马铃薯饲用资源固体发酵研究进展

随着我国马铃薯主粮化的战略性发展,饲用马铃薯块、马铃薯茎叶、马铃薯渣将大幅度增加。马铃薯饲用资源总体表现高水分、高纤维、低蛋白、β-胡萝卜素等功能性因子与龙葵素等有毒物质共存的特点。为了降低龙葵素的毒性,熟制、烘干、青贮或发酵后饲用是马铃薯饲用资源的主要处理方式。薯渣、茎叶、秸秆、辅料不同组合进行青贮、混贮、裹包青贮、发酵,可有效改善物料的营养价值和饲用价值,且操作简便,适于规模化推广。马铃薯饲用资源固体发酵饲料可在猪、家禽、肉兔、肉羊和牛的饲养中替代部分能量饲料或蛋白饲料,且有较好的经济效益。农户种养循环自给模式、产地茎叶综合利用模式、马铃薯渣生产发酵饲料模式,不仅变废为宝,而且减少环境污染,具有良好的环保、经济和社会效益。     

番茄皮渣的饲用方式及其饲用效果的研究进展

致番茄皮渣是番茄加工的副产物,其营养价值丰富,是一种优质的饲料原料资源。我国的番茄产量丰富,加工量十分巨大,加工所产生皮渣的量也不容小视,但番茄皮渣在畜牧生产中却未得到很好地开发和利用。本文主要介绍了番茄皮渣的营养特性、加工处理方法,并且总结了近年来番茄皮渣在畜禽生产中的饲用方式和饲用效果。     

木薯渣的饲用价值及应用

木薯渣是淀粉厂和酒精厂的下脚料,国内外每年废弃量相当大,严重污染环境。通过对木薯渣的营养成分分析可知,木薯渣营养成分较为丰富,是优质的饲料资源,有很好的开发利用价值。     

甜高粱饲用价值研究进展及应用前景展望

甜高梁作为一种新型高产饲料作物,属于青绿饲料,其优点具有产草量高、耐盐碱、耐干旱、对环境适应性强,开发利用空间大等特点,具有巨大的生产潜能。加快推进饲用甜高粱种植与家畜饲喂研究,有助于缓解畜牧业发展中饲草料短缺问题。本文查询相关文献就甜高粱营养价值、调制方法、饲喂技术、家畜饲喂效果及应用前景等方面进行综述,旨在为饲用甜高梁在哈密市畜牧业发展中的开发利用提供参考。     

葡萄酒渣饲用研究

葡萄酒渣饲用研究张家口农业高等专科学校孔祥浩，郭金双葡萄酒渣（简称葡萄渣）由葡萄酒厂的下脚料——葡萄籽、葡萄皮、葡萄梗构成。一般葡萄的出籽率为８％一１０％、梗１０％一１５％、皮２０％一２５％（祖庸、１９８８）。目前，这些下脚料在我国多被作为垃圾弃之，...     

饲用抗生素的安全性分析和应用前景探讨

抗生素在饲料工业中的应用效果得到了几乎所有业者的认同 ,给人们带来了巨大的便利和效益 ,其功不可没。但由于使用不当或对抗生素本身结构认识不足等造成一些损害 ,使人们对其作为饲料添加剂的存在许多误解。尤其近些年来 ,人们对动物食品安全性的关注程度日益提高 ,提倡绿色食品、生态农业 ,抗生素作为饲料添加剂的应用面临着严峻的挑战。因此 ,如何正确认识抗生素在饲料添加剂中的发展和作用 ,对我国畜牧业的发展有着深远的意义。1　抗生素抗菌药物的安全问题近些年来 ,随着人们对安全、卫生、健康、生态和环保的关注 ,抗生素是否应该继…     

发酵葡萄渣营养成分分析及饲用价值评估

为了探讨发酵葡萄渣作为饲料的优劣,试验以饲料酵母、酿酒酵母的混合菌种为发酵剂发酵葡萄糖渣,研究酵母菌发酵葡萄渣的营养价值。结果表明:经过酵母菌发酵的葡萄渣营养价值提高,粗蛋白含量为(21.62±0.60)%,中性洗涤纤维含量为(53.13±1.29)%,酸性洗涤纤维含量为(45.09±1.08)%,钙含量为(0.64±0.04)%,磷含量为(0.66±0.09)%。说明用酵母菌发酵葡萄糖渣可使其饲用价值得到改善。     

黑麦草的饲用价值及其应用前景

优质饲草的生产,稳定了三元种植业结构,促进了农业和畜牧业的发展.黑麦草Lolium multiflorum是一种农区广泛种植的优质牧草,尤其是在我国南方,它可以用作青饲,制作干草、青贮饲料等,其广泛应用在农业结构调整中发挥了积极的作用.在黑麦草的生产实践中要选择适宜当地的品种,种草与养畜相结合,这样可以更好的提高农区种植黑麦草的效益,推动当地经济的发展.黑麦草的生产加工,扩大了优质饲料的来源,促进了畜牧业健康、可持续的发展,具有广阔的应用前景.主要阐述了黑麦草鲜草、青贮饲料、干草的饲用价值及其利用,并分析了当前生产中存在的问题以及应用前景,这对黑麦草在畜牧业生产上的进一步利用具有一定的指导意义.     

甘蔗的饲用价值及在肉牛业中的应用前景

甘蔗在成熟后期的产量和品质都与云南省现有热带优良禾本科牧草品种相近，与常规牧草在利用季节上有极强的互补性。用于放牧系统中肉牛的旱季补饲，能兼顾养牛业和甘蔗种植业的效益，在云南省暖热区有一定的应用前景。     

苦豆子渣的营养成分及饲用价值

苦豆子 (ＳｏｐｈｏｒａａｌｏｐｅｃｕｒｏｉｄｅｓＬ .)别名苦甘草、苦参草、苦豆根及西豆根 ,是豆科槐属植物。我国的苦豆子集中分布在西部干旱荒漠地区 ,其中以宁夏、甘肃、内蒙、新疆数量最多 ,资源极为丰富。它的主要成分是蛋白质、糖类、有机酸、色素及生物碱。因含有多     

Effects of urea treatment of potato pulp and inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in supplements on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six Wagyu (Japanese Black) steers fitted with a ruminal cannula were used in a split‐plot design experiment comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole plot) and a randomized blocks design (subplot) to determine the effect of the treatment of potato pulp (PP) with urea and the effect of inclusion levels of PP silage in feed supplement on digestibility, ruminal in situ degradation and ruminal fermentation. The whole plot consisted of 20%, 50% and 80% PP silage (dry matter (DM) basis), with PP silage replacing formula feed. The subplot included untreated or 0.5% (on an as‐fed basis) urea‐treated PP. The treatment of PP with urea showed no effect on DM intake and digestibility. The percentage of the rapidly degradable DM fraction of the urea‐treated PP silage was higher (P < 0.01) and the percentage of its slowly degradable DM fraction was lower (P < 0.01) than for the untreated PP silage. Ruminal ammonia concentration was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed urea‐treated PP silage than that for steers fed the untreated PP silage. The treatment of PP with urea caused a decrease in the molar proportion of acetate and an increase in the proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid after feeding. The rate of DM degradations in hay (linear, P < 0.01) and in PP silage decreased (linear, P < 0.01) as the inclusion level of PP silage increased. Increasing the inclusion level of PP silage in supplement decreased the effective degradability of DM in hay (linear, P < 0.05) and in PP silage (linear, P < 0.05). An increase in the amount of PP silage increased the molar proportion of acetate (linear, P < 0.01) and decreased the butyrate proportion (linear, P < 0.05) in ruminal fluid. The results suggest that urea treatment of PP facilitates microbial access to starch of PP silage in the rumen and that surplus level of PP silage in supplement have adverse effect on ruminal digestion.     

The effects of potato pulp and feeding level of supplements on digestibility, in situ forage degradation and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six ruminally cannulated Wagyu (Japanese Black) steers (average initial bodyweight (BW) 387 ± 29 kg) were used in a split‐plot design experiment, comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole plot treatments were three different feeding levels of supplemental diet, fed at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% of BW, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Subplot treatments were two different supplemental diets: a potato pulp silage‐based diet (PPS) and a grain‐based diet (GRAIN). Chopped, medium‐quality cool‐season grass hay (predominately Timothy, Phleum pratense L) was fed daily at 0.7% BW (on a DM basis) as the basal diet. Each period consisted of 21 d, which included 11 d of adaptation to the diets and 10 d of the collection period. Chromium oxide was used as an indigestible marker. In situ forage degradation was measured using the nylon bag technique. The dry matter intake increased (linear; P < 0.01) as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Digestibility was not affected by any treatments. The GRAIN diet tended to decrease the rate of in situ forage degradation as the feeding level increased, but this trend was not found in the steers fed the PPS diet. Steers fed the GRAIN diet had a lower (P < 0.1) ruminal pH compared with steers fed the PPS diet. Ruminal pH was not significantly affected by feeding level; however, it was numerically higher for steers supplemented at 0.2% per BW than that for the steers supplemented above 0.4% per BW due probably to the higher starch intake. The total volatile fatty acids concentration numerically increased as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Increasing the feeding level decreased (linear, P < 0.01) the proportion of acetate. Neither diet nor the feeding level had any effects on the proportion of ruminal propionate. The results suggested that, for steers fed the PPS diet, there are not adverse effects on forage digestion in the rumen that occur as the feeding level is increased.     

水产养殖动物摄食节律与投喂模式的研究进展

投喂模式是集约化养殖管理的核心之一,是由投饲量(或投饲率)、投饲频率、投饲方式等环节构成的有机整体,使其最优化是获取最佳生长速度、减少饲料浪费、降低养殖自污染的有效途径。动物内在摄食节律则是建立科学投喂模式的生物学基础。投饲量和投饲频率与养殖动物的生长和饲料利用密切相关。文章针对国内外关于水产养殖动物摄食节律、投饲量、投饲频率和投饲方式等的最新进展进行综述,期望能对投喂模式的科学研究和生产实践有所帮助。     

噻虫嗪种薯包衣对马铃薯桃蚜取食行为的影响

以噻虫嗪包衣、拌种和空白的马铃薯苗为对象,应用刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术研究马铃薯种薯包衣对桃蚜取食行为的影响。结果表明:桃蚜在噻虫嗪包衣马铃薯苗上取食的过程中,np波和C波次数增加,口针在细胞间穿刺的频率明显增高;E1波和E2波次数减少,桃蚜取食次数减少;首次出现E1波历期显著延长,E2波持续时间缩短,噻虫嗪包衣阻碍桃蚜在马铃薯苗上取食,使取食时间推后,取食量减少。     

The effects of protein sources supplemented with urea-treated potato pulp (PP) silage and feeding levels of the PP silage-based concentrate on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six Japanese Black (Wagyu) steers (average initial weight 467 ± 45 kg) fitted with a ruminal cannula were used in a split‐plot design experiment comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole‐plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole‐plot treatments were three different feeding levels of urea‐treated potato pulp (PP) silage‐based concentrate: 1.00%, 1.75% and 2.50% of body weight (BW) (on a dry matter (DM) basis). The subplot treatments consisted of the concentrate formulated to contain either soybean meal (SBM) as a rapidly rumen‐degraded protein source or corn gluten meal (CGM) as a slowly degraded protein source. Dry matter intake tended to be lower (P = 0.071) for CGM (8.9 kg/day) than for SBM (9.4 kg/day). Protein sources had no significant effect on digestibility and in situ degradation. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃‐N) was lower (P = 0.033) for CGM (7.5 mg/dL) than for SBM (9.5 mg/dL). Protein sources did not affect ruminal pH and the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. The molar proportions of ruminal acetate and valerate were higher (P = 0.032) for CGM than for SBM. The maximum daily intake of the PP silage‐based concentrate expressed as a percentage of BW was approximately 1.4% of BW. Dry matter intake was higher (P = 0.046) for steers fed at 1.0% of BW of the PP silage‐based concentrate than for steers fed at 1.75% or 2.5% of BW of the concentrate. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility, except for crude protein (CP) digestibility. CP digestibility tended to be lower (P = 0.071) for steers fed at 1.75% of BW of the PP silage‐based concentrate than for steers fed at 1.0% or 2.5% of BW of the concentrate. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate also did not affect the in situ degradation parameter of hay and PP silage. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate did not affect ruminal pH, NH₃‐N and total VFA concentrations. The molar proportion of acetate was highest for steers fed at 1.0% of BW of the concentrate. In conclusion, in the urea‐treated PP silage‐based concentrate, CGM seems to be more effective than SBM for stabilizing the ruminal NH₃‐N concentration and to be advantageous for fiber digestion in the rumen. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate did not change the amount of VFA production in the rumen and the DM digestibility.     

高寒草原生态草种梭罗草研究现状

梭罗草Kengyilia thoroldiana为禾本科多年生草本植物,具有抗寒、耐旱、抗风沙和高产等特性,极适应于寒冷干旱的高寒草原生境,是进行三江源地区高寒草原生态保护和植被恢复的优良草种。就近年来国内关于梭罗草的研究现状和存在的主要问题进行了综述,同时讨论了其作为高寒草原乡土生态草种在未来生态治理中的地位和应用前景。     

基于网络的农业专家系统研究进展及前景展望

随着计算机信息技术的迅猛发展,基于网络的专家系统的开发已成为当前农业专家系统研究的热点。本文通过对基于网络农业专家系统发展的基本概念、主要特征、研究进展及其构建技术的论述,提出当前农业专家系统存在综合性、实用性不强,系统开发工具较少,通用性低、适用对象窄和普及推广不力等方面的问题。系统总结了我国农业专家系统的发展前景:1)三层C／S结构成为网络构建技术的主流,系统智能化进一步提高;2)无线网络技术应用于农业专家系统成为可能;3)基于网络的农业专家系统开发工具必将进一步发扬光大;4)集成3S(GPS、GIS、RS)和多媒体技术的网络农业专家系统应用更加广泛;5)数字电視将成为广大农村地区普及推广农业专家系统的强势媒体工具。     

不同添加剂对薯渣与玉米秸秆混贮饲料发酵品质及牛瘤胃降解率的影响

研究4种不同添加剂对薯渣与玉米秸秆混贮饲料发酵品质以及牛瘤胃降解率的影响,并筛选出适宜的添加剂。试验采用密封塑料桶进行混贮,薯渣和玉米秸秆混贮水分含量控制在70%(混贮比例为1∶2),设置了对照组(CK)、微贮博士组(处理1)、青贮邦组(处理2)、拉巴克思复合添加剂组(处理3)以及亚芯组(处理4)5个处理,每个处理3个重复,贮存期60 d。采用实验室化学分析法及半体内试验测定第60天发酵品质、有氧稳定性、瘤胃降解率。结果表明各处理组和对照组(CK组)的感官评定结果无明显差异;经过发酵品质分析测定,4种添加剂处理均改善了薯渣饲料的发酵品质,其中处理4组的乳酸含量最高(P<0.01),pH和氨态氮含量最低(P<0.05);各添加剂处理均提高了薯渣混贮饲料的有氧稳定性,其中以处理4组效果最佳(P<0.01),有氧稳定时间为162 h,比CK组延长50 h,其次是处理2组(P<0.01)、处理3组(P<0.01),处理1组改善效果不明显;在瘤胃中培养48 h后,处理组干物质(DM)瘤胃降解率显著高于CK组(P<0.05),粗蛋白质(CP)瘤胃降解率极显著高于CK组(P<0.01);处理4组的NDF瘤胃降解率最高,显著高于处理3(P<0.05),但与其他处理组的NDF瘤胃降解率差异不显著(P>0.05);处理4组的ADF瘤胃降解率显著高于3组和CK组(P<0.05),与处理1组和处理2组差异不显著(P>0.05)。处理1组的淀粉瘤胃降解率比CK提高2.83%(P<0.01),其他各处理组间淀粉的牛瘤胃降解率无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,添加剂处理对薯渣与玉米秸秆混贮饲料的发酵品质、有氧稳定性、瘤胃降解率等均有改善作用,其中以亚芯组处理效果最好。