is vigorous and Michigold appears to have moderate resistance to early blight. Internal defects have been minimal. An electrophoretic fingerprint based upon 13 isozyme loci is presented to facilitate cultivar identification during seed certification processes.     

Transpiration efficiencies of maize and beans in semi-arid Kenya

Maize and bean were grown under varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer, plant population, and irrigation at Kiboko, Kenya in the short rains 1990, 1991, 1992 and the long rains 1991. The production of dry matter was not affected significantly by any treatment, because treatments only had a small impact on the balance between evaporation and transpiration. In all seasons the greatest loss of water from the profile was through direct evaporation from the soil surface. Transpiration was always less than 25% of rainfall. The ratio of transpiration (T) to evapotranspiration (E + T) was small (0.23), but increased from 0.15 to 0.40 as rainfall increased from 158 mm in the long rains 1991 to 470 mm in the short rains 1992. Treatments had little impact on the balance between transpiration and evaporation from the soil surface. The average transpiration efficiencies for maize and bean were 89 and 29 kg shoot dry matter ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹, respectively. For each crop there was a 60% change in transpiration efficiency between the short and the long rain season which could be accounted for by differences in saturation vapour pressure deficit.     

Bioactive Compounds from Theobroma cacao: Effect of Isolation and Safety Evaluation

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Plants, including most food and feed plants, produce a broad range of bioactive chemical compounds. Among these compounds, polyphenols are reported to provide...     

不同处理对可可种子萌发以及幼苗生长的影响

可可是世界三大饮料作物之一，可可种子为顽拗性种子，含水量低于某一相对高的临界含水量时，其种子就会丧失活力。为探讨可可种子的贮藏方法，研究分析了果实处理方法、温度、时间对可可种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：可可种子经过4℃处理后便丧失了发芽力，室温25℃条件下果壳不破开，放置30 d后可可种子仍有近50%的发芽率；清洗可可种子果肉后短时间放置，可以提升种子的发芽势，并且能促进幼苗前期生长。     

园龄对可可苗期生长及其根际土壤环境的影响

可可是世界最重要的多年生经济作物之一,为了揭示不同园龄可可园土壤演变规律,为其可持续生产提供依据。以休耕地为对照(CK),研究低龄(4 a)、中龄(12 a)和老龄(32 a)3种不同园龄土壤培育可可苗期生长及其与根际土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、土壤酶活性和微生物区系等关系。结果表明,32 a园龄土壤培育可可苗生物量显著高于4 a、12 a和CK,分别增加了89.15%、29.24%和28.03%;32 a和12 a园龄处理根际SOC含量显著高于4 a园龄,老龄园有利于SOC的积累;随着园龄增加,脲酶活性增加,且与SOC含量极显著正相关,12 a和32 a园龄土壤脲酶活性分别比CK显著增加了44.36%和43.11%;12 a园龄处理根际土壤中可培养细菌数量减少,真菌数量则显著增加,12 a土壤可培养真菌数量分别是4 a、32 a和CK的3.04、1.46和3.23倍,园龄可能导致土壤微生物区系变化。综上所述,随着土壤园龄增加,可可苗生物量、根际SOC含量和脲酶活性均增加,根际土壤微生物区系发生变化,根际土壤真菌数量与SOC含量、脲酶活性极显著正相关,可可根际SOC含量是光合作用、植株生长、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物共同作用的结果。     

可可种质资源果实色泽多样性分析

以86份可可核心种质资源为试材,利用计算机图像信息及其处理技术对可可果实色泽数字图像进行解析,采集果实色泽典型色域的CMYK模式参数,通过聚类分析及主成分分析方法对色泽指标参数进行统计分析。结果表明:C、M、Y、K值能较准确科学地表现可可果实色泽,可以反映种质间的差异。UPGMA聚类分析和主成分分析将可可果实色泽分为2大类9组,区分结果符合可可果实色泽的自然分类属性。其中绿色为果实的基础色,红色为渐变的渲染色,形成丰富的9组色泽:墨绿色、青绿色、灰绿色、浅绿色、青白色、枣红色、红绿色、紫红色和深紫色。可见,可可果实色泽能够作为一项重要的分类参考指标,为可可新品种选育和优异种质资源开发利用提供参考依据。     

Red companion: A new red potato variety for fresh market

Red Companion is a medium-early maturing variety with round tubers, stable red skin, and white flesh. Its intended use is as a tablestock variety. Red Companion has consistently outyielded Dark Red Norland in state and regional trials. The vines are more vigorous and mature 10 days later than those of Dark Red Norland. Red Companion has a higher specific gravity and longer tuber dormancy than does Dark Red Norland. The sloughing of Red Companion potatoes after boiling is less than for Dark Red Norland or Red Pontiac. Less shatter bruise was found when handled in cold storage. Red Companion is less susceptible to soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) and corky ring spot (Tobacco Rattle Virus) than Dark Red Norland and has a medium resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani).     

Century Russet: A high-yielding fresh market cultivar with verticillium resistance

Century Russet, a high-yielding, late-maturing variety suitable for fresh tablestock use, was jointly released in 1995 by Agricultural Experiment Stations in Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Colorado, California, and Texas and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Extremely high yields have been observed for Century Russet in variety trials conducted in Oregon and throughout the western United States under a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Century Russet produced 40 percent higher marketable yields than Russet Burbank and 67 percent higher marketable yields than Russet Norkotah in 11 regional trials conducted over a three-year period in sevenwestern states. Uniform tuber shape, high yields of count carton sizes, and attractive tuber appearance make Century Russet well suited for the fresh market industry. It is not recommended for chipping or processing into frozen products because of low solids and dark fry color. Century Russet is highly resistant toVerticillium wilt and consistently develops less hollow heart, brown center, and other internal defects than Russet Burbank. It requires more time between vine kill and harvest than Russet Burbank for adequate tuber maturity and skin set. Bruised Century Russet tubers are susceptible to early blight andFusarium infection.     

Nutrient and antinutrient profiles of raw and fermented cocoa beans

Freshly harvested cocoa bean was subjected to natural fermentation for 3, 6, 9 or 12 days. The proximate, mineral, hydrocyanate (HCN), oxalate and theobromine levels in the products were determined and compared with those of raw (unfermented) cocoa. The latter sample had the following composition: protein (N×6.25), 17.5; lipid, 62.9; ash, 4.4; fibre, 5.9; and nitrogen-free extract (NFE), 9.3% dry matter. The effect of fermentation was variable, depending on duration and the nutrient under consideration. At day 3, protein content (17.6) was not different, but at day 6 (19.8) was higher (p<0.01), while days 9 and 12 (14.6 and 15.2, respectively) were lower (p<0.01) in comparison with the raw value. Inorganic P steadily decreased from 201.0 (raw) to 102.0 mg/100 g dry matter (day 12) but only the days 9 and 12 values were significantly different (p<0.05), whereas Ca increased from 29.2 (raw) up to 60.4 mg/100 g dry matter (day 3). The antinutrients, HCN, oxalate, and theobromine decreased with increasing duration of fermentation. The decreases for days 6, 9 and 12 were significant (p<0.05). The results are discussed with regard to optimization of the duration of cocoa fermentation for improved nutrient profile.     

A determination and estimation of trend in Maine’s fresh potato shipments

In the past two decades there has been considerable variation in the quantities of potatoes produced in Maine and marketed to given states and regions. These variations were found to contain very distinct trends. Production in Maine and the quantities of fresh potatoes shipped to all regions of the U.S. except the Southeast show a strong declining trend. The trend accounted for between 71 and 99 percent of variation for those regions with declining trends.     

Preliminary results on the chemical composition of the Turkish carob beans

The present study embodies investigations on the chemical composition of three types of carob fruits viz. sisam, fleshy and wild. A perusal of analytical and chromatographic results reveals that the pods of sisam type are rich in sugar content (43.84%) as compared to that of wild and fleshy types. The sugars in general are of non-reducing type. The pods contain four kinds of sugars, namely: glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose; latter being the principal constituent. In comparison with sugar content the protein content of pods is very low being 2.48%–4.76%. There are four types of amino acids present in the pods, namely: alanine, proline, leucine and valine. The fruits are very poor in fats. As compared to the pods, seeds in general lack sugars but possess higher protein, fat and ash content.

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Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit wurden drei Typen — Sisam, fleischig und wild — der Bohne Ceratonia siliqua untersucht.Wie aus den analytischen und chromatographischen Ergebnissen zu ersehen ist, sind die Früchte des Sisamtyps reicher an Zucker als die wilden und fleischigen Typen. Der maximale Zuckergehalt betrug bei der Sisamart 43,48%. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der Zuckergehalt sich aus Glucose, Fructose, Maltose und Saccharose zusammensetzt, von denen die Saccharose den Hauptbestandteil bildet.Im Vergleich zum Zuckergehalt ist der Proteingehalt sehr niedrig, er schwankt zwischen 2,48 und 4,76%. Vier Aminosäuren konnten nachgewiesen werden, und zwar Alanin, Prolin, Leucin und Valin. Die Früchte sind arm an Ölen. Im Vergleich zu den Fruchtschalen sind die Samen sehr arm an Zuckern, besitzen aber einen höheren Protein-, Fett- und Aschegehalt.

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Résumé Le but de cet étude est d'analyser la nature chimique des fruits de caroubier des types sisam, pulpeux et sauvage. Comme on le constate dans les résultats analytiques et chromatographiques, les fruits de type sisam sont plus riches en protéin que de type pulpeux et la quantité de protéin y atteint à 43.48%. Les sucres sont en général de nature non réduits. Les légumines contiennent 4 types de sucre: glucose, fructose, maltose et saccarose. Entre eux c'est le saccarose qui est le plus abondant. Dans les légumines la quantité de protéin est moins que de la quantité de sucre, on a constaté que cette quantité varie de 2.48% à 4.76%. Les légumines peuvent comporter 4 types d'acide aminé: alanine, proline, leucine et valine. Les fruits sont très pauvres en huile. Les résultats d'analyse des germes ont découvert l'absence de sucre. Pourtant les germes sont riches, d'après ces analyses, en protéin, huile ainsi qu'en cendre.

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Authors are greatly indebted to Tate and Lyle Limited, Research Centre, Kent, England, for the financial support of this project.     

Mainestay: A high-yielding, round white potato variety for fresh market

The Mainestay potato variety is high-yielding and late-maturing producing attractive, round, white-skinned, white-fleshed tubers with medium-shallow eyes. Its major use is expected to be as a maincrop tablestock variety. Mainestay appearance ratings are similar to those of Katahdin, and greening in Mainestay tubers is less than in Kennebec. Most boil and bake qualities were rated equal to Katahdin in at least half of the tests, and Mainestay usually has a low incidence of internal defects. However, purple streak, heat necrosis, vascular discoloration, and heat sprouts have been seen on occasion. Mainestay tubers do not show the net necrosis caused by potato leafroll virus, and have shown very little hollow heart or blackspot bruising. Mainestay is susceptible to common scab and acid scab, but moderately resistant to verticillium wilt (Verticillium, albo-atrum andV. dahliae), early blight (Alternaria solani), rhizoctonia (Rhizoctonia solani), dry rot (Fusarium sambucinum), and pink rot (Phytophthora erythroseptica). It is moderately susceptible to the common race of late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Mainestay tubers are slow to mature after vine kill, and additional time is required prior to harvest in order to allow for proper periderm development and to reduce storage losses.     

St. Johns: A round white potato variety for fresh market

The St. Johns potato variety is high-yielding and late-maturing with attractive, round to oblong, white-skinned, white-fleshed tubers with mediumshallow eyes. Its major use is expected to be as a maincrop tablestock variety. Taste panels rated St. Johns better than or equal to Katahdin in texture, color, mealiness, and flavor. St. Johns tubers do not show the net necrosis caused by potato leafroll virus, and are resistant to golden nematode, corky ringspot, hollow heart, and blackspot bruising. St. Johns is also moderately resistant to greening, shatter bruise, verticillium wilt, early blight, common scab, the common race of late blight, leafroll,Fusarium sambucinum (dry rot) andErwinia carotovora (soft rot), although some breakdown has been reported in commercial storages. Symptoms of leafroll virus infection are somewhat difficult to detect.     

6个不同可可品系(品种)比较试验

可可作为重要的特色热带经济作物,目前国内主栽品种单一,为鉴定筛选出优异的可可品系,以培育我国可可新优品种.本研究以XYS-1、XYS-2、XYS-3、XYS-4、XYS-5、'热引4号'等6个可可品系(种)为材料,在海南万宁对其植物学、农艺和品质性状进行比较试验.结果表明:XYS-5果实成熟周期最长达192 d,XYS...     

Wallowa Russet: A full season long Russet for processing and fresh market

The Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington and the U.S. Department of Agriculture jointly released Wallowa Russet in 2002. This late maturing variety is most suitable for frozen french fry use, but may find limited fresh market potential because of outstanding flavor and texture when baked. Wallowa Russet was evaluated as AO87277-6 in Oregon irrigated trials from 1993 through 1999, and in western regional trials from 1997 through 1999. Averaged over 13 locations in seven states, Wallowa Russet produced total yields of 55.6 mt/ha compared to 53.5 and 45.7 mt/ha for Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah, respectively, and U.S. No.1 yields of 44.4 mt/ha compared to 30.7 and 36.0 mt/ha for Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah. Specific gravity is consistently higher for Walowa Russet than for Russet Burbank and fry color is as light or lighter; sugar end development is less than that observed in Russet Burbank. Wallowa Russet is similar to Russet Burbank in susceptibility toVerticillium wilt, foliar early blight (Alternaria solani), and potato leafroll virus (PLRV). However, Wallowa Russet develops less net necrosis than Russet Burbank from PLRV infection. Wallowa Russet is more susceptible to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) than Russet Burbank. It has moderate resistance to potato virus Y (PVY). Tubers of Wallowa Russet are less susceptible to tuber infection and decay caused by potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) than Russet Norkotah and Ranger Russet. Wallowa Russet has less hollow heart, brown center, blackspot bruise, and fewer growth cracks than Russet Burbank but is more susceptible to shatter bruise. Vitamin C is higher for Wallowa Russet (30.4 mg/100 g fresh weight) than for Russet Burbank (21.9) or Russet Norkotah (22.0), and protein content averaged 5.6% compared to 4.7% and 4.9% for Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah, respectively.