QTL Detection and Epistasis Analysis for Heading Date Using Single Segment Substitution Lines in Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Heading date of rice is a key agronomic trait determining cultivated areas and seasons and affecting yield. In the present study, ifve primary single segment substitution lines with the same genetic background were used to detect quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for heading date in rice. Two QTLs, qHD3 and qHD6 on the short arm of chromosome 3 and the short arm of chromosome 6, respectively, were identiifed under natural long-day （NLD）. Nineteen secondary single segment substitution lines （SSSLs） and seven double segments pyramiding lines were designed to map the two QTLs and to evaluate their epistatic interaction between them. By overlapping mapping, qHD3 was mapped in a 791-kb interval between SSR markers RM3894 and RM569 and qHD6 in a 1 125-kb interval between RM587 and RM225. Results revealed the existence of epistatic interaction between qHD3 and qHD6 under natural long-day （NLD）. It was also found that qHD3 and qHD6 had signiifcant effects on plant height and yield traits, indicating that both of the QTLs have pleiotropic effects.     

Advanced Backcross QTL Analysis for the Whole Plant Growth Duration Salt Tolerance in Rice（Oryza sativa L.）

Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance（ST） was genetically dissected by phenotyping two sets of BC2F5 introgression lines（ILs） for four yield traits under severe natural salt stress and non-stress filed conditions using SSR markers and the methods of advanced backcross QTL（AB-QTL） analysis and selective introgression. Many QTLs affecting four yield traits under salt stress and nonstress conditions were identified, most（〉90%） of which were clustered in 13 genomic regions of the rice genome and involved in complex epistasis. Most QTLs affecting yield traits were differentially expressed under salt stress and non-stress conditions. Our results suggested that genetics complementarily provides an adequate explanation for the hidden genetic diversity for ST observed in both IL populations. Some promising Huanghuazhan（HHZ） ILs with favorable donor alleles at multiple QTLs and significantly improved yield traits under salt stress and non-stress conditions were identified, providing excellent materials and relevant genetic information for improving rice ST by marker-assisted selection（MAS） or genome selection.     

Development of a Highly Informative Microsatellite （SSR） Marker Framework for Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Genotyping

To select highly informative microsatellite markers （SSRs） and establish a useful genetic SSR framework for rice genotyping, 15 rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars including six indica varieties and nine japonica varieties were used to analyze the polymorphism information content （PIC） value of 489 SSR markers. A total of 1 296 alleles were detected by 405 polymorphic markers with an average of 3.2 per locus. The PIC value of each chromosome was ranged from 0.4039 （chromosome 2） to 0.5840 （chromosome 11）. Among the two rice subspecies, indica （0.3685-0.4952） gave a higher PIC value than japonica （0.1326-0.3164） and displayed a higher genetic diversity. Genetic diversity of indica was high on chromosome 12 （0.4952） and low on chromosome 8 （0.3685）, while that for japonica was high on chromosome 11 （0.3164） and low on chromosome 2 （0.1326）. A SSR framework including 141 highly informative markers for genotyping was selected from 199 SSR markers （PIC〉0.50）. Ninety-three SSR markers distributed on 12 chromosomes were found to be related to indica-japonica differentiation. Of these 93 pairs of SSR primers, 17 pairs were considered as core primers （all the japonica varieties have the same specific alleles, while the indica varieties have another specific alleles）, 48 pairs as the second classic primers （all the japonica or indica varieties have the same specific alleles, while the indica or japanica varieties have two or more other specific alleles ） and 28 pairs as the third classic primers （all the japonica and indica varieties have two or more alleles, but the specific alleles are different between japonica and indica）. Thirty-two SSR markers were selected to be highly informative and useful for genetic diversity analysis of japonica varieties. This work provides a lot of useful information of SSR markers for rice breeding programs, especially for genotyping, diversity analysis and genetic mapping.     

Mapping of QTLs for Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Related Traits in Rice （ Oryza sativa L.）

Current rice production is usually guaranteed by applying large amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizers to paddy soils. The improvement of nitrogen use efficiency is of great importance not only in rice production itself but in environmental protection as well. In this study we performed a molecular marker-based genetic analysis of nitrogen use efficiency for biomass production （NUEp） and several other related traits in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, derived from a cross of the parents of Shanyou 63, the most widely cultivated indica hybrid in China. A total of 12 QTLs were detected using interval mapping with a LOD threshold of 2.0, among which one QTL controlling NUEp was located at the marker interval of Waxy-C1496 on chromosome 6, and the rest 11 QTLs associated nitrogen concentration and accumulation in rice plant were positioned on chromosomes 1, 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Correlation between NUEp and other traits was analyzed and the implications of the results with respect to the improvement of the hybrid rice were discussed.     

Detection of Distorted Segregation in Genotype of Pollen Calli Derived from Hybrid F1 of Cultivated Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Using SSR Markers

S-a, S-b and S-c are three loci for F1 pollen sterility in cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Taichung 65 （T65） is all Sj/Sj at these three loci, while its F1 pollen sterile near-isogenic lines, TISL2 （S-b）, TISL4 （S-a） and TISL5 （S-c） is Sj/Sj according to their respective sterility locus. Using SSR molecular marker to detect the segregation of the allele Si and Sj in pollen calli population induced from different hybrid F1, which have different pollen sterility locus, showed that the segregation of allele Si and Sj was distorted. The distorted direction of pollen calli population in vitro was not the same as F2 population in vivo. The quantities of pollen callus carrying Sj were much more than that of carrying Siat S-a and S-c locus, the ratio of Si and Sj were 1：4.81 and 1：1.96 respectively. But the opposite tendency was observed at S-b locus, the ratio of Si and Sj being 1：0.35. At the same time, all these results were undisturbed by either culture medium or culture period.     

Responses of Aerobic Rice （Oryza sativa L.） to Iron Deficiency

Aerobic rice has the advantage of saving water.Most published work has focused on improving its yield,while few reported on its micronutrient status.In fact,Fe deficiency is a common nutritional proble...     

基于SSR标记的太湖流域粳稻地方品种遗传多样性研究

【目的】评价太湖流域粳稻地方品种的遗传多样性。【方法】利用58对SSR引物,对基于主要农艺性状构建的太湖流域粳稻地方品种核心种质库的122个品种进行DNA水平的多态性分析,并与15个现代育成品种做比较。【结果】（1）地方品种群体中53个SSR位点共检测到216个等位片段,每个多态性位点等位片段数的变化范围为2～7个,平均为4.08个;71.7%的SSR位点具有3个以上等位片段;53个位点PIC值的变化范围为0.031～0.773,平均为0.413;Nei’s基因多样性指数He为0.378;品种间遗传距离平均为0.419;12条染色体中,第5染色体平均等位片段数最多,第11染色体平均PIC值最大。（2）现代育成品种群体检测到的等位片段数、位点PIC值、Nei’s基因多样性指数和品种间遗传距离均比地方品种群体相应值小,地方品种的遗传多样性大于现代育成品种。（3）聚类分析显示,在遗传相似系数0.63处,地方品种和现代育成品种可以明确区分开来。【结论】太湖流域粳稻地方品种具有丰富的遗传多样性,且与现代育成品种有较大的遗传差异,可用以拓宽育成品种的遗传基础。     

两个粳稻材料芽期和苗期耐盐性的QTL定位

[目的]研究新疆粳稻品种芽期和苗期耐盐性QTL,为水稻耐盐种质资源及分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论和实践依据.[方法]利用来自新疆主栽水稻品种秋田小町(弱耐盐)和02 - 11品系(耐盐)杂交,构建F2代群体,共272个株系.通过SSR标记以芽期和苗期主要农艺性状等盐害率为指标,采用完备区间作图法,对新疆主栽粳稻耐盐性进行QTL定位.[结果]共检测到20个与耐盐性相关的QTL,分布于第1、2、4、6、8、10和11染色体上,LOD值变异范围为2.57 ～ 8.39,单个QTL对表型变异的贡献率变异范围为2.97;～15.59;,NY - 12、NY - 13和NY - 19基因作用方式表现为超显性,NY - 17基因作用方式表现为部分显性,为主效QTL.[结论]检测到的与水稻盐胁迫有关的QTL/基因为进一步精细定位和克隆水稻耐盐基因及水稻育种奠定良好基础.     

水稻种子休眠性QTL定位及其对干热处理的响应

 利用Kinmaze（粳稻）/DV85（籼稻）杂交组合衍生的重组自交F11家系 (Recombinant Inbred Lines, RILs)进行了种子休眠性QTL的检测和遗传效应分析。以抽穗后35 d的种子发芽率作为种子休眠性的表型值，分析亲本和81个家系的休眠性表现，利用Windows QTL Cartographer 1.13a软件共检测到4个种子休眠性QTL，分别位于第2、5、11染色体上，其中第2染色体存在2个QTL，各QTL的贡献率变幅8.37%～17.40%。进一步研究了这些休眠性基因位点对干热破除休眠处理的响应，结果表明，来自DV85增强休眠性的QTL位点qDOR-2-1和qDOR-5，以及来自Kinmaze增强休眠性的QTL位点qDOR-11，易被干热处理破除休眠，这3个QTL效应较强，可在种子休眠性状的遗传改良中加以利用；而位于第2染色体上标记XNpb227-XNpb132之间的QTL位点qDOR-2-2却不易被干热处理破除休眠，该位点增强休眠性的基因来自DV85。     

Detection of Distorted Segregation in Genotype of Pollen Calli Derived from Hybrid F1 of Cultivated Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using SSR Markers

S-a, S-b and S-c are three loci for F1 pollen sterility in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). Taichung 65 (T65) is all Sj/Sj at these three loci, while its F1 pollen sterile near-isogenic lines, TISL2 (S-b), TISL4 (S-a) and TISL5 (S-c) is Si/Si according to their respective sterility locus. Using SSR molecular marker to detect the segregation of the allele Si and Sj in pollen calli population induced from different hybrid F1, which have different pollen sterility locus, showed that the segregation of allele Si and Sj was distorted. The distorted direction of pollen calli population in vitro was not the same as F2 population in vivo. The quantities of pollen callus carrying Sj were much more than that of carrying Si at S-a and S-c locus, the ratio of Si and Sj were 1:4.81 and 1:1.96 respectively. But the opposite tendency was observed at S-b locus, the ratio of Si and Sj being 1:0.35. At the same time, all these results were undisturbed by either culture medium or culture period.     

用近等基因池法定位与水稻柱头外露率相关的QTL

利用水稻柱头外露率差异极显著的亲本Ⅱ-32B和冈46B杂交,对亲本、F1和F2群体进行柱头外露率鉴定,F1柱头外露率介于高、低柱头外露率亲本Ⅱ-32B和冈46B之间;F2群体柱头外露率表现正态分布,说明柱头外露率是由多基因控制的数量性状.在498个F2单株群体中选择极端高柱头外露率和极端低柱头外露率的单株分别组成高、低柱头外露率池,利用914对SSR引物对其进行PCR扩增多态性检测结果发现,引物RM3437、RM31、RM3188、RM5310和RM3395在两亲本和两池间均检测到多态性;单标记分析法表明,第5染色体上的RM3437和RM31,第2染色体上的RM3188,第1染色体上的RM5310和第8染色体上的RM3395与柱头外露率呈极显著连锁关系,对该群体柱头外露率的贡献率分别为13.65%、13.62%、7.09%、4.63%和4.83%.第5染色体上的RM3437、RM31可能与同一个主效QTL连锁,该两标记可用于水稻高柱头外露率不育系的分子标记辅助选择育种.     

Analysis of QTL for Seed Dormancy and Their Response to Dry Heat Treatment in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling seed dormancy in rice were identified using recombinant inbred lines(RILs)population derived from the cross between a japonica variety Kinmaze and an indica variety DV85. Seeds of two parental cultivars and each RIL were harvested in 35d after heading.. The germination percentage of these seeds at 30℃for 7 days were measured as the degree of seed dormancy.. QTL analysis was performed with Windows QTL Cartographer 1.13a program by composite interval mapping.. A total of four QTL for seed dormancy were detected on chromosome 2(two regions),5 and 11,respectively.Phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 8.37 to 17.40%.. Responses of such loci to a dormancy-breaking treatment with dry heat were further detected. The results showed that two alleles of qDOR-2-1 and qDOR-5 from DV85 as well as the allele of qDOR11 from Kinmaze increased the seed dormancy,which seemed to be easily broken by dry heat treatment. Such loci of seed dormancy may be applied to rice genetic improvement.The allele of qDOR-2-2 from DV85 increased the seed dormancy,which could not be broken by dry heat treatment.     

2个水稻黄叶突变体的遗传初步分析

从粳稻品种中花11的转基因植株后代中,获得了2份黄叶突变体（Y-347和Y-427）,经PCR等分析,表明这2个黄叶突变均与Ds转座子插入无关。通过突变体与正常中花11杂交和回交试验,证明这2个黄叶突变体均为单基因隐性突变。根据2个突变体间的杂交结果,初步表明,这2个突变体是由2个位点发生突变产生的。     

水稻耐低磷基因型种质的筛选与鉴定

对二百余不同基因水稻品种（组合）进行士培和砂培,用多个对相指标和绝对指标进行系统聚类分析,获得了大粒稻、汕优６３、巨粒等等一批耐低磷基因型品种（组合）和新三百粒、沪占七、红二号等一批低磷敏感基因品种（组合）。试验表明,应用土培和砂培相结合的方法筛选耐低磷基因型品种（组合）是可行的,与耐低磷基因型相比,缺磷时敏感基因产量下降的主要原因是由于每株穗数和结实率下降所致。     

SSR标记鉴定栽培稻杂种F_1花粉愈伤组织基因型的偏态分离

 分别对栽培稻F1花粉不育基因S a、S b和S c单座位内互作杂种F1进行离体花药培养 ,利用SSR分子标记鉴定了花粉愈伤组织的基因型。结果表明 ,不同座位F1产生的携带花粉育性基因Si 或Sj 的花粉形成愈伤组织的能力偏离 1∶1的分离比 ,与自然条件下F2 群体偏离方向不一致。携带不同花粉不育基因座位的F1产生花粉愈伤组织基因型的偏离方向有差异 ,表现为S a和S c单座位内互作杂种F1的花粉愈伤组织偏向Sj,Si∶Sj 比例分别为 1∶4.81和 1∶1.96;S b单座位内互作杂种F1花粉愈伤组织偏向Si,Si∶Sj 比例为 1∶0 .3 5。研究培养条件对偏态分离的影响 ,发现预冷处理可明显提高偏态分离的程度 ,而花药培养基类型及诱导培养时间的长短不会改变偏态分离的方向