砒砂岩区沙棘液流及细根变化对土壤水分变化的响应

[目的] 研究砒砂岩区土壤含水量对沙棘液流速率及细根变化的响应,为沙棘在砒砂岩等干旱缺水地区的合理栽培和经营提供参考。[方法] 利用Granier茎干液流测定系统,对砒砂岩地区鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗暖水乡沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）人工林的茎干液流进行长期监测,并同时对植物的细根及细根周围的土壤水分进行测定,运用相关性分析法分析沙棘人工林在生长季（6—10月）的茎干液流日变化规律及植物细根对土壤水分变化的响应。[结果] ①土壤含水量与沙棘液流速率呈现出在前期（6—7月）较低,中后期（7—9月）不断升高,后期（9—10月）有迅速下降的变化趋势。而沙棘细根的生长速率也呈现出中后期较高,前期和后期较低的变化趋势。②比较生长季各月份土壤含水量和沙棘液流速率的变化趋势趋于一致,从大到小排列依次为：8月>7月>9月>6月>10月。③土壤含水量变化与沙棘液流速率变化呈极显著正相关关系（p<0.01）,随着土壤含水量增大,沙棘液流速率逐渐升高;沙棘细根生长速率与沙棘液流速率呈显著正相关关系（p<0.05）,沙棘细根生长速度越快,沙棘液流速率越大;反之,沙棘细根生长速度越慢,沙棘液流速率越低。土壤含水量变化与细根生长速率呈极显著正相关关系（p<0.01）,随着土壤含水量升高,沙棘细根生长速率逐渐增大。[结论] 砒砂岩地区沙棘液流变化是影响土壤水分变化的主要因素,而沙棘细根变化同样影响土壤水分的变化,相对而言,沙棘液流变化比沙棘细根变化影响土壤水分变化大。说明植物蒸腾是砒砂岩区影响土壤水分变化的主要因素。     

砒砂岩区不同灌木根系构型及根系抗拉对比

对砒砂岩区各主要灌木树种根系形态进行定量研究,探究哪种水土保持植物可以有效地抵抗砒砂岩区的复合型侵蚀,以该区分布较广的灌木树种沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)、酸枣(Ziziphusjujuba M.)、连翘(Forsythia suspensa V.)、文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium B.)、黄刺玫(Rosaxanthina L.)和蒙古扁桃(Amygdalus mongolica R.)单株个体为研究对象,对其根系分布范围、几何形态,拓扑指数、单根力学特性,降维进行综合分析,筛选出在砒砂岩地区固土效果较好的灌木植物。结果表明:(1)文冠果和连翘以倾斜根为主,沙棘、酸枣、黄刺玫和蒙古扁桃以水平根为主;细根长文冠果(2 368.54 cm)＞沙棘(1 746.12 cm)＞黄刺玫(1 463.15 cm)＞蒙古扁桃(1 162.81 cm)＞酸枣(928.69 cm)＞连翘(817.45 cm);文冠果拓扑指数0.54且根系呈叉状分支结构;连翘拓扑指数0.71且呈鱼尾型分支结构。(2)根系平均抗拉强度文冠果(30.45 MPa)＞黄刺玫(18.21 MPa)＞连翘(17.03 MPa)＞蒙古扁桃(16.62 MPa)＞酸枣(16.34 MPa)＞沙棘(15.35 MPa)。基于主成分分析法对不同灌木树种根系固土效应进行对比,其中,文冠果的综合主成分指标最高达到2.28,则综合固土效果最好。研究结果可为砂岩地区选出适宜的土保持灌木,同时为灌木林的可持续发展提供理论参考。     

砒砂岩沟坡沙棘根系分布特征及其对林下土壤的改良作用

沙棘是砒砂岩地区植被恢复的先锋树种,沙棘根系形态不但影响植物本身的生长,还影响其保土效果及改土效果。采用根系追踪法,研究砒砂岩地区同一坡面不同坡位、不同林龄沙棘根系的分布形态,测定沙棘林下土壤的理化性质,以裸坡地作为对照,分析沙棘林对土壤的改良作用。结果表明:1)砒砂岩沟坡沙棘根系在垂直方向上集中分布在0～40 cm深的土壤中,在水平方向分布可达137 cm。2)沙棘一级侧根的数量与小环境有密切关系,土壤水分条件越好,侧根数量越多,根长越短;沙棘根系的径粗与埋深呈反比,并且与距植株中心距离也呈反比。3)人工沙棘林在砒砂岩沟坡上,其根系分布表现为坡顶根系由于土层薄受到砒砂岩的限制,水平分布较发达,在坡底由于土壤厚度及肥力的充足,沙棘在垂直分布上明显深于坡顶。4)种植沙棘可增加土壤含水量和土壤孔隙度,同时还可以提高土壤中的速效N、P、K及有机质质量含量。     

黄土塬面农林复合系统的生态位特征

 以黄土塬区农林复合系统为对象,通过调查研究林带(杨树为主)与农作物界面附近土壤中树木和小麦根系的空间分布,利用树木吸收根和小麦根系生物量计算生态位宽度、生态重叠指数和生态位相似性比例,并据此分析林木和农作物种群在水分和养分资源轴的生态位特征。小麦在40cm以上具有较大的生态位宽度,而林木在距林带1H处20cm以上土层到0.5H处60cm以上土层至林下100cm以上土层内具有较大的生态宽度,但林木在1H以内100cm土层其他空间土壤中也具有一定的生态位宽度。树木具有较大的生态位宽度,虽可利用深层土壤中的水分和养分资源,在一定程度上有助于缓解农林间作对水分和养分资源的利用性竞争,但树木居于竞争的优势者地位,形成对农作物的胁地负效应,距林带1H内林木对农作物生态位重叠,且在0.5H以内重叠较大,竞争剧烈,在此集流补水增肥有利于缓解林木胁地。     

酸枣根系构型特征研究

对半干旱地区酸枣根系构型的研究结果表明:酸枣的根系水平分布可达300 cm,主要分布于0—60 cm范围内;60—240 cm范围根表面积和细根数量变化不大,二级侧根和细根分布比较均匀,在接近侧根末端,根长度、根表面积和细根长度数值明显增大,二级侧根数量增加。垂直方向根系分布可达120 cm,但主要分布在0—60 cm的土层中。0—60 cm土层含水量高,与根系在土层中的主要分布深度一致,因此,酸枣主要吸收土壤浅层和中层水分。尽管在深层土壤中细根的比例很少,但对酸枣吸收水分发挥着非常重要的作用,在干旱季节土壤浅层水分不足时,60 cm以下深层土壤中的水分能够维持酸枣的生存和生长。     

浅析沙棘根系在砒砂岩地区坡面上的分布情况

以人工种植在砒砂岩地区坡面上的中国沙棘的根系为研究对象,通过对其不同径级的三个生长指标：根密度、根长、根量进行研究,可以得出：沙棘根系主要分布在0-40 cm土层范围内,这种分布为浅根型分布,且水平根系比较发达。对于径级〈3 mm的根系,它的根密度值在表层最大,之后沿土层深度的增加而减少;其它径级的根系其根密度的实测点分布呈现出表层较少,10-20 cm处最大,20 cm以下沿土层深度的增加而递减的规律。根长随根系径级的增加大致呈现出减小的趋势。根量则反之,随径级的增加而增大。具有固氮能力的根瘤主要分布在0-40 cm的土层内,在表层最多。     

泥石流源区新银合欢细根质量动态与垂直分布特征

 以中国科学院东川泥石流观测站人工林中3、5、9、14和20年生新银合欢为研究对象,采用分层挖掘法对距树干1.0 m处细根质量动态与细根质量密度分布进行研究。结果表明:新银合欢细根质量在相同范围剖面中并非随树龄的增加而单一增大,而是先减小后增大;不同树龄细根质量密度最大值都出现在0～20 cm土层,呈现出明显的表聚特征,但随树龄的增加,根系集中化特征减弱,表现为向深层化扩张、均匀化方向发展;细根质量密度与土层深度相关性关系明显,垂直分布特征遵循指数函数分布,其中根径D≤2 mm细根在细根分布特征中起主导作用,而2 mm<D≤5 mm细根对细根分布特性影响不大。研究结果可为生物措施防治泥石流提供重要依据。     

黄土区3种优势灌木根土复合体的抗剪强度研究

黄土区水土流失严重,生态护坡是比较推崇的防护手段,特别是灌木具有发达的根系,对含根土体有较为明显的抗剪增强作用,因此,比较自然条件下区域适生优势灌木的根土复合体抗剪强度,对于合理选择固土护坡植物具有重要意义。以黄土区常见的优势乡土灌木达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)和狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)为研究对象,野外采用三维土柱挖取灌木的根系,进行不同直径单根抗拉试验和根土复合体的剪切试验。结果表明:(1)达乌里胡枝子、沙棘和狼牙刺的根系集中分布于0—40 cm土层中,它们的根长密度、根表面积密度和生物量密度随着土层深度的增加表现出整体递减的趋势。(2)达乌里胡枝子、沙棘和狼牙刺根系的抗拉力(Tensile Resistance,TR)与抗拉强度(Tensile Strength,TS)都表现为关于直径(D)的幂函数(aD^b),其中抗拉力与根径呈正相关(b>1),而抗拉强度与根径呈负相关(b<1)。(3)不同灌木根土复合体的抗剪强度在地下分布是不同的,在根际范围内随土层加深,达乌里胡枝子根土复合体的抗剪强度表现出先增加后减少而后增加又减少的趋势,最大抗剪强度的土层是20—30 cm和50—70 cm,沙棘和狼牙刺根土复合体的抗剪强度表现出先增加后减少的趋势,最大抗剪强度的土层分别是30—50 cm,0—20 cm。说明灌木的细根可以更好地起到固土护坡的作用,建议在黄土区优先选择达乌里胡枝子和沙棘作为护坡植物,从而为生态护坡提供一些参考。     

黄土丘陵半干旱区人工林细根分布特征及土壤特性

采用连续钻取土芯法对黄土丘陵半干旱区典型林分和荒坡地进行了根系采样,分析了人工林生长发育过程中的细根垂直分布特征及其土壤特性.结果表明,7个林分细根的生物量、根长密度、表面积、比根长等形态测定参数均具有明显的垂直分布特征,即随着土层深度的增加而显著减小.0-60 cm土层的平均值,细根生物量、根长密度、细根表面积指标均以14龄沙棘林最大,30龄刺槐林次之,10龄刺槐林最小,比根长则以10龄刺槐林最大,14龄沙棘林与30龄刺槐林最小.不同类型林分150 cm以下土层均存在明显的干层现象,乔灌种差异对其影响很小,随着林龄的增加,土壤干燥化程度增加;乔木刺槐林对土壤容重的改善作用大于2种灌木林,随林龄增加改善土壤容重的深度增加;不同林分土壤有机碳垂直分布特征与根系一致,0-60 cm土层的土壤有机碳平均含量,以24龄沙棘和50龄柠条林最高,10龄刺槐林最低.     

基于灰色关联分析的砒砂岩区不同林龄沙棘的改土效应

[目的]探究不同林龄沙棘对其下土壤的改良效果,为砒砂岩区人工沙棘林生态建设、恢复和重建提供理论依据。[方法]以内蒙古达拉特旗典型砒砂岩区不同林龄沙棘林为研究对象,利用灰色度关联分析法,对沟坡阳坡1～7 a沙棘林0—40 cm土层土壤物理性质(土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤比重、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和持水量、土壤最大毛管持水量)进行测定,并以周边荒坡作为对照(CK),对不同林龄沙棘林对砒砂岩土壤的改土效应进行分析。[结果]土壤含水量、土壤总孔隙度随沙棘林龄增加而增大,随土壤深度增加而减少,土壤容重与之相反;不同林龄沙棘能增强土壤持水能力,并且4～7 a沙棘持水能力大于1～3 a沙棘持水能力。[结论]在砒砂岩区营建人工沙棘林有利于土壤改良,不同林龄沙棘对土壤改良作用主要作用于0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

Changes in trace element speciation in kola north surface waters during snow melt

The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

The major features of an infestation by the invasive weed legume gorse (Ulex europaeus) on volcanic soils in Hawaii

Gorse (Ulex europaeus) infestation occupies over 4,000 ha of agriculture and conservation lands on the southeastern slope of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii. The aim of this investigation is to identify ecological features associated with this weed invasion by comparing the gorse-infested areas to the surrounding uninfested areas of this landscape. The soils within the gorse infestation are more acidic, resulting in higher levels of KCl-extractable Al and lower levels of Mehlich III-extractable Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Yet, gorse accumulates higher concentrations of Ca, Zn and, Cu than the kikuyu grass (Pennesitum clandestinum), which is ubiquitous throughout the site. The Ca:Al and Mg:Al molar charge ratios of the soils are lowest within the epicenter of the gorse infestation, while the molar ratios are highest in the gorse apical stem tissues. All gorse plants are nodulated and have higher nitrogen contents than the surrounding kikuyu grass. Furthermore, the δ¹⁵N of the gorse stem tissues approaches 0‰, suggesting that nitrogen is being symbiotically fixed from the atmosphere. Characterization of the Bradyrhizobium isolated from gorse nodules shows similarities and distinctions to Bradyrhizobium isolated from the endemic legume koa (Acacia koa) within the same location. Population densities of the indigenous Bradyrhizobium are higher within the gorse rhizosphere than the kikuyu grass. Soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation distinguish gorse-infested areas from the surrounding uninfested areas. These observations suggest that gorse has a competitive advantage over kikuyu grass under conditions of soil nutrient deficiency.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

Nematofauna associated with exotic and native leguminous plant species in West Africa: effect of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Glomus intraradices</Emphasis> arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Ten leguminous trees, four exotic species (Australian Acacia) and six indigenous species (three Sahelian Acacia spp. and three Sesbania spp.), were grown for 4 months in a natural Sahelian soil inoculated with or without the endomycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices. In control trials, the determinant factor structuring the soil nematode fauna was the plant species, related plants having a similar influence on the nematode community in the soil. Soil nematode abundance increased from exotic acacias (3.3 g^-1 dry soil) to native acacias (11.5 g^-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (17.6 g^-1 dry soil). Plant feeding nematodes (mainly Scutellonema and Tylenchorhynchus) were significantly less abundant under exotic acacias (1.4 g^-1 dry soil) than under native acacias (7.2 g^-1 dry soil) or Sesbania species (7.3 g^-1 dry soil). Bacterial feeding nematode density increased from exotic acacias (1.2 g^-1 dry soil) to native acacias (3.0 g^-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (7.7 g^-1 dry soil) as total densities. However, the differences in the structure of the nematode communities between plant groups were suppressed in the presence of the mycorrhizal fungus. In fact, no difference in nematode densities remained between plant groups when G. intraradices developed in several dominant taxa belonging to different trophic groups, particularly: Tylenchorhynchus, Apelenchina, Cephalobus and Dorylaimoidea. This study clearly indicated that inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. intraradices diminished the plant-specific effect on the structure of the soil nematode community.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Collection of Chinese Barley Varieties

One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre, Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources.