湿地松粉蚧林间种群量消长规律研究

应用定点观察和跟踪调查的方法，研究了湿地松粉蚧林间种群数量消长规律。结果显示，湿地松粉蚧种群在疫区边缘存在８－１０ｋｍ宽的高密度区，虫口密度达６０－７０头／松梢；粉蚧侵入的季节不同，种群密度高峰出现时间了不同，一般粉蚧侵入半年后种群密度达到最大，之后锐减；林间种群数量消长主要受湿地松新梢的影响，现有天敌无法有铲控制种群数量的增长。     

湿地松粉蚧林间种群量消长规律研究

应用定点观察和跟踪调查的方法，研究了湿地松粉蚧林间种群数量消长规律。结果显示，湿地松粉蚧种群在疫区边缘存在８～１０ｋｍ宽的高密度区，虫口密度达６０～７０头／松梢；粉蚧侵入的季节不同，种群密度高峰出现时间也不同，一般粉蚧侵入半年后种群密度达到最大，之后锐减；林间种群数量消长主要受湿地松新梢的影响，现有天敌无法有效控制种群数量的增长。     

柿树绵粉蚧自然种群生命表研究

以组建生命表的方法研究了柿树绵粉蚧在自然条件下的生死过程，结果表明柿树绵粉蚧从卵期到越冬若虫，虽然自然死亡及天敌作用死亡率较高，但由于虫口密度过大，因此应进行防治。利用化防重点防治１龄若虫、２龄若虫孵化盛期，可使柿树绵粉蚧的种群数量得到控制。     

柿树绵粉蚧自然种群生命表研究

以组建生命表的方法研究了柿树绵粉蚧在自然条件下的生死过程。结果表明柿绵粉蚧从卵期到越冬若虫，虽然自然死亡及天敌作用死亡率较高，但由于虫口密度过大，因此应进行防治。利用化防重点防治１龄若虫、２龄若虫孵化盛期，可使柿树绵粉蚧的种群数量得到控制。     

湿地松粉蚧外引寄生天敌室内繁殖试验

在广东省森林病虫害防治与检疫总站昆虫繁育室,用接种了湿地松粉蚧的湿地松和火炬松盆栽幼树,繁殖从美国引进的湿地松粉蚧寄生天敌——火炬松短索跳小蜂、迪氏跳小蜂和粉蚧广腹细蜂,连续10年成功繁殖出子代蜂,并长期保持一定的种群数量。释放的亲代寄生蜂数量与检查到的子代寄生蜂数量的比例为6：1。     

湿地松粉蚧生物学特性及发生规律研究

湿地松粉蚧在广东省疫区1年发生4－5代，以4代为主。越冬虫态为一龄若虫。若虫爬动能力强，具有涌散、聚集、泌露和泌蜡的习性；雌虫在白色蜡包内，产卵量大；卵的孵化率高。粉蚧最适发育温度为24－25℃。在疫区边缘，存在8－10km宽的种群高密度区。粉蚧主要分布在树冠上层。上半年虫态整齐、种群密度大；下半年世代重叠、种群密度小；全年种群密度变化呈单峰型。经对粉蚧侵入林分持续5年的观察，越冬代以第2年的种群密度最大，非越冬代各年度的种群密度差异不明显。夏季高温和春季抽梢是影响粉蚧种群数量消长的主要因素。     

杨小舟蛾生命表研究初报

2001年至2003年,我们重点对杨小舟蛾第三代生命发育历程,进行定向观察研究,编制了三张世代生命表。对生命表有关因子进行分析,掌握了杨小舟蛾第三代种群变化趋势,确定3～4龄幼虫期为关健虫期,捕食因子为影响下一代种群数量变化的关健因子。     

影响湿地松粉蚧种群密度因子的初步研究

影响湿地松粉蚧种群密度因子的初步研究＊顾茂彬陈佩珍关键词湿地松粉蚧、种群密度、环境因子湿地松粉蚧（ＯｒａｃｅｌａａｃｕｔａＦｅｒｉｓ）［１］于１９８８年由美国传入广东省台山市红岭种子园后，迅速繁殖并向四周扩散，目前此虫已分布到开平、新会、恩平、鹤山、...     

湿地松粉蚧室内繁殖技术及其效果

在昆虫饲养室，保持温度在２４～２６℃、相对湿度７０％～８０％的条件，及时清除不利于寄主培育和天敌繁殖的有害生物及更换萎蔫的松苗，为实现建立湿地松粉蚧种群和湿地松粉蚧寄生蜂的寄生繁殖提供寄主条件。     

云南松毛虫自然种群生命表的研究

通过对云南松毛虫自然种群数量动态规律的研究,组建了自然种群生命表,并采用排除控制指数法(EIPC)对其进行了关键因子和阶段的分析,结果表明:种群消长趋势指数(I)大于1,种群呈上升趋势;自然死亡对种群密度发展趋势起关键作用,其次是幼虫的迁移;幼虫期是种群消长的关键阶段。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.