Effect of60Co gamma radiation on the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.)

The effect of gramma radiation on the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.) was studied. Adults were subjected to 12 doses ranging from 0 to 180 Gy of gamma radiation from a⁶⁰Co source. The time to onset of death and the duration of the period of mortality were investigated. Survival of the adults was decreased with increase of the doses. LD₅₀ and LD_99,9 values were calculated.With one figure and one table     

Chemical composition,insecticidal and biochemical effects of essential oils of different plant species from Northern Egypt on the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae L.

The extensive use of synthetic insecticides and fumigants for control stored-product insects has led to the development of resistance. Essential oils from aromatic plants may provide proper alternatives to currently used insect control agents. Essential oils from 20 Egyptian plants were obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the oils was identified by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. Fumigant and contact toxicities of the essential oils were evaluated against Sitophilus oryzae. The inhibitory effects of the essential oils on acetylcholinesterase and adenosine triphosphatases activities were examined. The oils were composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene, sabinene, β-pinene and γ-terpinene) and oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., terpinen-4-ol, β–thujone, 4-terpineol, α-citral and 1,8-cineole) with the exception of the oil of Schinus terebinthifolius which was contained sesquiterpenes, and the oil of Vitex agnus-castus which contained similar amounts of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In the fumigation assay, the oils of Origanum vulgare (LC₅₀ = 1.64 mg/L air), Citrus lemon (LC₅₀ = 9.89 mg/L air), Callistemon viminals (LC₅₀ = 16.17 mg/L air), Cupressus sempervirens (LC₅₀ = 17.16 mg/L air), and Citrus sinensis (LC₅₀ = 19.65 mg/L air) showed high toxicity to S. oryzae. In the contact assay, the oils of Artemisia judaica, C. viminals, and O. vulgare caused the highest toxicity to S. oryzae with LC₅₀ values of 0.08, 0.09, and 0.11 mg/cm², respectively. The oil of A. judaica (I₅₀ = 16.1 mg/L) invoked the highest inhibitory effect on AChE activity, while the oils of C. viminals and O. vulgare were the most potent inhibitors to ATPases activity with I₅₀ values of 4.69 and 6.07 mg/L, respectively. The results indicate that the essential oils of A. Judaica, O. vulgare, C. limon, C. viminals, and C. sempervirens could be applicable to the management of populations of S. oryzae.     

The activity of some compounds extracts byAllium on stored-product insectsOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Sitophilus oryzae (L.) andTribolium castaneum (Herbst)

The bioactive metabolites of someAllium plants, all exhibiting interesting pharmacological activities, were tested for their attractive/repellent activity against saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and rust-red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), insects infesting the stored-products. The data obtained showed significant repellent effect of the thiosulfinates againstS. oryzae. Part 6 in the series “Chemistry of the genus Allium”.     

The effects of cold pre-treatment on the toxicity of several contact insecticides on adults of three Sitophilus granarius (L.) populations

As very little is known about the impact of cold pre-treatments on insecticidal toxicity to the surviving stored-product insects, we examined the effects of cooling (?5 °C) on the toxicity of five contact insecticides to Sitophilus granarius adults from three populations (laboratory, field and selected). We determined: (a) weevil lethal time after exposure to ?5 °C, (b) the effects of two cold pre-treatments (LT₂₀ and LT₅₀—lethal time for 20 and 50 % of exposed adults) on 24 and 72 h recovery rates of laboratory adults after exposure to five insecticides and (c) deltamethrin, dichlorvos and malathion toxicity to two weevil populations with altered insecticide susceptibility after exposure to the LT₂₀ and LT₅₀ pre-treatments. The tested S. granarius populations showed no significant differences in their susceptibility to cooling. All insecticides except dichlorvos were more toxic to the laboratory weevils after 24 h than after 72 h recovery from the LT₂₀ pre-treatment. Dichlorvos and deltamethrin were more toxic to the other two populations after 72 h of recovery. Comparing the effects of cold pre-treatment and non-treatment on the laboratory strain, no significant increase in the toxicity of insecticides was detected, while only deltamethrin was significantly more toxic to the field and selected populations recovering for 24 h (12.1 and 11.0 times, respectively) and 72 h (6.9 and 36.6 times) from the LT₂₀ pre-treatment. In conclusion, only the shorter of the two cold pre-treatments was found effective in terms of increasing the insecticidal toxicity, especially against the populations with altered susceptibility to insecticides.     

Stockings for protection of containerized conifer seedlings against pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) damage

The effectiveness of a stocking, constructed of nylon and cotton netting, in protecting containerized conifer seedlings against pine weevil attack was evaluated in field tests on 37 clear‐cut reforestation areas in southern and central Sweden. The stockings significantly reduced pine weevil feeding on treated seedlings as well as seedling mortality. The protective effect of the stockings was similar to that of an insecticide (permethrin) treatment. In most experiments the survival of stocking‐enclosed seedlings was satisfactory from a practical point of view, whereas untreated control seedlings suffered heavy mortality.     

10种杀虫剂对红棕象甲高龄幼虫的毒力测定

为了筛选出对红棕象甲高龄幼虫防治较好的杀虫剂,在室内采用浸泡法测定了啶虫脒、三唑磷等10种杀虫剂对红棕象甲高龄幼虫的毒害作用。结果表明:啶虫脒对红棕象甲高龄幼虫致死作用最强,其次是三唑磷、高效氯氰菊酯和敌敌畏3种杀虫剂,除虫脲、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、吡虫啉、甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对红棕象甲高龄幼虫的致死效果较差;啶虫脒、三唑磷、高效氯氰菊酯和敌敌畏这4种杀虫剂可能在田间防治红棕象甲有较好的应用前景。     

Entomotoxic effect of silica nanoparticles against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitophilus oryzae</Emphasis> (L.)

Fumigants and residual insecticides are commonly used to combat stored grain pests. In recent years, consumer awareness of the health hazard from residual toxicity and the growing problem of insect resistance to these conventional insecticides have led the researchers to look for alternative strategies for stored grains protection. For example, diatomaceous earth (DE) can be effective against stored grain insects. In this study, DE was used to design amorphous nano sized hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and lipophilic silica in 15–30 nm size range. Nanocides are expected to reduce the volume of application and kinetics of development of resistance in pests. We hypothesized that surface-functionalized silica nanoparticle (SNP) might be a viable alternative to conventional pesticides. Entomotoxicity of SNP was tested against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae and its efficacy was compared with bulk-sized silica (individual particles larger than 1 μm). Amorphous SNP was found to be highly effective against this insect pest causing more than 90% mortality, indicating the effectiveness of SNP to control insect pests.     

6种药剂对重阳木帆锦斑蛾的毒力测定和药效试验

重阳木帆锦斑蛾Histia rhodope是重阳木Bischofia polycarpa上的主要害虫。选用6种药剂对重阳木帆锦斑蛾进行室内毒力测定和室外药效试验。采用浸渍法的室内毒力测定结果表明:24 h后杀虫活性最高的是甲维盐(LC50为0.312 0 mg/L),烟碱.苦参碱和高效氯氰菊酯次之(LC50值分别为3.548 5和8.920 8 mg/L),毒死蜱、灭幼脲Ⅲ号稍差(LC50分别为128.844 2和176.349 9 mg/L),Bt活性最差(LC50为3 490 831.511 2 mg/L)。48 h后,药剂活性呈上升趋势,活性最高的仍为甲维盐。室外药效试验结果显示甲维盐、毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯1 000倍液,烟碱.苦参碱800倍液对重阳木帆锦斑蛾的防治效果较好。     

Potential for using Datura alba leaf extracts against two major stored grain pests, the khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium and the rice weevil Sitophillus oryzae

Various plants are well known for their insecticidal activity and their use was maintained for millennia throughout all the agricultural regions of the world. In a current context, the use of Botanical insecticides represents one of the best alternatives to chemicals for the development of environmental-friendly strategies for stored grain pest control. Datura alba Nees is a plant found extensively in the warmer regions of the world and it is used as a medicinal plant. This study aims to assess the contact toxicity and the trans-generational effect of D.?alba leaf extract (DLE) against two important insect pests on stored rice, Trogoderma granarium and Sitophilus oryzae, under laboratory conditions. Filter papers were soaked in three DLE concentration solutions and in two control treatments: water and acetone. The survivor specimens (F₀) were transferred to a new untreated feeding substrate and the population build up of the two following generations (F₁ and F₂) were counted after 30 and 60?days, respectively. The highest DLE concentration (2.5?%) induced the significantly highest mortality with 33.5 and 45?% mortality in T.?granarium and S.?oryzae after 7?days of exposure, respectively. The DLE long-term effect toward both tested species was also proved by the high demographic decrease in the F₂ generations, when compared to control groups. This study is the first step toward establishing a scientific basis for the effective application of D.?alba plant materials as biorational tools to control stored grain pests.     

Residual bioactivity of insect growth regulators againstSitophilus oryzae (L.) in wheat grain

Chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron and XRD-473 were applied to wheat grain as water emulsion at doses of 0.5,5 and 25 ppm AI. The residul bioactivity and its ability to control infestation of the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.) was bioassayed at monthly intervals during 8 months storage period posttreatment.All IGRs at the tested doses produced moderate direct toxicity of 18–56% to parent adult weevils, exposed immediately after treatment, which decreased remarkably to 0–18% for adults exposed to IGRs residues in wheat grain at 3 months posttreatment.Data reveals also that all compounds at 0.5–25 ppm and in particular XRD-473 affected adversely the development of the subsequent F₁ progeny, reducing highly their population that fed and developed in IGR-treated wheat grain. However, in wheat grain treated with 5 and 25 ppm AI of the tested IGRs and infested withS. oryzae parent adults after 8 months of posttreatment storage, the developmental of offspring was appreciably arrested, providing effective control of F₁ progeny, reached 91.09 to 98.12%. The maximum control of F₁ progeny was achieved within IGRs residues in wheat grain at the 5th month posttreatment, resulting in 76.54–100% reduction in population.The delayed inherent indirect activity of the tested IGRs on F₂ progeny production was studied when untreated wheat grain was infested withS. oryzae adult weevils originated from F₁ progeny adults. The data demonstrate that all compounds, and XRD-473 in particular possessed indirect delayed bioactivity much more higher than their direct action, where % control of F₂ progeny reached 84.14–100% versus 38.51–98.12% control for F₁ progeny at the 8th month bioassay interval.The viability of the wheat grain was not affected with insecticidal treatment in this test, since the wheat grain representing all bioassay testing interval in all treatments as well as in control exhibited over 95% germination.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden zur Bekämpfung vonS. oryzae den Getreidekörnern die Wirkstoffe Chlorfluazuron, Flufenoxuron sowie XRD-473 in Dosen von jeweils 0,5-5-25 ppm beigemischt. Die Wirkungen wurden 8 Monate lang monatlich kontrolliert.Die 3 Wirkstoffe verursachten eine direkte Toxizität von 18–56% bei den elterlichen adulten Käfern bei Kontamination unmittelbar nach Anwendung und von 0–18%, wenn die Käfer erst 3 Monate nach Einmischung der Wirkstoffe zugesetzt wurden.Alle 3 Wirkstoffe (insbesondere XRD-473) riefen bei 0,5–25 ppm Störungen der Entwicklung der nachfolgenden F₁-Generation hervor, wenn diese in behandelten Körnern fraß und sich entwickelte, was zu starkem Populations-Rückgang führte. Jedoch auch dann, wenn adulte Elternkäfer erst 8 Monate nach Behandlung den Körnern zugesetzt wurden, wurde die Entwicklung der F₁-Generation stark gehemmt, deren Mortalität 91 bis 98% erreichte. Der höchste Bekämpfungserfolg von 76,5 bis 100% wurde bei den F₁ im 5. Monat nach der Behandlung der Körner erzielt.Die verzögerte indirekte Wirkung der getesteten Substanzen auf die F₂ wurde dadurch untersucht, daß unbehandelte Weizenkörner mitS. oryzae-Adulten besetzt wurden, welche von überlebenden F₁-Adulten stammten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß alle 3 Wirkstoffe, insbesondere XRD-473, indirekt vernichtende Wirkung aufwiesen, die höher waren (84,1–100%) als die direkten.Die Lebensfähigkeit der behandelten Weizenkörner war mit etwa 95% Keimung bei diesen Versuchen nicht eingeschränkt.

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With 3 tables     

四种农药对刘氏短须螨的毒力测定及药效试验

刘氏短须螨Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor是新发现的危害水杉的害螨。选用4种农药对刘氏短须螨进行室内毒力测定以及室外药效试验,得出各药剂的毒力回归方程。结果表明:阿维.丙溴磷对刘氏短须螨的毒力最高,致死中浓度达到0.57 mg/L,其次依次为阿维菌素、哒螨灵、甲维盐,致死中浓度分别为80.19,99.84,970.34 mg/L。室外药效试验结果同样显示阿维.丙溴磷防治效果最好,阿维菌素、哒螨灵次之,甲维盐防治效果最差。     

Effectiveness of different types of pheromone traps used against Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) in Sweden

No effects of different surface textures on cylinder traps were found, except for traps with a very smooth surface which caught fewer beetles. The addition of a large exterior funnel, collecting beetles falling down on the outside of the cylinders, resulted in a doubling of trap catches. Two types of barrier traps, which turn with the wind, are described. The best of these traps had a catch efficiency approaching that of the most efficient cylinder traps.     

不同核桃品种花粉生活力的比较研究

用TTC染色法和培养基法测定了香玲、上宋、中林1号、岱香4个核桃品种花粉生活力和萌发率。结果表明,核桃不同品种花粉生活力存在显著差异,岱香和上宋花粉生活力极显著高于香玲,显著高于中林1号;各品种花粉发芽率在同一种培养基上,以岱香最高,其次是上宋和中林1号,香玲最低;4个品种均以在低糖、高硼酸培养基中即“5%蔗糖 0.5%硼酸”上花粉发芽率最高,显著或极显著高于其他培养基上的发芽率;在“10%蔗糖 0.5%硼酸”和“15%蔗糖 0.5%硼酸”培养基上花粉发芽率均为0。     

Exploratory study on the impregnation of Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) with different hot melting waxes

Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were impregnated with five waxes. The experiments indicate deep penetration into pine sapwood. Besides the viscosity, an influence of the wax polarity is presumed. Wax penetrates pine wood deeply via the cross-section, but not sufficiently enough to impregnate longer construction elements. However, the radial wax uptake exceeds the uptake via the tangential orientation and guarantees complete soaking of the sapwood tissue. The lateral wax penetration within beech is quite low and irregular. In addition to the temperature, a prolonged process procedure is decisive for an increasing wax uptake. As such, beech wood vessel elements seem to be fully impregnable via the longitudinal surface after a longer process procedure.     

The effect of carbon dioxide under pressure against eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and adults of Stegobium paniceum (L.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)

The efficacy of an atmosphere with a high content of carbon dioxide under a pressure of 5 and 10 bar against young eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae) and adults of Stegobium paniceum (L.) (Col.: Anobiidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Col.: Cucujidae) was investigated. At a pressure level of 10 bar, a 100?% mortality in eggs of E. kuehniella was obtained after 4 hours. Complete control was not obtained with the adult beetles, except for a 2 hour-treatment at 10 bar with individuals of S. paniceum, which not were offered protection. It is demonstrated that when working with an atmosphere of carbon dioxide under pressure of 10 bar for 2 hours, even a slight protection from food material will influence the mortality. The reason for these findings are discussed.     

Contact and fumigant toxicity of some essential oil constituents against a grain insect pest Sitophilus oryzae and two fungi, Aspergillus westerdijkiae and Fusarium graminearum

Bioassays were performed to determine the antifungal and insecticidal activity of clove essential oil (EO), several botanical compounds (eugenol, carvacrol, allylisothiocyanate (AITC) and ethyl formate (EtF)) against mycotoxigenic fungi (Aspergillus westerdijkiae and Fusarium graminearum) and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. Antifungal activity was quantified by measuring conidia germination inhibition and mycelial growth inhibition zone to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Mortality of insects was determined through either contact toxicity assay (impregnated filter paper) or fumigation toxicity assay (airtight exposure chamber). A four-parameter logistic regression of fungi inhibitory growth rate to the dose of tested substances, either by the agar diffusion assay or the micro-atmosphere test, showed that AITC had antifungal and sporicide activity. The concentration at MIC for A. westerdijkiae and F. graminearum was 24.2 and 19.8???l?l^?1, respectively, whereas clove essential oil (EO) was 755 and 352???l?l^?1 after 72?h incubation period. Bioassays with S. oryzae showed that clove EO contact insecticidal activity was similar to pure eugenol and carvacrol: LD₉₀s were 366, 385 and 442???l?dm^?2, respectively. The fumigation insecticidal activity of AITC was LC₉₅?=?10.8???l?l^?1. For EtF and clove EO, only the LC₅₀ could be accurately determined after 24?h exposure time which was observed at 41 and 210???l?l^?1, respectively (vs. 6.4???l?l^?1 for AITC LC₅₀). The combined antifungal activity on mycotoxigenic seed-borne fungi and insecticidal activity against the rice weevil demonstrated that AITC in vapour phase may be a promising active substance for the preservation grain stored in unsafe conditions with a risk of fungal growth.     

Impact of geochemical composition of diatomaceous earth on its insecticidal activity against adults of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitophilus oryzae</Emphasis> (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Laboratory experiments were done to determine the effect of geochemical composition of diatomaceous earth (DE) on insecticidal activity of DE against adults of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Samples of DE were mined from DE-deposits in Slovenia, Greece, and Serbia. In addition, a commercially available DE formulation (SilicoSec^®) was used in the tests and served as a positive control. The bioassays were carried out at temperatures 20, 25, and 30°C, relative humidity levels of 55 and 75%, and at application rates of 100, 300, 500, and 900 ppm. Adult mortality was recorded after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. Prior to bioassays with S. oryzae, the geochemical composition of all DEs that were used in the tests was determined by whole rock ICP geochemical analyses. Silica (in the form of SiO₂ or opal-A) was the DE ingredient that was significantly correlated with efficacy in most of the bioassays. Some weak positive correlation was observed between S. oryzae mortality and MnO or CaO content. All significant correlations between mortality and Al₂O₃, Fe₂O_3, K₂O, TiO₂, Cr₂O₃, P₂O₅, and MgO content were negative, while correlation between Na₂O content and mortality was generally not significant.     

Efficacy of spinetoram as a contact insecticide on different surfaces against stored-product beetle species

Contact toxicity of spinetoram was evaluated in laboratory bioassays on concrete, ceramic tile, galvanized steel, and plywood. The efficacy of spinetoram was assessed at dose rates of 0.025 mg (AI)/cm², 0.05 mg (AI)/cm², and 0.1 mg (AI)/cm² in two series of bioassays. The first series was conducted on concrete surfaces, with adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), S. granarius (L.), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). The second series was conducted at the same dose rates on all surfaces against adults of R. dominica, S. oryzae, and T. confusum. An equal number of dishes with and without food were used in both bioassay series. Mortality was assessed daily for 7 days for T. confusum and after this interval all live adults were removed and transferred to untreated surfaces with food and held under the same conditions. After the first week of daily evaluation, delayed mortality was evaluated 7 days later. For all the other species, mortality was measured after 5 days of exposure. The results of the first series of bioassays showed that T. confusum was the least susceptible to spinetoram-treated concrete surfaces. In contrast, all the other species were found susceptible, regardless of the dose and the presence of food. Regarding the comparison of different surfaces, our results illustrate that, with the exception of T. confusum, there were no significant differences among surfaces. The results of the present study indicate that spinetoram was effective against various species on several types of surfaces, and the presence of food did not influence its efficacy in most cases.     

Qualitative variation of anti-diabetic compounds in different tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) cytotypes

Ethanolic extracts of diploid Artemisia dracunculus L. (wild tarragon) from populations in the U.S., and polyploid tarragon from a variety of sources, were screened for the anti-diabetic compounds davidigenin; sakuranetin; 2’,4’-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone; 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 6-demethoxycapillarisin using LC-MS. Only decaploid plants contained all six target compounds and were the only plants that contained davidigenin and 2,4-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone. These results exhibit the importance of germplasm selection and provenance when studying plants for medicinal activity. Relying only on the “right species” for consistent medicinal activities may not be sufficient, as intraspecific variation may be highly significant.     

Transformation and attachment of Beauveria bassiana conidia on the cuticle of Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus oryzae in conjunction with diatomaceous earth

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AMT) was used in order to create fluorescent conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). From the fungal transformants, one Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein B. bassiana strain indicated stability (maintained the GFP characteristics) in fluorescent signal, while its pathogenicity did not differ significantly from the wild B. bassiana type. After exposure on wheat treated with the transformed conidia, fluorescence was evident on all body parts but especially on metasternon of adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and on elytra in of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). No significant differences were noted in fluorescence levels in the case of T. confusum between the transformed and the wild strain. However, the addition of diatomaceous earth (DE) increased attachment, especially at increased intervals after exposure. For S. oryzae, fluorescence of the transformed strain was decreased with the increased post-exposure time, but the simultaneous presence of DE increased fluorescence. The results of this study demonstrate that fluorescent conidia of B. bassiana can be utilized as a tool for the evaluation of parameters that affect the attachment of entomopathogenic fungi in insects?? cuticle.