横山县飞播造林形势及对策分析

横山县飞播造林1987年进入大面积生产以来,累计飞播造林6.3万hm2,保存面积达4.3万hm2,其生态、经济、社会效益显著。在继续进行沙区飞播造林的同时,应将飞播造林从风沙区转向黄土丘陵区,并开展了黄土丘陵区宜播植物种选择、播区地面处理等课题研究。     

浅议我省“天保”工程植被恢复项目建设对策

我省天然林资源保护工程植被恢复项目 (以下简称天保植被恢复工程 )是从 2 0 0 1年开始实施的 ,包括5 4个县 (市、区 )、6个省直林区和 3个林场。经年底检查统计 ,当年完成封山育林 2 .5 0万 hm2 ,播种造林 4 .0万 hm2 (其中飞播造林 5 6 7hm2 、人工播种造林 1.95万hm2 、人工植苗造林 1.95万 hm2 ) ,分别占完成任务数的 4 8.8%和 4 9.8%。 2 0 0 2年全省天保植被恢复工程覆盖到 6 4个县 (市、区 )、6个省直林区和 2个林场。 5月份 ,省林管局同志对各地天保植被恢复工程又进行了督查 ,根据资料显示 ,截至 5月初全省已完成飞播造林 1.5 4万 …     

谈谈飞播区的管理工作

我国的飞机播种造林（以下简称飞播造林）始于1956年3月4日（在广东省吴川县首次进行了飞播造林试验）1959年6月,四川省林业厅在凉山彝族自治州进行的飞播造林获得首次成功,奠定了我国飞播造林的基础。云南飞播造林始于1960年8月。近40年来,我省开展过飞播造林的地州市有12个,县市82个。截至1998年,全省累计在883个播区内飞播,其飞播面积为268.2万hm2;通过采取"飞、封、补、管"等措施,飞播造林成效面积73．33万hm2,平均飞播造林成效率为4018％,其中80年代以前成效率为32．5％;1981～1990年,飞播造林平均成效率为47．85％;1991-19…     

长治市造林工程混交化的实践与探索

长治市地处太行山南端 ,林业生态建设基础差 ,底子薄。 1993年太行山绿化工程正式启动以来 ,一期工程己取得了显著成绩 ,共完成造林 19.6 2万 hm2 ,其中人工造林 10 .95万 hm2 ,占造林任务的 5 5 .8% ;封山育林 5 .2 2万 hm2 ,占 2 6 .7% ;飞播造林 3.4 3万 hm2 ,占17.5 %。到 2 0 0 0年底 ,全市有林地面积达到 39.0万hm2 。其中生态防护林 2 8.0万 hm2 ,干鲜水果经济林11.0万 hm2 ,分别占全市有林地面积的 71.8%和 2 8.2 %。全市森林覆盖率达到 2 3%。1　混交林建设的主要任务和原则。为了能使太行山绿化工程混交林建设再创佳绩 ,依据二期…     

马尾松飞播林地上部分生物量的初步研究

采用相对生长测定法对28年生马尾松飞播林的林分生物量调查分析表明：28年生马尾松飞播林地上部分生物量为78．697吨／hm2，与我国的20年生杉木林地上部分生物量79．48吨／hm2相接近。马尾松飞播造林无疑是一种有效的造林方式。     

飞播造林在生态建设中的前景与地位

我省飞播造林从1958年开始，截止1997年已推广到全省的9个地市、64个县区，总面积达134．67万hm2，成林56．67万hm2。飞播造林在我省灭荒、治沙、“三北”防护林和长江防护林等生态建设工程中所起的作用日渐显著。1飞播造林在生态建设中的地位与作用1．1飞播造林为我省生态建设造就了大面积防护林基地我省飞播造林在转入大面积推广后，注意了飞播造林与经营管理的基地化、集约化建设，从而使成片成林面积有较大地增加。据不完全统计，全省成林面积在万亩以上的有82片，10万亩以上的有15片，丹凤县流岭播区、宁强县、紫阳县等3个“百万亩”飞…     

云南飞播造林回顾与展望

云南飞机播种造林始于 196 0年 ,经过试验、推广、发展三个阶段 ,飞播覆盖全省 12个地 (州 ) ,314个县 (市 ) ,10 12个播区 ,飞播总面积 2 95 386 7hm2 。经检查飞播成效比为 5 9 3% ,高于全国平均水平 (5 2 0 % )7 3个百分点。在分析了成功经验和存在问题的基础上 ,提出了今后规划和对策建议。     

综合信息

行业动态六大林业重点工程统计公报2 0 0 2年是我国六大林业重点工程全面实施的第一年。据国家林业局统计公报 ,去年六大工程共完成造林 6 77.74万 hm2 ,占全国造林总面积的 87.15 % ,比 2 0 0 1年增长 113.5 8%。其中 :人工造林 5 96 .79万hm2 ;飞播造林 80 .95万 hm2 ,分别比 2 0 0 1年增长15 1.17%和 1.5 4%。封山育林 10 35 .88万 hm2 ,比上年增长 2 5 .5 7% ;其中新封山育林 137.6 6万 hm2。全年完成各类投资 2 5 5 .80亿元 ,其中国家投资 2 2 9.5 2亿元 ,分别比上年增长 5 3.6 9%和 70 .6 3%。其中 :1)天然林资源保护工程 :全年造林 8…     

2000年全省林业工作目标与任务

20 0 0年全省林业工作的基本思路是 :以建立比较完备的林业生态体系和比较发达的林业产业体系为目标 ,大力加强林业结构调整 ,突出抓好造林绿化和森林资源保护工作 ,进一步深化林业改革 ,创新发展机制 ,紧紧依靠科技 ,坚持依法治林 ,促进全省生态环境改善和经济可持续发展。主要任务是 :造林 4 6 .6 7万 hm2 (含社会造林 ) ,其中人工生态林 30万 hm2 ,发展干果经济林 6 .6 7万 hm2 ,飞播造林 10万 hm2 ;育苗 2 .13万 hm2 ,其中新育苗 1.33万 hm2 ;四旁植树 1亿株 ,其中义务植树 80 0 0万株。为确保各项任务能圆满完成 ,各级林业部门要坚定信…     

加快荒山绿化的有效途径──山西省飞播造林概述

我省飞播造林起始于1964年,是我国北方地区行动较早的省（区）,文革期间中断,1979年又恢复运作,1983年正式被林业部列入北方飞播造林试验省（区）,前后经历了试验摸索、恢复稳定、快速高效发展3个阶段。20多年来,飞播造林在增加全省森林植被、防止水土流失、改善生态环境等方面,发挥了极大的作用,效益十分显著。实践表明,飞播造林已经成为与植苗造林、封山育林并重的一种造林方式。1．主要成就加快了荒山绿化速度。历年来,我省先后在11个地（市）的70余个县（市、区）进行了飞播造林,共完成飞播任务5698万hm3,有效面积47.81万hm…     

Stammfaulen in Douglasien-, Kiefern-, Fichten-Mischbestanden1

Butt rot in mixed conifer stands. 70 years old Pseudotsuga menziesii trees on sandy soil, grown together with Pinus syhestris, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica were analysed for butt rot. 73 % resp. 70 % of the Douglas fir, 13% resp. 28% of the Scotch pine and 82% resp. 84% of the Norway spruce showed decay. The most frequent fungi in Pseudotsuga were Heterobasidion annosum, Calocera viscosa, Sparassis crispa, in Pinus Sparassis crispa and in Picea Heterobasidion annosum. In a neighbouring stand with 85 years old Pseudotsuga menziesii - more often thinned than the 70 years old stand - only 23 % of the trees were with decay.     

Carbon and nitrogen storage in agroforests, tree plantations, and pastures in western Oregon, USA

Pastures store over 90% of their carbon and nitrogen below-ground as soil organic matter. In contrast, temperate conifer forests often store large amounts of organic matter above-ground in woody plant tissue and fibrous litter. Silvopastures, which combine managed pastures with forest trees, should accrete more carbon and nitrogen than pastures or timber plantations because they may produce more total annual biomass and have both forest and grassland nutrient cycling patterns active. This hypothesis was investigated by conducting carbon and nitrogen inventories on three replications of 11 year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)/perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/subclover (Trifolium subterraneum) agroforests, ryegrasss/subclover pastures, and Douglas-fir timber plantations near Corvallis, Oregon in August 2000. Over the 11 years since planting, agroforests accumulated approximately 740 kg ha^–1 year ^–1 more C than forests and 520 kg ha^–1 year^–1 more C than pastures. Agroforests stored approximately 12% of C and 2% of N aboveground compared to 9% of C and 1% of N above ground in plantations and less than 1% of N and C aboveground in pastures. Total N content of agroforests and pastures, both of which included a nitrogen-fixing legume, were approximately 530 and 1200 kg ha^–1 greater than plantations, respectively. These results support the proposition that agroforests, such as silvopastures, may be more efficient at accreting C than plantations or pasture monocultures. However, pastures may accrete more N than agroforests or plantations. This apparent separation of response in obviously interrelated agroecosystem processes, points out the difficulty in using forest plantation or pasture research results to predict outcomes for mixed systems such as agroforests. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Malay ethno-medico botany in Machang,Kelantan, Malaysia

A survey of the Malay ethno-medico botany in the Machang district, Kelantan state, Malaysia, identified 146 species used by the villagers to treat various ailments.     

Agroforestry in central,northern, and eastern Europe

Integrated management of natural resources and the multiple use of trees and forests have prevailed in most European societies since prehistoric times. In the Middle Ages, expanding and intensified agriculture resulted in the separation of trees from agricultural fields. During the last century, with the introduction of sustainable and highly productive forest management, the goal of increased wood production has been achieved in most parts of central, northern, and eastern Europe. Today, agroforestry is not considered to be an important land-use option within the region; however, there are many practices that could rightfully be classified as agroforestry. These include tree/crop systems in which trees provide products and/or environmental benefits, and tree/animal systems in which animals are grazed in forests or open woodlands.The future seems to offer some prospects for agroforestry. Large areas, hitherto used for food production, are either marginally suited to agriculture, or will probably be taken out of production due to agricultural policy considerations. Agroforestry may, at least in part, offer alternatives for the use of such lands. The availability of (surplus) fertile soils, capital, and labor may provide incentives for site-adapted forms of agroforestry, including improved fallow management. The focus of such systems would be on maintenance of biodiversity in the landscape, environmental protection, recreation, and product diversification.There are numerous expectations as to what agroforestry might provide for the land holder and for society as a whole. These expectations should be carefully analyzed and evaluated prior to political decisions on future land use. The promotion of agroforestry requires overall investment; agroforestry does not happen by itself. A set of integrated actions — not isolated efforts — must be implemented if agroforestry is to become a successful land-use option.     

Integration of pines,pastures, and cattle in south Georgia,USA

Agroforestry Systems - Native forages of southern United States are frequently low in nutrients and poorly digestible, while improved pastures are the opposite. Since this area produces rapid...     

Carbon, nitrogen, organic phosphorus, microbial biomass and N mineralization in soils under cacao agroforestry systems in Bahia, Brazil

Large amounts of plant litter deposited in cacao agroforestry systems play a key role in nutrient cycling. Organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and microbial biomass were investigated in cacao agroforestry systems on Latosols and Cambisols in Bahia, Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize the microbial C and N, mineralizable N and organic P in two soil orders under three types of cacao agroforestry systems and an adjacent natural forest in Bahia, Brazil and also to evaluate the relationship between P fractions, microbial biomass and mineralized N with other soil attributes. Overall, the average stocks of organic C, total N and total organic P across all systems for 0?C50?cm soil depth were 89,072, 8,838 and 790?kg?ha^?1, respectively. At this soil depth the average stock of labile organic P was 55.5?kg?ha^?1. For 0?C10?cm soil depth, there were large amounts of microbial biomass C (mean of 286?kg?ha^?1), microbial biomass N (mean of 168?kg?ha^?1) and mineralizable N (mean of 79?kg?ha^?1). Organic P (total and labile) was negatively related to organic C, reflecting that the dynamics of organic P in these cacao agroforestry systems are not directly associated with organic C dynamics in soils, in contrast to the dynamics of N. Furthermore, the amounts of soil microbial biomass, mineralizable N, and organic P could be relevant for cacao nutrition, considering the low amount of N and P exported in cacao seeds.     

乌盟后山干旱半干旱地区沙漠化治理模式探讨

地处阴山以北的乌盟后山地区,土地的风蚀沙化十分严重,北部五旗县80%的耕地遭风蚀危害,10%的草场荒漠化.草场退化,粮食产量下降,农牧业生产长期低而不稳.同时风蚀沙化也危害交通、水利设施和村镇安全.自乌盟实施"进退还"战略以来,在恢复植被、改善生态环境方面上成效显著,但在治理方式上以单一的灌草模式为主,缺乏生物多样性,并由于草种寿命短造成重复建设,为此,本文提出一些治理模式供讨论.     

Plant diversity, population structure, and regeneration status in disturbed tropical forests in Assam, northeast India

We investigated the plant population structure and the phy-tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Fo...     

Soils, Forests, and Pastures in South Wales

Marginal upland soils may be used for forestry or sheep grazing.In the State Forests of South Wales a study of selective plantingshows the greatest volume yield is generally obtained from Sitkaspruce (Picea sitchensis) planted in ridge-crest soils. Yieldsfrom Sitka spruce on ridge-flank soils are reduced by the presenceof Ericaceae on upper slopes and the dryness of the soils onlower slopes. Contrary to this trend, the nutritional valueof the pasture for sheep is lowest on ridge crests and increasesdownslope, being greatest on the Agrostis pastures of lowerslopes. Further, reclamation is most economically accomplishedon ridge flanks where they are not too steep. Although profitcomparisons are very difficult to make, ridge slopes might bemore usefully allocated to sheep grazing and ridge crests toSitka spruce forests. To be economically viable, a forest mustbe large, but within any new forestry acquisitions the largerareas occupied by slope soils might be reclaimed or utilizedas sheep pastures.     

Regulation,formalization, and smallholder timber production in northern Central Java,Indonesia

Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade agreements between the EU and countries that grow tropical timber aim to complement, alter, or generate new regulatory mechanisms that ensure the legality of timber products. These regulatory changes affect pre-existing policies and practices within timber production networks. The Indonesian-EU Voluntary Partnership Agreement was signed in 2013, and legality verification is scheduled to become mandatory for all smallholders by the end of 2017. Using grower surveys conducted in the Jepara regency of Central Java (n = 204), we generate information on who Jepara smallholders are, what timber species they are growing, and how programs that provide free and discounted seedlings contribute to STP. We use these data to understand how STP operates and how Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK), the Indonesian method for timber legality verification, will affect STP networks and producers. We find that resource provision and oversight of source documentation increase formalization within STP. Our discussion details four policy-relevant insights for promoting STP amid continued formalization.