猪内源氮排泄量测定方法

氨基酸营养是猪营养研究的重要方面。饲料中氨基酸的消化率是反映饲料蛋白质营养价值的重要参数。内源氮的测定是测定真消化率的必要步骤。本文针对猪的内源氮测定方法、改进措施及各方法的优缺点进行综述。     

差量法测定鸭饲料氨基酸真消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量的研究

为了考察差量法测定氨基酸真消化率及内源氨基酸排泄量的可行性,用平均体重(3.0±0.1)kg、7周龄的天府肉公鸭(樱桃谷×建昌鸭)96只进行试验,设计6个试验日粮,蛋白质水平分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%。采用Sibbald的强饲法测定氨基酸的消化率,并同时用无氮日粮法、梯度回归法及饥饿法测定内源氨基酸的排泄量,计算各蛋白质水平日粮氨基酸的真消化率。试验结果表明,差量法测得各蛋白质水平段日粮氨基酸真消化率为(90.54±2.70)%、(90.62±1.88)%、(92.52±1.73)%、(92.73±1.77)%、(93.44±1.59)%和(92.37±1.09)%,在10%～20%的日粮蛋白质水平范围基本稳定。差量法、无氮日粮法、回归法和饥饿法测得日粮氨基酸真消化率平均值分别为(92.37±1.09)%、(92.65±0.56)%、(92.53±0.48)%和(89.15±2.02)%,其内源氨基酸排泄总量分别为0.233±0.015(6个蛋白质水平日粮平均值)、0.228、0.230和0.184g/(4只.h)。由此得知,差量法可用于测定饲料氨基酸的真消化率及内源氨基酸排泄量。     

单胃动物消化道内源氨基酸排泄量测定方法学研究进展

综述迄今所提出的内源氨基酸排泄量测定方法的基本原理及其优缺点。并将这些方法划分为３类,第１类是非正常生理条件下的测定方法,包括绝食法（ＦＡＳ）、无氮日粮（ＮＦＤ）法、ＮＦＤ＋合成氨基酸（ＡＡｓ）、ＮＦＤ＋静脉注射ＡＡｓ以及回归法（ＲＥＧ）;第２类是接近生理条件下的测定方法,包括同位素标记内源氮法、同位素标记外源氮法、静脉１次注射小剂量［３Ｈ］Ｌｅｕ法、胍基化蛋白法、酶解酪蛋白／超滤法;第３类是体外／体内消化率差值法。     

差量法和酶解酪蛋白法测定鸭饲料氨基酸真消化率及内源排泄量的比较研究

本试验研究了差量法和酶解酪蛋白法测定动物在采食正常含氮日粮条件下的内源氨基酸排泄量及饲料氨基酸真消化率的差异,并同时与无氮日粮法作比较。差量法以豆粕为唯一蛋白源,配制成15%和20%2种粗蛋白质水平的试粮;酶解酪蛋白法以酶解酪蛋白作为蛋白质来源,配制成17.5%粗蛋白质水平的试粮;无氮日粮用淀粉和纸纤维进行配制。每种方法选用7周龄、平均体重(2.77±0.16)kg天府肉公鸭64只,分为4组,分别饲喂4种不同日粮,每组4个重复,每重复4只鸭,采用Sibbald的强饲法进行代谢试验,测定各试粮氨基酸表观消化率、内源氨基酸排泄量及真消化率。结果显示:差量法、酶解酪蛋白法和无氮日粮法测定的内源氨基酸排泄量分别为0.9946、1.2243和0.9297mg/gDMI;差量法测定的氨基酸真消化率(%)为88.93±4.43,用酶解酪蛋白法和无氮日粮法测定的内源氨基酸排泄量计算的15%和20%2个粗蛋白质水平日粮氨基酸真消化率(%)分别为91.15±4.33和91.97±4.16、88.55±4.29和88.82±4.61。以上结果表明,在15%～20%的日粮蛋白质水平范围,差量法测定的氨基酸真消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量较酶解酪蛋白法准确,酶解酪蛋白法可能高估了内源氨基酸排泄量和氨基酸真消化率。     

单胃动物消化道内源氨基酸排泄量测定方法学研究进展

综述迄今所提出的内源氨基酸排泄量测定方法的基本原理及其优缺点。并将这些方法划分为３类,第１类是非正常生理条件下的测定方法,包括绝食法（ＦＡＳ）、无氮日粮（ＮＦＤ）法、ＮＦＤ＋合成氨基酸（ＡＡＳ）、ＮＦＤ＋静脉注射ＡＡＳ以及回归法（ＲＥＧ）;第２类是接近生理条件下的测定方法,包括同位素标主内源氮法、同位素标记外源法、静脉１次注射小剂量「＾３Ｈ」Ｌｅｕ法、胍基化蛋白法、酶解格蛋白／超滤法、第３类是体外     

罗曼公母鸡内源氨基酸排泄量的比较研究

试验选取28周龄健康的罗曼公母鸡各16只,分别分为2个处理,每处理8个重复,每个重复1只鸡,分别饲喂2种试验日粮,即无氮日粮(NFD)和NFD+5%酪蛋白,比较分析2种方法测得的公母鸡内源氨基酸排泄量(EAAL)的差异。结果表明:采用NFD法和NFD+5%酪蛋白所得的公母鸡内源氨基酸和总蛋白质的排泄量有所不同。酪蛋白组能够增加内源氮和内源氨基酸的排泄量,NFD+5%酪蛋白法所测得的内源氮和内源氨基酸排泄量更接近试鸡的真实情况。2种测定方法公鸡内源氮和内源氨基酸的排泄量均高于母鸡的结果。     

单胃动物消化道内源氨基酸排泄量的测定方法研究进展

氨基酸的利用受消化率的影响最大,消化吸收后的氨基酸仅有很小一部分不能为体内代谢利用。从实际应用的角度出发,经常把可消化氨基酸与可利用氨基酸看作等同的概念。目前普遍认同的是饲粮蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率测定应在回肠水平而不是粪水平。但由于回肠食糜蛋白中包含了相当数量的非日粮蛋白质(内源和微生物),M oughan等(1989)研究报道,代谢氨基酸及胃肠道内源氨基酸的损失占生长猪氨基酸维持需要量的绝大部分。D eLange等(1995)也研究报道,内源氮损失在畜禽维持氮需要中所占的比例最大。因此,准确量化回肠末端内源氨基酸流量的方法学问…     

差量法测定猪回肠AA的真消化率及内源AA的排泄量

本文探讨了采用差量法测定猪对豆粕氨基酸(AA)的消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量的可行性.试验测得豆粕在16%、10%日粮蛋白水平上的表观氨基酸消化率分别为81.84%、78.59%,以差量法求得真消化率为87.87%.研究结果表明,差量法可以作为测定猪氨基酸真消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量的新方法.     

多重线性回归法测定猪内源磷排泄量及饲料磷真消化率的研究

本研究采用多重线性回归法测定生长猪内源磷排泄量及花生粕和豆粕磷的真消化率。选用6头健康大白×长白阉公猪为试验动物,平均体重为(24.8±1.42)kg。采用6×6拉丁方设计,设6个磷水平(0.09%、0.17%、0.26%、0.35%、0.43%、0.53%),以豆粕、葡萄糖、玉米淀粉等为基础,以花生粕为待测植物性饲料,配制半纯合试验日粮,花生粕和豆粕为磷唯一来源。日粮中添加0.35%Cr2O3作为外源指示剂。试验分6个试验期,每期8 d,6d适应期,2 d收粪期。结果表明,在以g/kg DMI为计量单位条件下,生长猪粪磷的排出量与日粮磷的摄入量呈线性关系(P=0.000 1),回归法测得生长猪内源磷的排泄量为0.526 6 g/kg DMI,花生粕磷的真消化率为28.00%,豆粕磷的真消化率为38.87%。分析粪磷来源发现,内源磷排泄量基本不变(P=0.13),而日粮来源粪磷随日粮含量的增加而增加(P=0.000 1),说明多重线性回归法可用于测定猪内源磷排泄量及非常规植物性饲料磷的真消化率;比较真消化率和表观消化率值说明,真消化率比表观消化率具有较好的重复性。     

线性回归法测定生长猪内源磷排泄量及鱼粉磷真消化率

本研究采用线性回归法测定生长猪内源磷排泄量及鱼粉磷的真消化率.选用5头健康大白×长白阉公猪为试验动物,平均体重为(27.17±0.28)kg.采用5×5拉丁方设计,设5个磷水平(0.08%、0.12%、0.17%、0.21%和0.25%),日粮以葡萄糖和玉米淀粉等为基础原料,鱼粉为磷唯一来源.日粮中添加0.1%TiO2作为外源指示剂.试验分5个试验期,每期6 d,4 d适应期,2 d收粪期.结果表明,生长猪粪磷的排出量与日粮磷的摄入量呈线性关系(y=0.292 7x-0.052 8,R2=0.99,P<0.01),回归法测得生长猪内源磷的排泄量为0.798 5 g/kg,鱼粉磷的真消化率为71.12%.分析粪磷来源发现,内源磷排泄量基本不变(P>0.05),而粪磷随日粮磷含量的增加而增加(P<0.01).由结果可知,线性回归法可用于测定猪内源磷排泄量及鱼粉磷真消化率.     

Possibility of amino acid nutrition in broiler

The consumption of poultry meats exceeds 50% of total meat consumption. With the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot and mouth disease, the consumption of poultry meat is set to increase. The use of meat bone meal derived from cattle and pigs is prohibited. Therefore, plant protein has to be used more frequently and the importance of the study of amino acid nutrition is increasing. In order to improve dietary efficiency, it is necessary to elucidate the exact amino acid requirements of poultry. The amino acid requirements are not constant and are affected by various factors. By using the plasma amino acid concentration as a parameter, it is possible to predict the amino acid requirements within a short period using a small number of animals repeatedly. By satisfying the amino acid requirements through supplementing crystalline amino acids, it is possible to reduce dietary protein and excretory nitrogen simultaneously. However, when the dietary protein is reduced, the abdominal fat tends to increase. This is solved by deciding the optimum dietary protein level, but it is difficult to control the taste of poultry meat by dietary amino acids.     

内源磷和磷的真消化率评定方法

磷(P)是动物体内必需的矿物质元素,具有重要的生物学功能。但是,磷的过多又会造成浪费和环境污染。只有磷的真消化率才能够更准确、真实地反映动物对磷的消化吸收情况。因此准确测定内源磷的排泄量和准确测定磷真消化率已经变得至关重要。本文介绍了几种测定内源磷和磷真消化率评定方法。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The effect of dietary methionine levels on endogenous nitrogen and endogenous amino acids flows in growing goats

The effect of dietary methionine (Met) levels on endogenous N and amino acids (AA) flows at different part of the digestive tract of growing goats was determined using a ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. Three goats (25 ± 2.5 kg) were fitted with the ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulae and allocated to three dietary treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary treatments consisted of a total mixed ration containing three levels of Met (0.15%, 0.25% and 0.35%) respectively. It was found that at 0.15% Met level, the lowest flow in endogenous N and total AA at the duodenum and ileum occurred. The endogenous N secretion contributed to 26% and 23% of the duodenal and ileal total N flows, respectively, and the proportions were not affected by the dietary Met levels. The duodenal and ileal flows of endogenous total AA were 11.1, 11.8, 11.3 g/d and 2.9, 3.9, 4.1 g/d respectively. The average real digestibility of N was 65%, 87% and 95% in the forestomach, intestine and whole digestive tract respectively.     

Renal energy excretion of horses depends on renal hippuric acid and nitrogen excretion

The prediction of renal energy excretion is crucial in a metabolizable energy system for horses. Phenolic acids from forage cell walls may affect renal energy losses by increasing hippuric acid excretion. Therefore, the relationships were investigated between renal energy, nitrogen (N) and hippuric acid excretion of four adult ponies (230–384 kg body weight (BW)) consuming diets based on fresh grass, grass silage, grass cobs (heat‐dried, finely chopped, pressed grass), alfalfa hay, straw, extruded straw and soybean meal. Feed intake was measured; urine and faeces were quantitatively collected for three days. Feed was analysed for crude nutrients, gross energy, amino acids and neutral‐detergent‐insoluble crude protein (CP); faeces were analysed for crude nutrients and cross energy; urine was analysed for N, hippuric acid, creatinine and gross energy. Renal energy excretion (y; kJ/kg BW^0.75) correlated with renal N excretion (x₁; g/kg BW^0.75) and renal hippuric acid excretion (x₂; g/kg BW^0.75): y = 14.4 + 30.2x₁+20.7x₂ (r = .95; n = 30; p < .05). Renal hippuric acid excretion was highest after intake of fresh grass and lowest after intake of soybean meal. The ratio of hippuric acid to creatinine in urine and the excretion of hippuric acid per gram of dry matter intake was significantly higher for fresh grass than for all other rations. There was no relationship between aromatic amino acid intake and renal hippuric acid excretion. The results of the present study and literature data suggest that feed can be categorized into four groups with regard to the energy losses per gram CP intake: (i) protein supplements (e.g., soybean meal): 4.2–4.9 kJ/g CP intake (ii) alfalfa hay, grains, dried sugar beet pulp: 6.4 kJ/g CP intake, (iii) hay, preserved grass products, straw: 5.2–12.3 kJ/g CP intake (mean 8) and (iv) fresh grass. For group (iii) a negative relationship was observed between renal energy losses per gram of CP and the content of CP or neutral‐detergent‐insoluble CP in dry matter.     

蛋白质水平和氨基酸模型对蛋鸡生产性能及氮磷利用与排泄的影响

本试验研究了按理想蛋白氨基酸模式配制日粮对蛋鸡生产性能及营养素氮和磷利用与排泄的影响。试验结果表明:试验组比对照组的产蛋率、产蛋量、蛋重及饲料转化率均有所提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);而氮和磷的表观利用率分别提高了6.46%和9.31%,差异显著(P<0.05);氮排泄量降低了11.93%,差异显著(P<0.05);总磷排泄量降低了2.20%,差异不显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,按理想蛋白氨基酸模式配制日粮,通过合理的营养调控技术,可以降低蛋鸡氮磷排泄量。     

Dietary phytase increases the true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of zinc in growing pigs given a corn-soybean meal based diet

We investigated the effect of dietary phytase on the true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of zinc (Zn) using ⁶⁷Zn in growing pigs given a corn-soybean meal based diet. Ten crossbred barrows were fed the control diet containing 90-mg/kg Zn, 2.3-g/kg phytate-phosphorus and 3.7-g/kg non-phytate-phosphorus or the phytase diet containing similar amounts of Zn and phytate-phosphorus, and 1.4-g/kg non-phytate-phosphorus with 750-PU/kg phytase for 12 h/day. On day 6, the pigs were given 200 g of the corresponding diet labeled by ⁶⁷Zn for 2 h. We measured feed intake, fecal Zn concentration and ⁶⁷Zn abundance for the determination of apparent absorption, true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of Zn. Although the apparent absorption of Zn did not significantly differ between the dietary groups, the phytase group had significantly more ( P  < 0.05) true absorption of Zn than the control group. The endogenous fecal excretion of Zn tended to be more ( P  = 0.07) in the phytase group than in the control group. These results suggest that dietary phytase improves Zn bioavailability through increasing the true absorption of Zn in growing pigs, which results in stimulating the endogenous fecal excretion of Zn when dietary Zn satisfies its requirement.     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Ileal endogenous amino acid flow of broiler chickens under high ambient temperature

High environmental temperature has detrimental effects on the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of acute heat stress on endogenous amino acid (EAA) flow in broiler chickens. A total of 90, day‐old broiler chicks were housed in battery cages in an environmentally controlled chamber. Chicks were fed a nitrogen‐free diet on day 42 following either no heat exposure (no‐heat) or 2 weeks exposure to 35 ± 1 °C for 3 h from days 28 to 42 (2‐week heat) or 1 week exposure to 35 ± 1 °C for 3 h from days 35 to 42 (1 week heat). The most abundant amino acid in the ileal flow was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, serine and threonine in non‐heat stressed group. The EAA flow in 1‐week heat and 2‐week heat birds were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those under no heat exposure (14682, 11161 and 9597 mg/kg of dry matter intake respectively). Moreover, the EAA flow of 2‐week heat group was less than 1‐week heat group by approximately 36%. These observations suggest that the effect of heat stress on EAA flow is mostly quantitative; however, heat stress may also alter the content of EAA flow qualitatively.