开发有机农业 实现农业可持续发展

论述了发展有机农业的意义，提出了发展有机农业的具体措施，并从4个方面进行了阐述，同时，指出了我国发展有机农业的有利条件和前景。     

欧盟有机农业发展现状及趋势

对欧盟国家在有机农业生产、加工和销售等几个环节的各个方面进行分析,阐述了各主要欧盟成员国在有机农业上的发展现状,并提出了欧盟未来有机农业发展的方向。     

长沙市发展有机农业的优势及策略

长沙市发展有机农业具有自然及地理位置优越、有机农业发展初具规模、有机农产品认证快速增长等优势,同时也存在对有机农业的认知度不高、基础条件有待改进、支撑体系不健全等问题。推进长沙市有机农业发展应制定有机农业发展规划;抓好农业产地环境的普查和治理等基础工作;大力开展有机农业生产的试点示范。     

娄底市贫困山区应大力发展有机农业

分析了加快娄底市贫困山区发展有机农业的必要性，认为发展有机农业是调整农业结构、加入WTO、确保食品安全和发挥贫困地区生态环境优势的需要。从市场潜力巨大、自然资源和环境优势明显、农村剩余劳动力资源丰富及山区传统农业向有机农业转变难度不大等几个方面指出娄底市贫困山区有机农业发展的有利条件。     

有机农业种植土壤培肥技术探讨

有机农业作为我国农业种植发展的主要方向之一,大力采用土壤培肥技术很有必要。主要概述了有机农业的相关内容,介绍了土壤培肥技术在农业种植中的优势,并围绕有机农业种植土壤培肥技术的相关内容提出了合理措施以促进此项技术的应用。     

海南省农业发展方向探讨—设施农业与有机农业

设施农业与有机农业是现代农业发展的前沿,符合海南农业发展的可持续发展道路。结合海南发展战略的特点及实际发展状况,分析海南发展设施农业与有机农业的可行性及竞争优势,提出相应的政策性建议。     

现代有机农业理念与有机茶生产体系建设

本文阐明了现代有机农业的基本理念及现代有机农业与传统有机农业的区别。同时还阐明要搞好有机茶必须从现代有机农业的基本理念出发,搞好有机茶生产体系建设,其中主要包括有机茶基地建设,生产技术体系建设和质量管理体系建设,做到科学规划,严格管理,诚实生产。     

台湾有机茶经验对我省茶叶发展的启示

有机农业是一种完全不用或基本不用人工合成的化肥、农药、生长素和牧畜饲料添加剂的生产体系。在这一体系中尽可能地在最大可行范围内依靠作物轮作、秸秆、畜禽粪肥、豆科作物、绿肥、农场以外的有机废料和生物防治病虫害的方法来保持土壤生产力和耕作。早在1924年，德国就将有机农业作为可持续发展的生产方式引入了农业。发展有机农业已成为一种世界性潮流。20世纪80年代末，以“纯天然、高品位、高质量”著称的有机茶伴随着这场世界性的有机农业运动中崭露头角。     

我国有机茶开发的现状

随着现代社会经济的高速发展 ,工业生产上“三废”大量排放 ,农业生产上化肥、农药过量使用 ,使得地球生态系统日趋恶化。各国政府对此越来越重视 ,大力提倡“生态农业”和“有机农业”,严格限制化学产品在农业和食品行业的使用范围和数量 ,生产无公害的、天然的有机食品。随着有机农业、有机食品的兴起 ,有机茶也应运而生。1　有机茶的概念及国外发展简况有机茶是通过有机农业生产体系生产和加工出来的。有机农业简单地说就是一种在生产过程中不使用人工合成的肥料、农药、生长调节剂和饲料添加剂的可持续发展的农业。因此目前对有机茶的定…     

中国农业科学院茶叶研究所将承办第五届亚洲有机农业科学大会

第五届亚洲有机农业科学大会暨会员大会定于 2 0 0 1年 1 0月 31日至 1 1月 4日在中国杭州召开。国际有机农业及有机食品标准研讨会也将同时举行。国际有机农业运动联合会 (ＴｈｅＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＦｅｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＯｒｇａｎｉｃＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＭｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ,简称ＩＦＯＡＭ)是目前世界上最广泛、最庞大、最权威的国际有机农业组织 ,致力于在全球开展有机农业运动。国际有机农业运动联合会亚洲分会 (简称ＩＦＯＡＭ -Ａｓｉａ)是ＩＦＯＡＭ在亚洲地区的分支机构 ,它致力于在亚洲地区推广有机农业。ＩＦＯＡＭ…     

有机棉发展现状及经济性分析

有机棉是指在农业生产中，以有机肥、生物防治病虫害、自然耕作管理为主，不使用化学制品，从种子到农产品全天然无污染生产的棉花。本文论述了有机棉的发展现状，探讨了有机棉生产的经济性。文中指出发展有机棉对保护生态环境、促进人类健康发展．以及满足人们对绿色环保生态服装的消费需求具有重要意义。     

对吉林省旱作农业保护性耕作的探讨

针对吉林省旱作农业耕作现状存在的主要问题,提出了适应和符合吉林省旱作农业特征的保护性耕作技术,并分析了目前吉林省旱作农业耕作发展的合理方向,以确保和促进吉林省农业的可持续发展.     

推广商品有机肥 提高大洼地区耕地质量

化肥的大量投入,使农作物的产量明显提高。化肥明显的增产作用,使农民对化肥产生了很大的依赖性,从而忽视了有机肥的使用。多年来,科学种田水平不断提高,但土壤中的有机质含量有所下降。要想使土地资源永续利用,保证土壤的生产力,必须增施有机肥,提高土壤有机质含量,改善土壤的理化性状,这是保持并提高耕地质量的一条最有效的途径。     

Local vs. formal breeding and inbred line vs. synthetic cultivar for organic farming: Case of Vicia faba L.

As organic farming refrains from the use of agrochemical inputs, it is characterized by large environmental heterogeneity. Genotype × location interaction is expected to be larger across organic cropping areas than across conventional ones. When breeding for organic farming, it is important to identify an adequate breeding approach and type of cultivar. The objective was to investigate in the case of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) the effectiveness of local breeding (exploiting local adaptation) vs. formal breeding (exploiting broad adaptation) for grain yield in organic farming and to compare the performance of two types of cultivars: inbred lines and synthetics. A set of 18 inbred lines, their polycross progenies and 13 checks was tested in five locations in Germany from 2004 to 2006. Due to the large genotype × location interaction, local breeding generated higher gains from selection than formal breeding. Based on estimates of genotypic performance and variance of inbred lines and polycross progenies, the best synthetic cultivar at generation Syn-1 and the best inbred line cultivar were predicted. Despite the large variance among inbred lines available in local breeding, the highest performing entry in both breeding strategies was a synthetic, due to its partial realization of heterosis.     

Classical Farming Systems of China

Summary

During the long and dramatic history of agricultural civilization, a variety of technological methods have been developed and many valuable experiences accumulated on the farming practices. This review describes the progression of the agricultural development in ancient China. The practices and philosophies of classical farming in different historical periods are expounded and the characteristics of the classic farming practices in China are summarized. The paper also describes regeneration of the organic farming system, the development of the ecological and sustainable agricultural systems, the realistic significance of the knowledge of the classic farming methods such as application of organic manure and the systems of crop rotation and intercropping.     

Guidelines for soil conservation towards integrated basin management for sustainable development: A new approach based on the assessment of soil loss risk using remote sensing and GIS

Soil suspension in the Cidanau River of western Java, Indonesia, has increased recently, perhaps because of rapid environmental change in this watershed region. The objectives of this research are to assess soil loss risk using remote sensing and GIS and to develop effective guidelines for soil conservation in this watershed. To assess soil loss risk, a new soil loss model based on Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was applied, in which C factor (crop management factor) was estimated using the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI); this was computed with satellite remote sensing data and used to simulate soil loss risk. The simulation showed that areas with highest risk of soil loss are on northern- and southern-facing hillsides with poor vegetation. Guidelines for soil conservation in the watershed were proposed: under these guidelines soil-loss risk is managed by evaluating the effectiveness of contour farming, belt farming, and mulch farming. Some recommended measures for soil conservation are as follows: (1) Green vegetation cover should be preserved as much as possible. (2) Vegetation coverage must be increased by forestation in steep sloped areas. (3) Belt farming and contour farming are recommended in areas with slopes under 100%, and mulch farming (more than 50% ground cover mulching is recommended) is desirable in areas with slopes over 100% and without green cover.     

Challenges to Organic Potato Farming: Disease and Nutrient Management

For organic potato producers the two main challenges are disease and nutrient management. Both factors are limited by regulations that on the one hand prohibit the use of chemical fertilisers, especially nitrogen and, on the other hand, most synthetic pesticides. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans is commonly thought to be the factor most limiting yield. However, because there is no really effective fungicide available to control late blight, there are virtually no yield loss data available for organic farming conditions. In this paper the state of the art of organic potato management with respect to disease and nutrient management is summarised. In a second part, the interactive effects of N-availability in the soil, climatic conditions and late blight were studied in the presence and absence of copper fungicides from 2002–2004 for the mid-early main-crop potato cv. Nicola. From the experimental work it became clear that copper fungicides in most cases do slow down epidemics adding an average of 3 days to the growth duration. However, only 30% of the variation in yield could be attributed to disease reduction. A model including disease reduction, growth duration and temperature sum from planting until 60% disease severity was reached, and soil mineral N contents at 10 days after emergence could explain 75% of the observed variation in yield. However, the model failed when N-supply was extremely high. The implications of the results on the management of organic potatoes with respect to cultivar choice, nutrient and disease management are discussed. In conclusion, several points emerge from the results: In organic farming, yields are foremost limited by nutrient availability in spring and early summer. The effects of late blight on yields may often be overestimated and cannot be deducted from results in conventional farming because of the strong interaction with nutrient status. Resistance clearly remains the most important strategy against late blight in organic potato production. However, as important or even more important than resistance is the early development and bulking behaviour and the ability of a cultivar to make use of organic nutrients efficiently. In the absence of efficient organic pesticides it is possible to reduce blight pressure to a certain extent by arranging the crop in small narrow fields perpendicular to the main wind direction neighboured either by non-hosts or completely resistant potatoes.     

Nitrogen Efficiency in Mixed Farming Systems

SUMMARY

The problem of nitrogen surpluses in Northwestern Europe is related in part to recent segregation of animal and crop production. A long-term solution can be found by re-integration of the main agricultural production components into mixed farming systems. In a new classification scheme of farming systems, high-input systems are placed in a sequence of modes in agriculture that each address sus-tainability problems in different ways. In this classification scheme, New-Conservation Agriculture (NCA) is considered to be a new mode of farming that aims to replace losses from the system, whilst not overloading it through critical use of non-renewable resources. Mixed farming systems that integrate crops and livestock are a typical example of NCA. The advantageous environmental features of mixed farming systems are illustrated by the favorable nitrogen balance of two experimental prototypes (a conventional and an organic one) where arable, dairy and sheep farming are integrated to a high degree. However, particularly the plowing of grass/clover swards caused serious problems on both farms regarding seedling survival and product quality in sugarbeet, maize, onion, and potato crops. This was due to the occurrence of large pest populations of leatherjackets (Tipula paludosa) and wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae).     

Modeling behavior pattern of Iranian organic paddy farmers

This study designed an organic farmer's behavior model based on the Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior. The methodology was Mixed Method Research. In the qualitative phase, ten rice producers who received healthy product certification from Standard Organization were interviewed. The results of qualitative research showed that factors affecting the organic farming conversion consisted of facilitating factors and barriers. Facilitating factors include motivations and profits and barriers include challenges and costs. In quantitative phase, 250 rice producers were randomly interviewed. The results of quantitative research showed that attitude and subjective norms of rice producers have a significant positive effect on their intension toward organic farming. Ajzen’s model has been improved by adding variables such as knowledge, self-identity and moral obligation . As a result, the model is improved and approximately 92 % of the variance of rice producers’ behavior in organic farming is explained by research variables.     

有机水稻生产环境下稻鸭共作对稻米品质影响性研究

试验利用免耕轻耙技术培育有机水稻生产环境,研究稻鸭共作有机水稻与常规有机水稻生产技术对稻米品质影响性研究。结果表明:稻鸭共作有利水稻生产可以提高稻米品质,其中尤以受环境影响较大的稻米加工品质、外观品质方面指标提升显著,表现为整精米率升高、垩白米率、垩白度降低。而对于受遗传影响较多的蒸煮品质指标以及主要以蒸煮品质指标判定的食味品质,稻鸭共作影响较小,其中胶稠度基本不受影响,直链淀粉含量和食味值变幅也较小。