马占相思树干液流的研究

采用ICT-2000TE树干液流测定系统,对华南地区的主要造林树种马占相思的液流变化进行了为期1a的观测,并对树干液流变化特征、液流量日变化、各位点液流及全年液流量的变化进行了深入研究。结果表明:马占相思的树干液流量日进程呈单峰型曲线,雨、旱季的全天总液流量分别为10.988×103、5.082×103g,全年总液流量为2238.265×103g;马占相思木质部不同部位输水能力差异较大,液流速率最大的位点位于木质部15mm处;马占相思单位边材面积日累计液流量在雨、旱季分别为85.203×103、57.463×103g·m-2左右,整个过程呈"S"形。     

毛竹树干液流变化及其与气象因子的关系

2009年9月—2010年7月,利用热平衡包裹式茎流计对江西大岗山森林生态站的毛竹进行液流连续观测,并利用自动气象站同步观测气象因子。结果表明:不同季节晴天和阴天毛竹日均液流速率均表现出明显的昼夜变化规律;秋、冬季液流速率连日变化波动较小,而春、夏季受降雨的影响,液流速率波动较大;不同季节晴天毛竹液流速率呈单峰曲线,而春、夏两季有时出现双峰曲线,但午休现象不明显;不同季节不同天气条件毛竹夜间可能由于根压的原因而存在微弱的液流;不同季节毛竹由于水分吸收方式的差异,影响液流速率的主导因子也不一致,非生长季与空气温度的相关性最强,生长季均与光合有效辐射的相关性最强;毛竹液流速率表现显著的季节变化规律,生长末期、非生长期、生长初期和生长中期日均液流速率分别为(97.88±5.73)g·h-1,(52.27±3.66)g·h-1,(167.81±20.15)g·h-1和(414.04±48.62)g·h-1;以光合有效辐射、太阳辐射、气温等气象因子作自变量,液流速率作因变量,经逐步回归建立不同季节毛竹液流速率与气象因子的多元线性模型。     

天目山柳杉树干液流动态研究

利用热扩散式液流探针（TDP）对天目山柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）树干液流进行连续测定,同步测定太阳有效辐射、空气温度、空气湿度等气象因子,探讨环境因子与树干液流之间的内在响应关系。结果表明：柳杉树干液流速率呈单峰曲线;柳杉液流在7：00-8：00启动,12：30-14：00达到峰值,夜间仍然存在微弱的液流变化;不同天气柳杉液流日变化差异明显,晴天液流启动较早峰值最大,阴雨天气液流启动延迟峰值较小;柳杉液流速率与光合有效辐射、空气温度、水汽压亏缺呈极显著正相关关系,而与空气湿度呈极显著负相关关系,其相关性大小排序依次为：空气温度＞水汽压亏缺＞空气湿度＞光合有效辐射。     

龙爪槐树干液流相对于气象因子的滞后效应分析

植物蒸腾在土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)水热传输过程中发挥重要作用,一直是农学、林学、气象学、水文学、生态学等众多学科及领域共同关注的重要课题之一.随着水资源紧缺及水质恶化问题的严重化,蒸腾问题已引起国际社会的广泛关注(孟平等,2005).     

青海云杉、华北落叶松边材液流变化规律及其与气象因子的关系

运用Granier热扩散式探针(TDP)法对青海大通黄土高寒区主要针叶树种青海云杉Picea crassifolia和华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii夏季边材液流变化规律进行连续观测,利用自动气象站对周围气象因子太阳辐射(R_s)、空气温度(T_a)、空气相对湿度(R_H)和风速(W_s)进行同步观测,并对气象因子与青海云杉、华北落叶松边材液流通量(F_s)的相关性进行分析.结果表明:(1)边材面积(A_s)与胸径(D_(BH))存在较高的相关性,两者可以用幂函数很好地拟合.(2)青海云杉、华北落叶松边材液流速率(V_s)变化规律主体表现一致,晴天变化幅度最大,阴雨天变化幅度最小.(3)华北落叶松边材液流通量(F_s)仅为0.75 kg·h~(-1),而青海云杉高达1.84kg·h~(-1),为华北落叶松的2.4倍;青海云杉日耗水量(W)在9.56～37.14 kg·d~(-1)之间,而华北落叶松日耗水量W在5.61～14.25kg·d~(-1)之间.(4)青海云杉、华北落叶松F_s与气象因子关系密切.但气象因子的作用过程表现复杂.复相关分析表明:青海云杉、华北落叶松F_s与R_s、T_a、W_s之间呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度R_H呈极显著负相关.按相关程度排序为:R_s＞T_a＞R_H＞W_s.     

黄土高原半干旱区人工林刺槐展叶期树干液流动态分析

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2008年4月26日至5月31日,在黄土高原半干旱区安塞县对人工林刺槐展叶期树干液流及其气象、土壤水分等6个指标进行连续测定.结果表明:刺槐展叶期可分为芽期、展叶初期、中期和全叶期.在芽期,刺槐树干液流速率日变化无明显昼夜波动;在展叶初期至全叶期日变化呈现出从微弱波动逐渐增大到趋于平稳的剧烈波动;在展叶中期以后液流速率表现为上升快、下降缓慢的单峰曲线;在全叶期平均峰值约为0.002 7 cm·s-1;树干液流速率与光合有效辐射强度、大气温度、水蒸气压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关,其相关程度依次为光合有效辐射强度>大气温度>水蒸气压亏缺>相对湿度>风速,且可用光合有效辐射强度和大气温度线性表达式来估测;土壤水分在展叶期呈逐渐减少趋势,但对树干液流的胁迫不显著;在展叶期刺槐单株日蒸腾耗水量随直径的增大而增大并与胸径呈良好的线性关系,可用来估算展叶期刺槐人工林蒸腾耗水量.     

库姆塔格沙漠东南部柽柳液流特征及其与气象因子的相关分析

[目的]揭示库姆塔格沙漠东南部柽柳的水分传输过程,探究柽柳的耗水特性,为该地区柽柳生长及生理研究提供数据支撑,对该区域柽柳经营管理具有一定理论意义.[方法]利用PS-TDP8树木茎流监测系统对库姆塔格沙漠东南部柽柳的液流变化进行测定,采用相关分析及逐步回归法分析气象因子对柽柳液流的影响.[结果]柽柳茎干液流速率整体为"...     

木麻黄南北方位边材液流季节动态及其对蒸腾耗水测算的影响

利用TDP径流计对福建沿海木麻黄南北方位的边材液流动态进行长期监测,并同步检测空气温湿度、太阳辐射等环境因子,分析南北方位液流速率的相互关系、对蒸腾耗水量测算的影响以及与环境因子的关系。结果显示,木麻黄南北2个方位测得的液流速率存在显著差异和线性相关。木麻黄生长季（5～10月）内单株蒸腾耗水量与日总太阳辐射和昼间平均空气水汽压亏缺的指数饱和曲线拟合效果较好。采用单方位树干液流速率测算的整株蒸腾耗水量与2个方位的测算值相差18．19％。     

元江干热河谷地区的尾叶桉扦插育苗试验

从广东湛江引进尾叶桉组培苗 ,先种植建立采穗圃 ,然后采其嫩枝作为插条。用不同浓度的 5种生长激素处理插条、并在 3种基质上作尾叶桉的扦插育苗试验 ,经扦插生根天数和生根率的对比 ,结果表明 :不同基质间的插条生根天数存在极显著差异 ;不同生长激素浓度和育苗基质间插条的生根率也存在极显著差异。育苗基质以无菌生红土为好 ,生长激素以 1g/L桉树生长调节剂和 1g/L吲哚丁酸为好 ,插条的生根率达 90 %以上。本项技术已在元江大批量培育尾叶桉扦插苗中应用 ,且扦插苗种植后生长快 ,表明尾叶桉在元江干热河谷区是一种值得推广的好树种。     

干季核桃树干液流特征及其与气象因子的关系

我国北方存在严重的水资源短缺问题,研究干旱半干旱区域植被的液流特征,对于没有灌溉条件的丘陵山区,确定耗水量和立地水分的合理承载能力,对于当地生态植被建设和管理具有重要的作用.本文应用热脉冲技术对干旱半干旱退耕区核桃(Juglans regia L.)的液流速率、液流通量等进行分析,为植被建设模式的确定和管理提供理论依据.     

Facilitation by two exotic Acacia: Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium as nurse plants in South China

Because of their high growth rate and tolerance to bare soil, two exotic Acacia species, Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium, have been commonly planted in degraded areas of South China. With their large canopies and ability to fix nitrogen, the two Acacia species have also been considered to act as nurse plants for understory plants. The current study clarified the nursing effects of the Acacia species by comparing microclimate characteristics and physiological traits of native plant seedlings at three sites: under the canopies of the each Acacia species and on bare land (open site). Although the sites were not replicated, the results indicated that adult trees of both Acacia species can facilitate native species, but that A. mangium has greater facilitating effects due to greater temperature buffering, radiation reduction, and nutrient amelioration. In response to facilitation, three species (Castanopsis hystrix, Michelia macclurei, and Manglietia glauca) with different shade-tolerant traits growing under Acacia canopies expressed distinct adaptations. For the three species, the chlorophyll fluorescence curves of rETR and ΔF/Fm′ were higher under A. auriculiformis and on the open site than under A. mangium. The maximum quantum yield in PSII(Fv/Fm) in diurnal changes of the three species showed that all the Fv/Fm values were between 0.70 and 0.84 and that the Fv/Fm values were mostly higher under A. mangium than on the open site or under A. auriculiformis. Total chlorophyll content and both chlorophyll a and b contents in the three species were higher under the Acacia species than on the open site, while chlorophyll a/b ratio was higher on the open site. In contrast, the carotenoid content in C. hystrix and M. macclurei was lower under the two Acacia species than on the open site, while the opposite was true for M. glauca. The results demonstrate that the adaptation of the understory species to abiotic environmental factors is not restricted to a single mechanism but apparently involves a group of interrelated, adaptive suites. And also these adaptations were species-specific and especially related to their shade tolerance.     

新疆杨树杆液流密度轴向差异的初步研究

利用热扩散技术(TDP)分别监测新疆杨冠基部、杆基部处液流密度的变化,并结合同步气象观测,分析液流密度与大气蒸发潜力(ET0)的关系,结果表明:典型晴天日,新疆杨树冠、杆基部的液流密度日变化格局总体上与大气蒸发潜力相一致,但前者与ET0的相关性更强,可用Hill函数式得到较好的拟合,而后者与ET0间呈斜率不等的线性关系;在午间,冠基部液流密度是杆基部的3倍以上,在清晨,冠基部液流比杆基部液流提前平均约1 h启动。冠、杆基部边材液流间的"净"量因季节而异,在生长旺盛的7、8月份略有"亏损",而在6、9月份略有"盈余",新疆杨单株日吸收水分量与冠层日失水量并不完全一致。6—9各月冠基部液流日平均通量一般呈晴天>云天>阴天的规律,这与太阳辐射及大气蒸发潜力的变化格局相一致,而基部液流有时会呈现出云天>晴天的趋势。     

马占相思开花生物学特征研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,对马占相思开花物候、花部形态和传粉效率等进行了研究。结果表明：马占相思于9-11月开花,整个群体花期有6 7个小花期;单株开花同步性强,呈现“集中开花”模式;穗状花序由172.7±27.1朵花组成,每个花序平均有（10.35±7.78）%的雄花,两性花具有雌蕊１枚,含14.11±1.05粒胚珠;柱头凹陷,大小可容纳1 2粒直径为29 35 μm的16合花粉粒,P/O’为1.13/1;马占相思开花时,雌蕊先于雄蕊伸展并成熟,为雌蕊先熟;SEM结果显示：花药在开花第2、3阶段仅有开裂线,在第4阶段之后才开裂,即7：00－9：00开裂,9：00－12：00大量散粉;柱头在开花第1天上午可观察到分泌物,预示柱头可授。此研究结果将为今后加强相思种子园的管理及开展相思杂交育种奠定重要基础。     

天目山柳杉古树的液流特征研究

应用热扩散技术法,于2010年4—8月对浙江天目山自然保护区内的2株柳杉古树的树干液流进行连续观测,结合所测定的相关环境因子,分析了柳杉树干液流和耗水量的变化规律,以及液流与各环境因子的关系。结果表明:不同季节柳杉树干液流速率日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰波动曲线,但树干液流启动时间、达到峰值时间及迅速下降时间存在明显差异;树干液流密度与光合有效辐射、空气温度和水汽压差间存在极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度和CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关;液流密度随树干直径的增加,无明显变化差异,但液流速率和日均耗水量均随树干直径的增加而增大;胸径75.6 cm柳杉和胸径62.8 cm柳杉的日均耗水量季节变化过程相同,但2者变化差异较大,6月份日均耗水量最低,分别为(49.356±14.883) kg和(9.531±4.297)kg;4月份日均耗水量最高,分别为(110.022±21.890)kg和(49.352±2.629)kg。     

卷荚相思组培快繁技术研究

[目的]建立16年生卷荚相思优树组培快繁技术体系。[方法]以16年生卷荚相思优树的当年新生枝条带腋芽茎段为材料,对卷荚相思外植体进行消毒、初代培养、增殖培养、生根培养和移植等。[结果]表明:通过对16年生卷荚相思成年优树采条进行扦插,以扦插苗建立采穗圃,选取采穗圃中当年生健康无病虫害枝条的中段为外植体,最佳消毒方式为75%的酒精处理0.5 min和0.1%的升汞处理18 min,其存活率达69.33%,芽诱导率达86.67%;最佳初代培养基为改良MS+蔗糖40 g·L-1,出芽率为91.33%。最佳增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1+蔗糖30 g·L-1,35 d增殖倍数可达3.50倍;最佳生根培养基为1/2 MS+IBA 0.25 mg·L-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1+蔗糖40 g·L-1,15 d生根率为96.11%;将生根苗移植至以沙为基质的营养杯中,存活率为71.11%。[结论]研究解决了16年生卷荚相思成年优树外植体污染率高和芽诱导率低等问题,建立的组培快繁技术体系对今后加快卷荚相思良种选育及优质苗木大量扩繁具有重要作用。     

马占相思扦插繁殖技术研究

Effects of substrates, type of auxin, treatment concentration and time on rooting ability of Acacia mangium were systematically studied, and the change trend of rooting ability over time were analyzed. The results obtained from the experiment indicated that the substrate of yellow subsoil could improve the rooting rate of the cuttings significantly. IBA was superior to other auxins in increase the number of mean roots and the longest root length. And general rooting effect for different treatments was evaluated based on subordinate function values analysis. The optimized combinations were the cutting treated by IBA 400 mg·L^-1 soaked for 2 hours. Callus were occurred in 5 d after cutting, and higher rooting period occurred in 10—15 d and 25—30 d after cutting.     

Sap flow measurements reveal influence of temperature and stand structure on water use of Eucalyptus regnans forests

We examined water use by maturing Eucalyptus regnans, growing with or without an mid-storey stratum of Acacia spp. (Acacia dealbata or A. melanoxylon), for >180 consecutive days. Study sites were located in the Upper Yarra catchment area in south-eastern Australia. Depending on their contribution to stand basal area, mid-storey Acacia spp. increased total stand water use by up to 30%. Monthly water use in such stands reached more than 640,000 L ha⁻¹ (compared to 545,000 L ha⁻¹ in stands where acacias were absent) in early spring. Water use was curvilinearly related to sapwood area of Acacia spp. and logistically related to sapwood area of E. regnans. Water use of all three species showed a strong relation to daily maximum air temperatures. Distinct and simple relationships provide clear guides to the likely impacts of climate change and forest management on water yield. We compared a traditional up-scaling approach, from individual tree water use to stand water use, to a new approach that incorporates variation in temperature. Development of this approach can lead to greater precision of stand water use estimates – and in turn catchment water yield – under current climate change scenarios, which predict a rise in air temperatures of 0.6–2.5 °C by 2050 for the study area. Our temperature-dependent approach suggests that under conditions of non-limiting water availability, stand water use will rise by 2% for every 0.25 °C increase in maximum air temperatures during winter, and possibly more than that during summer.