坛紫菜优良品系“申福2号”的特性分析与海区中试

以人工选育的坛紫菜优良品种“申福1号”( SF-1)、优良品系“申福2号”(SF-2)和野生型品系(WT)为材料,通过室内培养与海区中试,对SF-2的优良特性和生产适用性进行评估.结果发现,与WT相比,SF-2的叶状体在生长速率、藻胆蛋白含量、藻体厚度及产量上均存在十分显著的优势.在相同的室内培养条件下,SF-2叶状体的绝对生长速率显著高于WT,培养至90d时,其平均长度为(391.6 ±47.37) cm,是WT的10倍.3个品系(种)的叶状体活体吸收光谱在350～750 nm范围内均存在5个明显的吸收峰,SF-1与SF-2之间的各峰值差别较小,但均明显高于WT.SF-2叶状体的藻胆蛋白(PE+PC)含量为(90.81±3.98) mg/g,是WT的1.95倍左右,比SF-1的含量稍高.SF-2叶状体的平均厚度为(31.95±4.16) μm,分别比WT与SF-1薄38.7％和14.0％.SF-2的壳孢子放散量约为28.6万个/壳,比SF-1提高了43.0％,可以满足生产采苗需求.海区栽培的前四水鲜菜重量,SF-2为24 000 kg/hm2,比WT和SF-1分别增加30.1％和6.7％.上述结果证实,SF-2的海区壳孢子放散量可以达到生产要求,叶状体的生长速率、生长期、产量和品质比WT均明显提高,生长优势十分明显.所以,该品系有望在生产上进行大规模栽培.     

Seeding nets with neutral spores of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)

Nets in traditional Porphyra mariculture are seeded with conchospores derived from the conchocelis phase, and spend a nursery period in culture tanks or calm coastal waters until they reach several centimeters in length. Some species of Porphyra can regenerate the foliose phase directly through asexual reproduction, which suggests that the time, infrastructure, and costs associated with conchocelis culture might be avoided by seeding nets with asexual spores. Here, we present work from a short-term mariculture study using nets seeded with asexual spores (neutral spores) of a native Maine species of Porphyra. Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing was selected for this proof of concept research because of its reproductive biology, abundance across seasons in Maine, and evidence of its promise as a mariculture crop. We studied the maturation, release, and germination of the neutral spores to develop an appropriate seeding protocol for nets, followed by development of a nursery raceway to provide an easily manipulated environment for the seeded nets. Neutral spores were produced throughout the year on the central Maine coast; however, there was a temporal variability in the number and survival of released neutral spores, depending upon thallus position in the intertidal zone. Small thalli were strictly vegetative, but most thalli reproduced by neutral spores; sexual reproduction was absent. Neutral spores germinated quickly at 10 and 15 °C, but germination was delayed at 5 °C. Unlike some algal zygotes and spores, neutral spores of P. umbilicalis required light to germinate; however, irradiances of 25 and 100 μmol photons m^− 2 s^− 1 were equally sufficient for germination. Rafts of seeded nets were deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine, at two distances from salmon aquaculture pens and at a control site on a nearby, fallow aquaculture site (no salmon). There was no difference in nitrogen content of harvested thalli; however, both the density and the surface area of harvested thalli were different among the sites. The possible causes of these differences are discussed in the context of potential use of P. umbilicalis in IMTA.     

卵形鲳鲹AQP1a分子特征及其对急性盐度胁迫的表达响应

为探讨发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)生长和血清生化的影响,该研究以鱼粉(fish meal,FM)为基础蛋白源配制了5组饲料[分别添加0% (FM)、25% (FSM25)、50% (FSM50)、75% (FSM75)和100% (FSM100)的发酵豆粕 (fermented soybean meal,FSM)替代鱼粉]。为消除限制性氨基酸的影响,分别添加0%、0.10%、0.22%、0.35%和0.45%的赖氨酸及0%、0.14%、0.27%、0.41%和0.54%的蛋氨酸。结果显示,FSM25和FSM50组的增重率、特定生长率、肥满度和采食量与FM组无显著差异(P>0.05),FSM100组饲料系数显著高于FM组(P< 0.05)。发酵豆粕各组的肌肉水分、灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与FM组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。FSM75和FSM100组血清中的谷草转氨酶(AST)活性和总蛋白(TP)含量分别显著高于和低于FM组(P<0.05),FSM100组谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于FM组(P<0.05)。FSM75和FSM100组肝脏IGF-1和GH基因表达量显著低于FM组(P<0.05)。综上,在添加限制性氨基酸条件下,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉不超过50%不会对卵形鲳鲹产生不利影响,根据回归曲线得出最佳替代水平为17.5%。

     

不同温度、光照强度和硝氮浓度下龙须菜对无机磷吸收的影响

龙须菜的细胞壁含有丰富的胶质成份,是琼胶生产的良好原料,在中国沿海已经形成了大规模的人工养殖。同时,随着中国近海富营养化现象的日趋严重,龙须菜的规模养殖被认为是缓解海水富营养化的一条有效途径。以探讨龙须菜的生物修复功能为目的,研究了龙须菜对无机磷吸收的基本特征以及不同温度、光照强度和硝氮浓度对其的影响。整个实验在实验室可控条件下进行,分别设置了3个不同温度:15、23和31 ℃;3个不同的光照强度:0、30和200 μmol photons/(m²·s)和3个不同的硝氮浓度:0、30和200 μmol/L,测定了在不同的条件下培养的龙须菜对无机磷吸收的动力学曲线。结果表明:龙须菜对无机磷的吸收动力学曲线符合典型的米氏方程特征,并且吸收能力随温度和硝氮浓度的升高而增大,吸收效率在较低温度(15 ℃)和接近自然海水的硝氮浓度条件(30 μmol/L)下较高;而低光照强度下［30 μmol photons/(m²·s)］的吸收能力和吸收效率均高于黑暗和高光强条件［200 μmol photons/(m²·s)］。由此可见,温度、光照强度及硝氮浓度等环境因子都影响龙须菜对无机磷的吸收特性,但是,其具体的机制仍需进一步深入研究。     

Effects of body weight, water temperature and ration size on ammonia excretion by the areolated grouper (Epinephelus areolatus) and mangrove snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus)

The effects of body weight, water temperature and ration size on ammonia excretion rates of the areolated grouper Epinephelus areolatus and the mangrove snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus were investigated. Under given experimental conditions, L. argentimaculatus had a higher weight-specific ammonia excretion rate than E. areolatus. Weight-specific ammonia excretion rates of fasted individuals of both species showed an inverse relationship with body weight (W, g wet wt.), but a positive relationship with water temperature (t, °C). The relationships for total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) were: E. areolatus: TAN (mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹)=21.4·exp^0.11t·W^−0.43 (r²=0.919, n=60); L. argentimaculatus: TAN (mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹)=121.5·exp^0.12t·W^−0.55 (r²=0.931, n=60). Following feeding, the weight-specific ammonia excretion rate of E. areolatus increased, peaked at 2 to 12 h (depending on temperature), and returned to pre-feeding levels within 24 h. A similar pattern was observed for L. argentimaculatus, with a peak of TAN excretion being found 6 to 12 h after feeding. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that weight-specific TAN excretion rates of both species increased with increasing temperature and ration (R, percent body wt. d⁻¹): E. areolatus: TAN (mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹)=22.8·t−28.8·R−378.2 (r²=0.832, n=24); L. argentimaculatus: TAN (mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹)=22.9·t−25.4·R−216.4 (r²=0.611, n=24). The effect of body weight on weight-specific postprandial TAN excretion was not significant in either species (p>0.05). This study provides empirical data for estimating ammonia excretion of these two species under varying conditions. This has application for culture management.     

Performance of a photo‐heterotrophic,hypersaline system for intensive cultivation of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with minimal water replacement in lined ponds using a stochastic approach

The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in an intensive photo‐heterotrophic hypersaline system with minimal seawater replacement, and establish relationships between parameters of a stochastic production model and relevant water quality variables. Six experimental 1000 m² lined ponds were stocked at a density of 120 shrimp m^?2 for a 105‐day trial. Salinity increased from 37 to 45 ± 2 g/L, and the water level was maintained with the weekly addition of filtered seawater, equivalent to 1.6% per day. The stochastic model predicted that, at harvest, there is 95% confidence that the system produces between 12.1 and 14.7 t/ha with a mean final individual weight of 13.1 g and a mean survival of 84.2%. Sensitivity analyses showed that dissolved oxygen and individual final weight of shrimp were the main variables influencing yield variance. Nitrogenous compounds were maintained between optimal cultivation levels (NH₃–NH₄⁺ = 0.73 ± 0.43 mg/L, N–NO₂^? = 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/L, N–NO₃^? = 3.22 ± 0.11 mg/L). Heterotrophic bacteria (6.6 ± 3.4 × 10⁵ CFU/ml) and chlorophyll‐α concentration (108.5 ± 80.2 μg/L) showed a similar development pattern, indicating a strong relationship between bacteria and microalgae during cultivation. Vibrio spp. concentrations were low (1.24 ± 1.42 × 10³ CFU/ml). It was shown that the photo‐heterotrophic system could be used in hypersaline conditions, typical of semi‐arid regions, to consistently produce between 12.1 and 14.7 t/ha in 15 weeks.     

Effects of experimental infection by Caligus rogercresseyi (Copepoda: Caligidae) on the common jollytail, Galaxias maculatus (Osmeriforme: Galaxiidae) (Jenyns, 1842) in Chile

Galaxias maculatus, the common jollytail, is a native smelt fish with a lacustrine or diadromous life cycle. In Chile, the rearing cycle of this fish includes a freshwater and a marine phase. Several diseases and parasites reported for the freshwater phase could be avoided by rearing the fish in salty or brackish water. Nonetheless, this alternative could result in Caligus rogercresseyi infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate experimentally the capacity of C. rogercresseyi to infect the common jollytail and the effects this parasite may cause to the fish. Prevalence and intensity of experimental C. rogercresseyi infections on G. maculatus were estimated and the effects of this parasitosis on the fish were evaluated on fish survival, weight loss, swimming behavior, and skin damage. Two experiments were carried out with adult fish taken from the Maullín Estuary. Fish were acclimatized to a salinity of 32 ppt and divided into two groups of 20 fish each. The experimental group was infected with copepodid stages of C. rogercresseyi and the other was used as a control. The fish were kept in individual tanks until observing ovigerous female copepods. C. rogercresseyi recognizes G. maculatus as a host under experimental conditions and optimal salinity for the parasite. Results show that under experimental condition copepodid stage can successfully infect the fish, developing to the adult stage, mating, and producing eggs (females). C. rogercresseyi caused alterations in fish behavior, superficial body damage, weight loss, and mortality. Rearing the common jollytail in salty water should take into consideration measures to control these infections as they can damage fish and affect surrounding wild fish populations. There are no records of this parasite in natural common jollytail populations; however, our understanding of the ecological role played by the common jollytail in C. rogercresseyi transmissions among sympatric host species could be greatly improved through further research related to host preferences and epidemiological data for different sympatric host species.     

循环水养殖中水动力特性对鱼类影响的研究进展

为改善双通道方形养殖池内流场特性,通过研究圆弧角和直边的池壁组合方式对其进行流场优化,从而为循环水养殖产业提供更好的养殖装备。利用计算流体力学技术对双通道养殖池内流场进行三维数值模拟,通过对修正速度v₀和均匀系数UC₅₀的分析,评估了相对弧宽比 (R/B,R为圆弧角半径,B为池壁边长) 对池内流场特性的影响。结果表明,不同的底流分流比 (养殖池底部中心排水口的出流流量占总体出流流量的百分比) 工况均呈现相同规律,即在相同的水体交换率下,0.2≤R/B<0.4的方形圆弧角养殖池的平均流速大约为方形养殖池的2倍,而与圆形养殖池相比无明显差异;且在流场均匀性分析中发现,0.2≤R/B<0.4的方形圆弧角养殖池均匀系数较高,甚至优于圆形养殖池的流态。研究表明,方形圆弧角养殖池的圆弧角可有效缩小方形养殖池中直角所导致的低流速区域面积,且保留了较高的空间利用率。方形圆弧角养殖池结合了方形养殖池和圆形养殖池的优势,可较好地解决双通道方形养殖池内流态不佳的问题,具有良好的产业推广及应用价值。     

大型底栖动物生态学研究进展

珠江口是广东最大的出海口,在中国河口生态系统中占据重要地位。为揭示珠江口大型底栖动物群落的季节性变化规律,分别于2019年冬季 (12月)、2020年夏季 (8月)、2021年春季 (3月) 和秋季 (10月) 对珠江口海域开展了4个航次的调查。运用多元统计分析方法对采集的大型底栖动物的种类组成、生物量和多样性指数等进行了分析。结果显示：4次调查共发现大型底栖动物138 种,以春季大型底栖动物种类数最高 (45 种),春季栖息密度最高 (590 个·m⁻²),夏季最低。生物量则是冬季最高、秋季最低。光滑倍棘蛇尾 (Amphiopholis laevis) 为春、夏和秋季的共有优势种。单因素方差分析 (One-way ANOVA) 结果表明,Margalef丰富度指数 (D)、Shannon指数 (H') 和Pielou均匀度指数 (J') 均在季节间变化显著 (P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,大型底栖动物多样性与pH、悬浮物 (Suspended solids, SS) 和化学需氧量 (Chemical oxygen demand, COD) 等多种环境因子呈显著相关性。研究表明大型底栖动物的季节性变化是多种环境因子共同作用的结果,需进一步加强对该海域生物多样性的长期监测与保护。

     

Protein, carbohydrate, lipid and chlorophyll a content in Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) cultured with a low cost alternative to the f/2 medium

Growth, proximate composition and chlorophyll a content was estimated in static cultures of Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) to compare the quality and quantity of the biomass produced with an agricultural fertilizer medium versus f/2 medium. Culture of microalgae was done with controlled temperature, air flux of 4.5 l min⁻¹, salinity of 33‰ and an irradiance of 110±3 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Daily samples from the cultures were taken to estimate cellular density, proximate composition and chlorophyll a content during 7 days. Mean cellular density from samples with f/2 medium and with agricultural fertilizer were similar (no significance at P≤0.05), and mean growth rates of 0.62 and 0.61 doubling per day, respectively. Maximum similar values of protein content of 7.3 and 7.6 pg per cell were estimated on the 5th day in f/2 and agricultural fertilizer medium, respectively. Carbohydrate and lipid content decreased during the first 5 days corresponding to the exponential growth in both experiments. Higher content of carbohydrate (no significance at P≤0.05) was found in both media during the first 2 days, after 4 days the carbohydrates reduced three times theirs concentrations. Generally lipid contents in the cultures with agricultural fertilizer were significantly higher (P≤0.05) than f/2 medium. The chlorophyll a content increased exponentially during the culture, and its concentration was similar in both experiments. In conclusion, the cellular density and the biochemical constituents were similar when using either media. This fertilizer can be used in the production of I. galbana (T-Iso) employed in aquaculture.     

Design, loading, and water quality in recirculating systems for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) at the USDA ARS National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center (Franklin, Maine)

The Northeastern U.S. has the ideal location and unique opportunity to be a leader in cold water marine finfish aquaculture. However, problems and regulations on environmental issues, mandatory stocking of 100% native North American salmon, and disease have impacted economic viability of the U.S. salmon industry. In response to these problems, the USDA ARS developed the National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center (NCWMAC) in Franklin, Maine. The NCWMAC is adjacent to the University of Maine Center for Cooperative Aquaculture Research on the shore of Taunton Bay and shares essential infrastructure to maximize efficiency. Facilities are used to conduct research on Atlantic salmon and other cold water marine finfish species. The initial research focus for the Franklin location is to develop a comprehensive Atlantic salmon breeding program from native North American fish stocks leading to the development and release of genetically improved salmon to commercial producers. The Franklin location has unique ground water resources to supply freshwater, brackish water, salt water or filtered seawater to fish culture tanks. Research facilities include office space, primary and secondary hygiene rooms, and research tank bays for culturing 200+ Atlantic salmon families with incubation, parr, smolt, on-grow, and broodstock tanks. Tank sizes are 0.14 m³ for parr, 9 m³ for smolts, and 36, 46 and 90 m³ for subadults and broodfish. Culture tanks are equipped with recirculating systems utilizing biological (fluidized sand) filtration, carbon dioxide stripping, supplemental oxygenation and ozonation, and ultraviolet sterilization. Water from the research facility discharges into a wastewater treatment building and passes through micro-screen drum filtration, an inclined traveling belt screen to exclude all eggs or fish from the discharge, and UV irradiation to disinfect the water. The facility was completed in June 2007, and all water used in the facility has been from groundwater sources. Mean facility discharge has been approximately 0.50 m³/min (130 gpm). The facility was designed for stocking densities of 20–47 kg/m³ and a maximum biomass of 26,000 kg. The maximum system density obtained from June 2007 through January 2008 has approached 40 kg/m³, maximum facility biomass was 11,021 kg, water exchange rates have typically been 2–3% of the recirculating system flow rate, and tank temperatures have ranged from a high of 15.4 °C in July to a low of 6.6 °C in January 2008 without supplemental heating or cooling.     

Metabolic biochemistry of cardiac muscle in three tuna species (bigeye, Thunnus obesus ; yellowfin, T. albacares ; and skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis ) with divergent ambient temperature and oxygen tolerances

Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) have much greater vertical mobility than yellowfin (T. albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas, due to an apparent greater tolerance of the changes in ambient temperature and oxygen occurring with depth. In an attempt to identify physiological processes (e.g., effects of temperature on cardiac function) responsible for these behavioral differences, we examined enzyme activities (at 12 °C, 17 °C, and 25 °C) of cardiac muscle in all three species. Contrary to our expectations, we found few differences and no clear explanatory patterns in maximum enzyme activities (V_max) or enzyme activity ratios. For example, citrate synthase (CS) activity was the same in bigeye and skipjack tunas, but 40% lower in yellowfin tuna, whereas carnitine palmotoyltransferase (CPT) activity in skipjack tuna was approximately double that in the other two species. The ratio of CPT to pyruvate kinase (PK) activity, a measure of the tissues preference for fatty acids as metabolic substrates, was the same in bigeye and yellowfin tunas, but elevated skipjack tuna. The ratios of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to CS activity and of PK to CS activity (anaerobic–aerobic enzyme activity ratios – taken as measures of the tissues ability to tolerate hypoxia) were both elevated in yellowfin tuna cardiac tissue relative to the other two species. We also found no differences in temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ values) when comparing cardiac enzyme activities across species, nor effects of temperature on the substrate affinity (K_m) of LDH. In sum, our results do not suggest any clear metabolic difference in the cardiac muscle that would explain the apparent greater tolerance of bigeye tuna to acute hypoxia and ambient temperature changes or their substantially greater vertical mobility.     

Artificial incubation of Japanese crayfish (Cambaroides japonicus) eggs by using a simple, easy method with a microplate

We developed a simple, easy method with a microplate to artificially incubate Japanese crayfish (Cambaroides japonicus) eggs for their cultivation. We prepared 6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, and 96-well microplates containing sterile water heated to 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C. Fourteen experimental groups for each water temperature were prepared for each of different water volumes (0.125–10 ml) in each well. One embryonic egg was placed in each well. Experiments were also conducted with water collected from the lake where the eggs were harvested from and held at 15 °C. In the microplates with sterile water, high proportions of eggs hatched (60–100%) at 15 °C in all volumes of water, although the proportions of hatching were low (0–20%) at 5, 10, and 20 °C. All eggs died in the experiments that used lake water. We conclude that the 96-well would be the most effective size to hatch crayfish eggs in, because of its convenience. This method using a microplate is simpler and easier compared with methods of previous studies to artificially incubate crayfish eggs, and therefore it might be useful to incubate eggs of other freshwater crayfish species.     

Heritability of skeleton abnormalities (lordosis, lack of operculum) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) supported by microsatellite family data

Body abnormalities constitute an important problem to fish aquaculture. Pigmentation, scale and skeleton abnormalities have been reported in different cultured fish species. Environmental and genetic factors or their interaction have been suggested to explain their origin. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is one of the most important European cultured species. Lordosis and lack of operculum are common abnormalities in this species, and can reach frequency of 80% or more of commercial batches. In spite of an important body of data suggesting environmental factors related with their origin, scarce and not conclusive genetic data have been reported to date. In our study, a large number of families originating from the usual production process of a commercial farm were used to estimate the heritabilities of both characters. Two independent experiments were carried out for each abnormality. Nine hundred and ninety four (5.6% lordotics; 157 full-sib families; 6.3 offspring/family) and 808 (7.9% lacking operculum; 83 families; 9.7 offspring/family) individuals were used for lordosis and lacking operculum heritability estimations, respectively. The results obtained adjusting an animal model indicated non significant heritabilities for both characters (0.021 (s.e. 0.019) and 0.032 (s.e. 0.023) for lordosis and lack of operculum, respectively). The corresponding values when a threshold model was used, though higher (0.152 and 0.203, respectively), evidenced large standard errors (0.119 and 0.146, respectively) suggesting h² = 0 as the most confident hypothesis (P = 0.838 and 0.766, respectively). A non-parametric permutation test was also applied to evaluate if more related individuals had a higher phenotypic resemblance. The results obtained suggested only a slight familiar association (P < 0.05) when comparing individuals lacking operculum, but neither between lordotics nor between normal ones. These results suggest that most phenotypic variation observed for lordosis and lack of operculum in gilthead seabream is due to environmental factors.     

Effects of manganese on juvenile mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) cultured in water with varying salinity—Implications for inland mariculture

The effects of 5 mg/L of dissolved manganese on juvenile mulloway at salinities of 5, 15 and 45 ppt were determined by comparing their survival, growth and blood plasma and organ chemistry with those of fish grown at the same salinities without manganese addition. Survival of mulloway at 45 ppt in the presence of 5 mg/L of manganese (73 ± 13%) was significantly lower than all other treatments, which achieved 100% survival. Those fish grown in water without manganese exhibited rapid growth, which was not affected by salinity (SGR = 4.05 ± 0.29%/day). Those fish grown at 5 ppt and 45 ppt in the presence of manganese lost weight over the 2-week trial (SGR − 0.17 ± 0.42 and − 0.44 ± 0.83%/day, respectively), whilst those at 15 ppt gained some weight (SGR 1.70 ± 0.20%/day). Manganese accumulated in the gills, liver and muscle of the fish and significant differences in blood plasma chemistry were observed. Blood plasma sodium and chloride of fish exposed to manganese were significantly elevated in hyperosmotic salinity (45 ppt) and depressed at hyposmotic salinity (5 ppt) compared with unexposed fish at the same salinity; consistent with manganese causing apoptosis or necrosis to chloride cells. We did not, however, observe any gill epithelial damage under light microscopy. Blood plasma potassium was significantly elevated at all salinities in the presence of manganese and liver potassium and glycogen reduced. These findings are consistent with manganese interfering with carbohydrate metabolism.     

Performance of plastic biofilter media with different configuration in a water recirculation system for the culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Three kinds of locally available plastic biofilter media with different configurations (plastic rolls, PVC pipes and scrub pads) were evaluated for their efficiency in organic waste removal from the effluents of an intensive recirculating tilapia culture system. A set of three types of solid-removing filters consisting of screened sedimentation; upflow sand as well as plastic bead filtration accomplished the mechanical filtration. Values of critical metabolic wastes like total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) (0.92 ppm) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N) (0.22 ppm) were found to be well within the acceptable limits, while other water quality parameters in the culture water were also maintained within the normal range by the filtration system. Removal rates of 3.46 g TAN/m³ per day and 0.77 g NO₂-N/m³ per day, as well as TAN and NO₂-N removal efficiencies of 29.37 and 27.3% respectively, were established to be the best for the plastic-roll biofilter medium as compared to PVC-pipe and scrub-pad media. Percent removal of TAN and NO₂-N per pass of the biofilter (25.49 and 26.3% respectively) and the specific TAN and NO₂-N removal rates (43 and 9.6 mg/m² per day) of plastic rolls were also found to be superior to the other two biofilter media. Pieces of PVC pipes as biofilter medium is recommended to be used in the biofilters in view of their cheaper cost.     

蚕豆水提取物及维生素C和E对草鱼肌肉质构、营养成分以及氧化应激的影响

为探究高浓度蚕豆水提取物、维生素C和E (V_C/V_E)提升草鱼肌肉品质(质构特性等)的效果,实验以普通配合饲料为对照,30%蚕豆水提取物、30%蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V_E(400 mg/kg V_C+200 mg/kg V_E)、蚕豆配合饲料为处理组,分别饲喂(250±20) g草鱼120 d。在40、80和120 d 3个时间点测定草鱼的肌肉和肠道中活性氧(ROS)含量及ROS消除和生成相关酶活性、肌肉细胞中线粒体膜通透性转换孔和线粒体膜电位水平的变化。在120 d时分析草鱼的生长特性和肌肉及肠道的显微结构。结果显示,与蚕豆组相比,30%蚕豆水提取物和30%蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V_E两组草鱼的生长增加、饲料系数和腹腔脂肪水平显著下降,但蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V_E组草鱼肌肉质构特性高于30%蚕豆水提取物组。30%蚕豆水提取物和30%蚕豆水提取物+V_C/V     

杂交三倍体泥鳅染色体C带及rDNA序列的FISH定位

对杂交三倍体泥鳅(4n♀×2n♂)的胚胎染色体进行了C带及染色体荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析,首次探讨了杂交三倍体泥鳅C带特征,为准确鉴别染色体提供依据,研究了核糖体5.8S+28S r DNA在杂交三倍体泥鳅胚胎中期染色体上的数目和位置。C带结果表明,杂交三倍体泥鳅的染色体C带包括臂端C带和着丝粒C带,没有发现臂间C带。M染色体只有1号染色体既有臂端C带又有着丝粒C带,但臂端C带均比着丝粒C带大,信号也比着丝粒的强;而其他M染色体及SM染色体、T染色体只有着丝粒C带。FISH分析显示,核糖体5.8S+28S r DNA清楚地定位在杂交三倍体泥鳅中期染色体中部着丝粒染色体(M)的端部区域,在杂交三倍体泥鳅中期染色体上可以检测到三簇杂交信号。该结果从分子细胞遗传学层面进一步证实了杂交三倍体泥鳅是含有三套染色体组的遗传三倍体。     

皱纹盘鲍染色体C带和rDNA定位

为了提高对皱纹盘鲍染色体的辨识水平,实验利用 Ba(OH)₂ 处理显示了皱纹盘鲍染色体的C带,并用荧光原位杂交分析(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)研究了核糖体大亚基rDNA在皱纹盘鲍中期染色体上的数目与位置。核型结果显示,皱纹盘鲍染色体组包含7对中部着丝粒染色体和8对亚中部着丝粒染色体,另有3对染色体介于中部着丝粒染色体与亚中着丝粒染色体之间(m/sm)。C显带结果显示,8对染色体有稳定的着丝粒C带,5～7对染色体上有中期相间多态的端部C带,3对染色体上有同源染色体异态的臂间C带。FISH 分析显示,皱纹盘鲍中期染色体上分布着4个大亚基 rDNA位点,分别位于2号短臂(2S)、7号短臂(7S)、12号短臂(12S)和18号长臂(18L)的端部。研究结果为皱纹盘鲍染色体辨识提供了新的特征与标记,为进一步研究皱纹盘鲍种群的染色体多态和鲍属染色体进化提供了基础资料。     

南海春季月相、水深、作业时间与鸢乌贼CPUE的关系

根据2015和2016年春季灯光罩网渔船分别在南海南部和北部海域作业的鸢乌贼产量数据,研究作业条件水深、时间和月相与单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的关系。GAM模型分析,作业时间和农历日对CPUE的影响显著。结果显示,月光天时,0～999 m水深范围CPUE较低;月黑天时,各水层CPUE变化不大,2 500～2 999 m水深范围CPUE较高;作业时间在上半夜(21:00—23:00),CPUE较高,最高达399.4 kg/网,下半夜(0:00—5:00) CPUE逐渐下降;月光天和月黑天产量差别较大,分别为267.0和321.6 kg/网;厄尔尼诺现象在一定程度上影响了鸢乌贼资源量在各水层的变化。各作业条件对鸢乌贼CPUE影响的研究能够为渔场的寻找提供参考。