亚热带地区3种喀斯特林分凋落物组成对其持水性能的影响

[目的] 揭示亚热带不同喀斯特林分凋落物组成对其持水性能的影响，为丰富森林生态水文研究和加深凋落物层与水文功能关系的认识提供科学依据。 [方法] 收集亚热带喀斯特区的青冈林、青冈+光蜡树林、化香树+密花树林3种代表性林分的凋落物层，将其分为半分解、未分解枝、未分解叶和其他未分解凋落物4种成分，选择每种林分前3种主要成分分别按0%，20%，40%，60%，80%和100%比例混合成21组质量相同、组成比例不同的处理(3种林分共63组处理)。采用浸水法研究其持水性能。 [结果] ①3种林分类型不同组成凋落物的持水率和吸水速率分别与浸水时间呈对数函数关系(R²≥0.718)和幂函数关系(R²≥0.998)；在各浸水时段的持水率和吸水速率以化香树+密花树林纯未分解叶凋落物最大，青冈+光蜡树林纯未分解枝凋落物最小； ②凋落物的持水率和吸水速率均与未分解叶比例呈极显著正相关关系(p＜0.01)，与未分解枝的比例呈极显著负相关关系(p＜0.01)，与半分解凋落物的比例无明显关系； ③3种林分类型凋落物层的总蓄积量及其最大持水量无显著差异，但青冈林凋落物层的最大吸水速率显著高于化香树+密花树林。 [结论] 凋落物组成显著影响其持水性能。在凋落物生态水文效应研究中应综合考虑凋落物蓄积量及其组成的影响。     

阿拉尔垦区新疆杨防护林化学计量特征分析

[目的] 以新疆阿拉尔垦区不同龄级新疆杨防护林为研究对象,对不同龄级新疆杨叶—枝—凋落物—土壤的C,N,P含量及化学计量特征进行分析比较,为新疆南部农田防护林后期保育的可持续发展提供理论基础数据。[结果] C,N,P含量与化学计算学特征为： ①C含量为凋落物(395.14 g/kg)>叶(365.29 g/kg)>枝(363.84 g/kg)>土壤(9.47 g/kg),N含量为叶(13.37 g/kg)>凋落物(9.10 g/kg)>枝(7.31 g/kg)>土壤(0.72 g/kg),P含量为叶(0.46 g/kg)>枝(0.43 g/kg)>土壤(0.37 g/kg)>凋落物(0.27 g/kg)。②叶—土壤与全国平均值相比呈现出低C,低N,低P的格局。土壤C含量随龄级的增加呈“升—降—升”趋势,除第Ⅲ龄级外,其他龄级土壤N含量均表现出随土层加深而逐渐降低的趋势。土壤P含量随龄级的增加整体呈上升趋势,且同一土层不同龄级之间存在显著差异(p<0.05)。③土壤C∶N (13.05)高于中国土壤均值(C∶N 11.90),C∶P,N∶P (24.04,1.83)均值低于中国土壤均值(C∶P=60.0,N∶P=5.20)。④新疆杨0—80 cm土层N,P含量与叶N含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)与叶P呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),凋落物N含量与表层土壤N含量呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01)。凋落物P含量与20—40 cm土壤P含量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01)。[结论] 由于缺乏对新疆杨防护林后期的管护,导致阿拉尔垦区新疆杨防护林在生长过程中受N,P元素的限制。因此,需适当增添N,P肥,以此来改善土壤肥力,提高林分质量。     

氮添加对滇中高原森林凋落物养分残留及其持水性的影响

为揭示森林生态系统养分循环和水分循环对氮沉降的响应机制,以滇中高原华山松(Pinus armandii)和云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)为研究对象,开展野外氮添加下凋落叶、枝原位分解研究试验,设置对照、低氮、中氮和高氮共4个处理,利用尼龙网袋法和室内浸泡法,探究凋落叶、枝养分元素残留率、持水量和持水率及吸水速率对氮添加的响应。结果表明:(1)随着分解时间的持续,2种林分凋落叶、枝碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)分别呈释放、富集—释放、富集过程,凋落叶C、N、P残留率显著小于凋落枝(p＜0.05);(2)凋落叶最大持水量和最大吸水速率显著大于凋落枝(p＜0.05),分解24个月时,与CK相比,LN处理下2种林分凋落叶、枝C,华山松凋落叶N残留率降低1.98%~7.27%,10.79%,HN处理下2种林分凋落叶、枝C,华山松凋落叶、枝和云南松凋落枝N,华山松凋落枝P残留率则增加4.26%~9.08%,11.94%~44.51%,42.42%;(3)分解24个月时,与CK相比,LN、MN和HN处理华山松凋落叶、枝和云南松凋落叶最大持水量和最大吸水速率分别降低11.44%~25.24%,5.81%~32.23%,云南松凋落枝则增加15.48%~24.26%,17.97%~23.74%。 (4)2种林分凋落叶、枝持水量随浸泡时间延长而增加,而吸水速率则为降低,持水量与浸泡时间的关系均呈对数函数关系(m=a+bln t),吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系呈幂函数关系(v=at^-b)。(5)C与云南松凋落枝持水性呈正相关关系(p＜0.05),N与华山松凋落枝、P与华山松和云南松凋落叶持水性呈负相关关系(p＜0.05)。综上,氮添加通过改变凋落物分解过程中C、N、P养分元素残留特征进而影响其持水性。     

长期氮沉降和地上凋落物处理对半干旱区沙质草地表层土壤碳氮组分的影响

为揭示半干旱区沙质草地生态系统中表层土壤C、N组分对长期氮添加和地上凋落物处理的响应特征,以科尔沁沙地西南部国家野外科学观测研究站建立的长期(9年)氮添加和凋落物处理样地为平台,测定并分析该样地表层土壤环境因子、铵态氮、硝态氮、总有机碳、不同碳氮组分。结果表明:(1)持续9年的氮添加和地上凋落物处理对表层土壤环境因子和不同碳氮组分无交互作用;(2)氮添加处理显著降低土壤pH(p<0.01),增加土壤中硝态氮的含量(p<0.05),其增长幅度为37.57%,并显著增加溶解性有机氮(DON)和易变活性氮(LON)的含量(p<0.01,p<0.05);(3)地上凋落物去除显著降低土壤总有机碳(TOC)、易变缓性碳(IOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量(p<0.05);(4)经过9年氮添加和地上凋落物处理,半干旱区沙质草地表层土壤中不同碳氮组分与土壤环境因子间相关性并不密切。即长期氮添加和地上凋落物处理会改变表层土壤不同碳、氮组分的含量,但并未显著改变各碳、氮组分的比值。研究结果为揭示长期氮添加和地上凋落物处理对半干旱区沙质草地土壤C、N贮存和预测未来土壤生物地球化学元素动态研究提供参考资料。     

淮北矿区地表拉张裂隙区耕地土壤主要养分特征

[目的] 分析采煤沉陷导致的地表拉张裂隙对耕地土壤质量的影响,评估采煤沉陷前后土壤养分变化,为沉陷区土地采前—采中治理提供理论基础。[方法] 以淮北矿区孙疃矿地表拉张裂隙区为研究区域,分别在沉陷前(2019年6月)、沉陷后(2019年12月、2020年7月)采集样品,沉陷前布设5个采样点(T₁—T₅),沉陷后选择两条典型纵向拉张裂隙,由沉陷斜坡坡顶到坡底将沉陷区划分为A,B,C 3个分区,在裂隙两侧设置13个采样点,每个采样点沿深度方向每隔20 cm采集一个土壤样品,分别测试含水率、有机质、速效钾、速效磷、全氮和全磷含量6个指标。[结果] 拉张裂隙区两次采样土壤含水率、有机质、速效钾、全磷含量存在显著差异(p＜0.01),速效磷和全氮差异性不显著(p＞0.05);通过主成分分析得到研究区第一、二主成分分别为有机质、全氮、全磷(受负面影响)和含水率、速效钾(受到正面影响);根据综合养分评价—主成分分析法发现裂隙区综合养分与对照点相比总体下降,但拉张裂隙区内养分从沉陷斜坡坡顶至坡底逐渐上升。[结论] 地表拉张裂隙在采煤沉陷区分布广泛,是造成沉陷区耕地质量下降的主要原因。     

采煤沉陷区生态修复树种蒸腾特征及能量收支

[目的] 在改进蒸腾观测方法的基础上,对采煤沉陷区常见生态修复树种蒸腾特征及能量收支状况进行研究,为矿区生态修复工作中树种的选择和水分调控提供理论依据。[方法] 选择采用“三温模型”+热红外遥感的方法在野外环境应用时的参考叶片类型,并对沙柳（Salix psammophila）、沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）、柠条（Caragana korshinskii）3种植物的蒸腾特征进行测定,分析其蒸腾特征和蒸腾过程中的能量收支状况。[结果] ①绿色卡纸可以在9：00—15：00时代替烘干植物叶片作为植物蒸腾测定时的参考叶片。②沙柳、沙棘、柠条的蒸腾速率日变化规律均为单峰曲线,最高瞬时蒸腾速率分别为0.57,0.61和0.71 mm/h,日蒸腾量分别为3.24,3.27和3.80 mm。③沙柳的h_at值（植物蒸腾扩散系数,用于评价植物水分亏缺状况）日变化规律为“单峰型”,柠条和沙棘则为“双峰型”,h_at日均值从大到小依次为：沙柳（0.18）>沙棘（0.11）>柠条（0.03）。④沙柳、柠条的显热通量（H）在15：00时小于0。[结论] 沙柳、沙棘、柠条均可以通过冷岛效应向周围环境吸热用于蒸腾作用,降低环境温度。沙柳适合栽植于地势平坦,水分较为充足的地区。沙棘和柠条可以通过飞播的方式在人力难以到达和水分状况较差的地区进行生态修复。     

凋落物输入改变对慈竹林土壤有机碳的影响

通过野外试验,研究了凋落物输入改变对慈竹林土壤有机碳的影响。设置10%,50%和70%这3种去除凋落物量和分别添加15%,25%的绵竹、杉木凋落物处理及对照。结果发现,去除凋落后慈竹林土壤有机碳含量明显减少(p<0.05),而且去除量越大,有机碳含量减少越大。添加外源凋落物显著提高了慈竹林土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05),其中,15%的添加比例比25%更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,添加绵竹凋落物对土壤有机碳增加的效应高于添加杉木凋落物。研究表明,选择适合的树种和恰当的混交比例以及加强对凋落物层的保护,对维持慈竹林土壤有机碳具有重要的意义。     

黄土丘陵区油松人工林植物器官—凋落物—土壤化学计量特征的季节变化

为了解黄土丘陵区油松人工林植物器官—凋落物—土壤的化学计量特征随季节的变化规律，通过时空替代法、野外调查取样与室内试验的手段，以陕西省延安市安塞区纸坊沟流域中林龄油松（Pinus tabuliformis）人工林为对象，分析了4—10月油松不同器官—凋落物—土壤的碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）生态化学计量学特征。结果表明：（1）从4—10月，叶片C、P含量逐渐上升，在10月最高，叶片的N含量和N：P及枝的N、P含量均先减小后增大，且均在8月最低，而枝的C：N及C：P和细根的C：P、N：P均先增大后减小，且均在8月最高。土壤C、N含量、C：P、N：P先增大后减小，在8月最高。凋落物N含量、C：P和N：P均呈先降后升的趋势，在6月最低，P含量变化不显著；（2）除叶片4—6月、细根4—8月N：P>14外，其他各器官4—10月均N：P<14，该区域油松生长主要受N限制；（3）叶片与凋落物的C、N含量及C：N之间均呈显著正相关，C：N、C：P与N：P之间均呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。叶片N：P与土壤C：N呈极显著负相关（p<0.01），其他化学计量特征之间均无显著相关性。凋落物C含量与土壤P含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。研究结果使人工林生态化学计量学的研究更加系统性，为黄土丘陵区植被良好生长提供参考依据。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐混交林生态化学计量特征与碳储量

为了探讨混交林与纯林养分状况和固碳能力的差异,以黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)纯林、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)纯林以及刺槐+油松(Robinia pseudoacacia+Pinus tabuliformis)混交林、刺槐+山杨(Robinia pseudoacacia+Populus davidiana)混交林为对象,通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方式,研究混交林与纯林生态系统的生态化学计量特征与碳储量。结果表明:(1)刺槐+油松混交林显著增加刺槐枝和根的C含量和叶、干的P含量及枝的C:P与N:P,并显著增加油松叶、枝和根的N含量和枝、干、根的N:P,但显著降低油松各器官的C:N,而刺槐+山杨混交林仅显著增加刺槐枝的P含量。(2)刺槐+油松混交林的土壤C含量显著高于刺槐纯林,土壤P含量显著低于油松纯林;刺槐+山杨混交林与刺槐纯林土壤P含量差异不显著。(3)总体纯林中乔木叶片与凋落物的C含量显著相关,C:N、C:P在乔叶-凋落物-土壤中均显著相关;但在总体混交林中仅有凋落物与土壤中的P含量与C:P显著相关。(4)刺槐+山杨混交林乔木层碳储量显著高于刺槐纯林,刺槐+油松混交林林下植被层与土壤层碳储量显著高于刺槐纯林。研究结果为深入了解黄土高原养分循环机制奠定基础,同时也为黄土高原人工林的经营管理提供理论依据。     

向家坝水电站生态修复边坡土壤团聚体及有机碳含量特征

[目的] 分析生态工程修复技术对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布的影响,为向家坝水电站不同生态修复边坡土壤结构稳定及碳汇功能的提升提供科学依据。[方法] 以向家坝水电站4种不同生态修复边坡：植被混凝土(CBS)、厚层基材喷播(TB)、框格梁覆土(FB)、客土喷播(SS)表层土壤为研究对象,并以天然林(NF)和弃渣地(AS)两种自然恢复边坡为对照,采用湿筛法研究土壤团聚体分布和稳定性及其有机碳含量特征。[结果] ①各边坡土壤均以＞0.25 mm的大团聚体粒径为主;其中天然林大团聚体含量最高,为81.83%;植被混凝土和厚层基材边坡次之,弃渣地含量最低,仅占55.19%。4个人工生态修复边坡的MWD和GMD均低于天然林高于弃渣地,其中厚层基材边坡的值最高,分别为2.96 mm和1.47 mm。客土喷播和弃渣地的分形维数(D)显著高于(p＜0.05)其余4个边坡。②各生态修复边坡措施均以＞0.25 mm粒径的大团聚体有机碳含量最高;除客土喷播和弃渣地外,其他修复措施和天然林均以＞2 mm粒级土壤团聚体贡献率最大。③相关性分析表明土壤SOC与MWD,GMD和R_0.25呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),＞5 mm和5～2 mm粒级团聚体数量与土壤MWD,GMD,R_0.25和土壤SOC均呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),与D呈极显著负相关(p＜0.01)。[结论] 向家坝水电站研究区内厚层基材喷播技术和植被混凝土生态修复技术对土壤结构和有机碳库的改善效果比较接近天然林,客土喷播技术改善效果较差。     

人工油松林中跳虫群落恢复状况

Large areas of forest plantations have been developed in China.It is important to evaluate the soil fauna in plantations and the conditions needed for their recovery in view of the large areas of plantations in China.Three Pinus tabulaeformis forests,a 26-year-old plantation (P26) and a 45-year-old plantation (P45),exposed to clear-cutting before plantation,and an 80-260-year-old natural forest (N260),were chosen to study the effects of different forest ages/types on Collembola community in the litter and soil layers during 2008 and 2009.Soil conditions in P26 and P45 were significantly deteriorated when compared to N260.A higher value of soil bulk density and lower values of soil organic matter,soil N,litter depth,soil pH,and soil water content were observed in P26 and P45.Totally,the same genera of Collembola tended to occur in the forests of all ages studied;however,the Collembola community structure was significantly impacted by the differences in forest age.Both in the litter and soil layers,the density and generic richness of the Collembola were the highest in N260 and the lowest in P26.Some collembolan groups were sensitive to soil conditions in particular forest ages.N260 was associated with relatively high abundance of Plutomurus collembolans and P45 with relatively high abundance of Pseudofolsomia collembolans.The canonical correspondence analysis showed that the community structure of Collembola was mainly affected by forest age in both litter and soil layer.The ordination analysis of non-metric multidimensional scaling also found that the Collembola community did not recover to the level of natural forests in 26-year regeneration after clear-cutting.Even in 45-year regeneration after clear-cutting,the Collembola community only showed a slight recovery to the level of natural forests.Our results clearly showed that both Collembola community and soil conditions did not recover in 26-and 45-year regeneration after clear-cutting in P.tabulaeformis plantations;however,they might have the potential to recover in the future because the same genera of Collembola were distributed in the plantations and natural forests.     

使用便携式X射线荧光（PXRF）法原位区分酸性和非酸性冻土带

Frozen soils or those with permafrost cover large areas of the earth’s surface and support unique vegetative ecosystems. Plantsgrowing in such harsh conditions have adapted to small niches, which allow them to survive. In northern Alaska, USA, both moistacidic and non-acidic tundra occur, yet determination of frozen soil pHs currently requires thawing of the soil so that electrometric pHmethods can be utilized. Contrariwise, a portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometer was used in this study to assess elementalabundances and relate those characteristics to soil pH through predictive multiple linear regressions. Two operational modes, SoilMode and Geochem Mode, were utilized to scan frozen soils in-situ and under laboratory conditions, respectively, after soil sampleswere dried and ground. Results showed that lab scanning produced optimal results with adjusted coefficient of determination (R²) of0.88 and 0.33 and root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of 0.87 and 0.34 between elemental data and lab-determined pH for Soil Modeand Geochem Mode, respectively. Even though the presence of ice attenuated fluoresced radiation under field conditions, adjusted R² and RMSEs between the datasets still provided reasonable model generalization (e.g., 0.73 and 0.49 for field Geochem Mode). Principalcomponent analysis qualitatively separated multiple sampling sites based on elemental data provided by PXRF, reflecting differences inthe chemical composition of the soils studied. Summarily, PXRF can be used for in-situ determination of soil pH in arctic environments without the need for sample modification and thawing. Furthermore, use of PXRF for determination of soil pH may provide highersample throughput than traditional eletrometric-based methods, while generating elemental data useful for the prediction of multiplesoil parameters.     

杉木和米槠人工林土壤可溶性碳组分动态及其对凋落叶输入的响应

可溶性碳组分是土壤有机碳库中最活跃的部分,作为土壤碳周转初期变化的敏感指标,其含量受到凋落叶等植物残体输入、森林类型及季节性水热变化的共同调节。采用土壤原位培养法,以亚热带米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)人工林与杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林为对象,分析生长季内土壤可溶性碳(DOC)与热水溶性碳(HWSC)含量动态变化及其对凋落叶输入的响应趋势。结果表明,凋落叶输入、森林类型和培养月份均极显著影响土壤可溶性碳组分含量(p<0.001)。杉木人工林土壤DOC与HWSC含量整体较高,分别高出米槠人工林15.09%和13.06%,但后者的土壤可溶性有机质芳香化程度更高。经过1个生长季的培养,2种人工林土壤DOC与HWSC含量均明显增加。凋落叶增加生长季米槠人工林土壤DOC与HWSC的含量,但对杉木人工林的影响具有季节差异。研究结果表明杉木人工林土壤DOC与HWSC含量更高,但凋落叶输入促进米槠人工林DOC与HWSC含量,更易于随淋溶过程流失。     

不同土壤环境对温郁金栽培的影响研究

试验研究不同土壤环境对温郁金栽培的影响结果表明,在石灰土上栽培的温郁金具有较长的生长期和较高的生物量,莪术中莪术油含量也比栽培在酸性红壤上的高,石灰土比红壤更能忍受施加铵态氮肥带来的负面效应。     

离子强度和三氧化物对土壤吸附Bt毒素的影响

Chemical reactions and fate of the toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) in the soil environment are causing increasing concerns due to the large-scale cultivation of transgenic Bt plants.In this study,the effect of ionic strength(0-1 000 mmol kg 1) adjusted by NaCl or CaCl 2 on adsorption of Bt toxin by a lateritic red soil,a paddy soil and these soils after chemical removal of organic-bound or free Fe and Al oxides,as well as by pure minerals(goethite,hematite and gibbsite) which are widespread in these soils,were studied.The results indicated that when the supporting electrolyte was NaCl,the adsorption of Bt toxin by the lateritic red soil and paddy soil increased rapidly until the ionic strength reached 250 mmol kg 1 and then gradually slowed down with the increase of ionic strength;while in case the supporting electrolyte was CaCl 2,the adsorption of Bt toxin enhanced significantly at low ionic strength(< 10 mmol kg 1) and then decreased as the ionic strength increased.The adsorption of Bt toxin by the tested minerals and soils after the removal of organic-bound or free Fe and Al oxides also increased with increasing ionic strength controlled by NaCl.Removing organic-bound Fe and Al oxides obviously increased the adsorption of Bt toxin in the tested soils.Differently,removing free Fe and Al oxides increased the Bt adsorption by the paddy soil,but decreased the adsorption by the lateritic red soil.The study indicated that the varieties of ionic strength and the presence of Fe and Al oxides affected the adsorption of Bt toxin by the soils,which would contribute to the further understanding of the fate of Bt toxin in the soil environment and provide references for the ecological risk assessment of transgenic Bt plants.     

Soil microbial attributes along a chronosequence of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantations in northern China

Soil microorganisms play a key role in soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient cycling, and soil fertility maintenance in forest ecosystems, and they are influenced by stand age and soil depth. However, few studies have simultaneously considered these two factors. In this study, we measured soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), soil basal respiration (SBR) rate, and potential extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) in soil to a depth of 60 cm under 10-, 30-, and 40-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) stands (Y10, Y30, and Y40, respectively) in plantations in northern China in 2011. Soil water content (SWC), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil total nitrogen (STN) were also measured to explore their effects on soil microbial indices across different stand ages and soil depths. Our results showed that SMBC, SMBN, and the SBR rate were generally higher for the Y30 stand than for the Y10 and Y40 stands. Potential EEA, except forα-glucosidase, decreased significantly with increasing stand age. Soil organic carbon,STN, SWC, and soil pH explained 67%of the variation in soil microbial attributes among the three stand ages. For the same stand age, soil microbial biomass and the SBR rate decreased with soil depth. Lower microbial biomass, lower SBR rate, and lower EEA for the mature Y40 stand indicate lower substrate availability for soil microorganisms, lower soil quality, and lower microbial adaptability to the environment. Our results suggest that changes in soil quality with stand age should be considered when determining the optimum rotation length of plantations and the best management practices for afforestation programs.     

PT菌剂对陕北黄土区土壤性质和油松苗木的影响

[目的]分析PT菌剂对陕北黄土区土壤性质和油松苗木的影响,为干旱和半干旱黄土高原植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]在陕西黄土高原丘陵区采用完全随机区组试验(2013年3—10月),以常规施肥为对照,以上、中、下3个坡位为区组,研究施用PT菌剂对6年生油松苗木地径、树高、成活状况以及0—60cm这3个不同层次土壤主要养分含量的影响。[结果]施用PT菌剂油松地径平均生长量为4.5mm,是对照的2倍;树高总生长量达10cm,比对照高54%;油松死亡率比对照低9%。施用PT菌剂后土壤有机质含量平均达到7.8g/kg,是对照的2倍多;土壤全氮的含量平均为0.41g/kg,比对照高52%;速效钾的含量平均达到42.4mg/kg,比对照增加了26%;PT菌剂对有效磷提高不明显;坡位对油松地径和树高影响不显著,对各层次土壤养分性质有显著影响。[结论]PT菌剂能改善造林地土壤性质,促进油松成活和生长,建议在黄土高原地区油松造林实践中施用PT菌剂。     

An in-situ Technique for Producing Low-Cost Agricultural Biochar

Application of biochar to agricultural soils is effective to sequester atmospheric carbon and improve soil quality, but current pyrolysis and transportation costs are high, making biochar too costly to be used at the field scale. This study developed a new in-situ technique, burning and soil covering(B-SC), which can be used by farmers for production of biochar with crop residue. In this study,the air-dried feedstocks, elephant grass and corn residue, were burnt in situ for biochar production in the field. After approximately 90% of the leaves were combusted, the burning process was dramatically slowed down by covering the feedstock with soil. The biochar yield averaged 18.0 ± 1.3(n = 15) and 13.7 ± 1.3(n = 10) kg per 100 kg air-dried feedstock for the elephant grass and corn residue,respectively. The biochar properties were suitable for soil improvement. The inputs for biochar production of the B-SC process only included low labor force, open field, feedstock(e.g., grass and crop residue), and simple tools. The operation time for processing 10 kg of the corn residue by an individual farmer was 24.4 ± 4.1 min(n = 10). As compared with the conventional field burning process, the B-SC process drastically shortened the time for biomass burning and generated a significantly lower emission of smoke and thermal energy. This simple technique can be particularly practical and effective for farmers to improve the soils of poor quality in China.     

蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株X5强化的生物有机肥能有效控制根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)

The efficacy of Bacillus cereus X5 as a potential biological control agent against root-knot nematodes was evaluated in vitro by examining second-stage juvenile mortality and egg hatching rate under addition of culture filtrate and in planta by application of bio-organic fertilizers enhanced with B. cereus X5, B. thuringiensis BTG, or Trichoderma harzianum SQR-T037 alone or together in greenhouse and field experiments. The biofumigation of the root-knot nematode-infested soil with organic materials (chicken manure, pig manure and rice straw) alone or in combination with B. cereus X5 was also conducted in greenhouse experiments. In laboratory, the filtrate of B. cereus X5 more effectively reduced egg hatching rates during the incubation period for 14 d and more effectively killed the second-stage juvenile during the incubation period of 24 h than that of B. thuringiensis BTG. The highest dry shoot weights for greenhouse tomatoes and field muskmelons were found in both the treatment consisting of the bio-organic fertilizer enhanced with the three biocontrol agents and the treatment consisting of the bio-organic fertilizer enhanced only with B. cereus X5. The two bio-organic fertilizers achieved better nematicidal effects than those enhanced only with B. thuringiensis BTG or T. harzianum SQR-T037. B. cereus X5 also enhanced effect of biofumigation, which resulted in increased plant biomass and reduced nematode counts in the roots and rhizosphere soil. Therefore, these results suggested that biological control of root-knot nematodes both in greenhouses and fields could be effectively achieved by using B. cereus X5 and agricultural wastes.     

羊草、针茅对高CO2浓度及土壤干旱的响应

通过人工模拟试验分析了CO2浓度升高对羊草、针茅的"施肥效应"。结果表明生物量随CO2浓度的升高而增加;总生物量分别增加40.0%和45.0%。土壤干旱对羊草、针茅的生长及干物质积累为负效应且随干旱程度的增加负效应增强。轻度干旱时总生物量分别减少16%和30%左右,严重干旱下降44%和35%左右。在土壤发生干旱条件下,CO2的"施肥效应"有所减弱,羊草比针茅更为明显。