芽孢杆菌BH1防治大豆根腐病的效果及机制

芽孢杆菌BH1分离于大豆根际，在温室试验中表现出较好的防治效果。田间试验对尖孢镰刀菌引起的大豆根腐病防效达56．1％，增产7．6％。该菌株发酵无菌滤液对尖孢镰刀菌F3、茄孢镰刀菌W1和镰刀菌Sl孢子萌发和菌丝生长有抑制作用；对热处理较稳定。对其抗利福平标记株B-R^ -4与大豆根系的亲和性研究表明，BH1可定殖于无菌土和病土中生长的大豆根际，且动态变化趋势相似，但在无菌土中数量略高于病土。组织印记法表明：B-R^ -4可在整个大豆根系生长。扫描电镜观察发现，BH1主要存在于根表凹陷处，在根尖或侧根处则很少。透射电镜观察，根细胞间隙内未检测到BH1。在大豆根际的定殖试验说明，B-R^ -4与大豆根系有很好的亲和性，对营养和空间位点的竞争是其拈抗病原菌的主要机制。     

三唑酮对西瓜根际木霉菌与尖孢镰刀菌竞争定殖的影响

 在尖孢镰刀菌厚垣孢子土中,接种1×10⁶cfu/g土的木霉菌孢子,并加入4~12μg/g土三唑酮。木霉菌加各三唑酮处理的尖孢镰刀菌厚垣孢子在西瓜根际的萌发率低于不加药的木霉菌对照,并与三唑酮剂量成反比;尖孢镰刀菌的根际竞争指数,以及在绝大部分根段根际的种群密度也低于不加药的木霉菌对照;而在上述条件下木霉菌的根际竞争指数以及在某些根段根际的种群密度十分接近或超过不加药的木霉菌对照。本文还讨论了不同木霉菌量和不同尖孢镰刀菌量条件下,三唑酮剂量对木霉菌和病原尖孢镰刀菌在西瓜根际竞争定殖的影响。     

植物根际细菌HQ1-2的根际定殖与土壤微生态调节及枯萎病防治

为研究植物根际细菌HQ1-2在黄瓜根际定殖能力及对根际土壤微生态和枯萎病的影响,本研究采用稀释涂布平板法测定HQ1-2在黄瓜根际定殖密度,采用对峙试验和孢子萌发试验测定其对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制活性,通过盆栽试验评价其对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果和对黄瓜根际土壤微生态的影响,并对其进行鉴定。结果表明,HQ1-2在黄瓜根系和根际土壤具有稳定的定殖能力,处理12 d时在黄瓜根系和根际土壤分别能保持10⁴和10⁶ cfu/g的定殖密度;HQ1-2处理显著增加黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量,减少真菌数量,提高根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,增加根际土壤速效氮、磷、钾的含量。在室内试验,HQ1-2对尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝生长、分生孢子形成和孢子萌发均具有显著的抑制作用,在盆栽试验,HQ1-2显著防治黄瓜枯萎病,其防效达到84.62%。另外,根据形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA序列同源性分析,将HQ1-2菌株鉴定为多粘类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa。     

生防菌哈茨木霉FJAT-9040的GFP标记及土壤定殖示踪

哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum FJAT-9040对茄科尖孢镰刀菌具有较强拮抗作用。为跟踪分析该菌株在土壤中的存活与定殖特性,利用PEG-CaCl2介导的原生质体转化体系,筛选获得1株荧光性状稳定的菌株FJAT-9295,该菌株在生长速率、产孢量、对酸碱度和温度的适应性及对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性等方面与野生型菌株FJAT-9040无显著差异（P〉0.05）。同时,研究了菌株FJAT-9295在4种类型土壤中的定殖能力以及作物生长对该菌株在土壤中定殖的影响。结果表明：菌株在育苗土中定殖最好,其次为沙土及菜园土,黄泥土中定殖最差;种植茄子比未种植作物的土壤更有利于菌株的存活;菌株FJAT-9295在不同类型土壤中的菌落数随时间的延长均略有下降,16天后趋于稳定,维持在105 CFU/g,较初始接菌量下降了约1个数量级。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌B6在番茄根部定殖及对番茄枯萎病盆栽防效初步研究

采用利福平选择标记解淀粉芽孢杆菌B6,于土培及水培条件下研究其在番茄根部定殖情况及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明,番茄种子出芽后4～19 d,根表及根际均能成功检测标记菌株B6~R。在根表,标记菌株B6~R定殖密度4 d时达最高,后逐渐下降,16～19 d稳定在7.40×10~5 cfu/g。在根际,标记菌株B6~R定殖密度先升高后降低,菌体数量稳定在2.53×10~6 cfu/g。水培条件下,能够观察到标记菌株B6~R在番茄根部附着定殖。室内盆栽试验显示,解淀粉芽孢杆菌B6能够较好防治尖孢镰刀菌引起的番茄枯萎病,防治效果达64.35%。     

三株拮抗细菌的鉴定及抑菌作用研究

为了充分发掘和利用有益微生物资源,本文以草莓根腐尖孢镰刀菌Fusariumoxysporum为靶标菌,从草莓根际土壤中分离筛选得到3株拮抗细菌,通过培养性状与形态特征、生理生化特征以及16SrDNA同源序列比对分析进行了鉴定,菌株1-9和9—4为多粘类芽孢杆菌Paenibacilluspolymyxa、菌株12—4为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillussubtilis。这3株细菌对草莓根腐尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌作用进行了初步的研究,结果表明,3株拮抗细菌对草莓根腐尖孢镰刀菌的生长有很好的抑制作用,镜下观察对菌丝有致畸作用,其培养滤液还能够抑制草莓根腐病尖孢镰刀菌分生孢子的产生与萌发。     

大蒜根系分泌物对烟草镰刀菌根腐病的控制作用

为探讨大蒜根系分泌物对烟草尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性,采用琼脂法培养大蒜,利用气相色谱—质谱技术（GC-MS）测定其主要成分,研究大蒜根系分泌物对烟草尖孢镰刀菌根腐病的影响。对菌丝生长速率和孢子萌发的测定表明,当大蒜根系分泌物粗提物浓度为1 g/mL时,其菌丝生长抑制率为30.56%,孢子萌发抑制率高达100.00%。大蒜根系分泌物主要成份2,6—二异丙基苯酚和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯分别对其菌丝生长和孢子萌发具有较强的抑菌作用。邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的防控效果较好,其浓度为5 mmol/L,接菌21 d后其病情指数为55.00,防控效果达32.38%。大蒜根系分泌物及主要成分对尖孢镰刀菌所引起的烟草根腐病有显著的抑制作用,这为研制含大蒜成分的植物保护剂和间作套种大蒜防控烟草尖孢镰刀菌根腐病提供科学参考。     

对羟基苯甲酸对草莓枯萎病发生的助长作用

以草莓丰香品种为试材,通过盆栽试验研究了自毒物质对羟基苯甲酸和尖孢镰刀菌草莓专化型(Fusarium oxysporum Schl.f.sp.fragariae)协同作用对草莓根系抗性生理指标、培养基质中病原菌数量、植株生长和枯萎病发生程度的影响。结果表明,接种处理50 d后,对羟基苯甲酸和尖孢镰刀菌协同处理显著降低了根系SOD、POD、PPO和PAL活性。两者协同处理后根系质膜H~+-ATPase和液泡膜H~+-ATPase活性也均显著低于单独接菌处理,分别降低50.4%和60.1%。与对羟基苯甲酸或尖孢镰刀菌单独处理相比,协同处理草莓根数量、根干重、茎叶干重和单株叶面积等各项生物量均明显降低。对羟基苯甲酸两种浓度处理后,基质中尖孢镰刀菌数量分别增加了76.7%和104.6%;病情指数分别高达40.0和27.7,分别提高了60.6%和36.5%。对羟基苯甲酸能加重草莓枯萎病的发生。     

镰刀菌对大蒜根系分泌物的敏感性与其致病力相关分析

试验采用菌丝生长速率法测定了大蒜根系分泌物对3种供试植物病原镰刀菌的抑菌活性, 并进一步分析了18株从腐烂蒜瓣上分离的尖孢镰刀菌和12株从小麦赤霉病样分离的禾谷镰刀菌对大蒜根系分泌物的敏感性及致病力之间的关系。研究结果表明, 大蒜根系分泌物对供试镰刀菌均具有抑制活性, 但从腐烂蒜瓣上分离的尖孢镰刀菌对根系分泌物的敏感性低于其他菌株。致病力分析结果表明, 供试的18株尖孢镰刀菌均能使蒜瓣发病, 但致病力与其对根系分泌物的敏感性无明显相关性; 供试的禾谷镰刀菌中对根系分泌物不敏感的4株菌株能侵染蒜瓣, 但敏感性高的菌株不能侵染蒜瓣, 且根系分泌物对禾谷镰刀菌的抑制率与禾谷镰刀菌致病力之间呈显著的负相关。这表明大蒜根系分泌抑菌物质是根系抵御镰刀菌侵染的重要机制, 但一些菌株能对根系分泌物产生抗性, 从而侵染大蒜。综上所述, 大蒜根系分泌物对镰刀菌具有抑制活性, 可以利用大蒜和其他作物间作或轮作控制镰刀菌枯萎病的发生和蔓延, 但长期利用大蒜轮作或间作控制土传病害可能面临镰刀菌对大蒜根系分泌物产生抗性, 导致防效降低的风险。     

防风根腐病拮抗真菌的筛选鉴定及生防作用研究

从防风根际土壤中筛选得到1株对根腐病具有良好防治效果的拮抗菌株MR-47,基于形态学、ITS序列分析方法对菌株MR-47进行鉴定,确定该菌株为桃色顶孢霉Acremonium persicinum（GenBank No. OK287149.1）。通过对峙培养、显微镜观察,探究了菌株MR-47对木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti的抑菌机理;基于盆栽试验,明确菌株MR-47的定殖能力及防病促生效果。结果表明,菌株MR-47对木贼镰刀菌抑菌率达69.26%,病原菌菌丝出现缢缩、膨大、扭曲、畸形等现象;对尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰刀菌等多种病原真菌表现出了良好的广谱抑菌活性;在土壤中定殖35 d内,最大定殖量为8.38×10⁶ CFU/g,最低为5.57×10⁶ CFU/g;MR-47对防风根腐病防效达75.05%。因此,桃色顶孢霉MR-47在防风根腐病的病害管理方面具有较好的开发价值及应用潜力。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.