海南黎药血叶兰的无菌播种及高效繁育技术初探

以血叶兰（Ludisia discolor）的果荚作为实验材料,采用超净工作台无菌播种,探索血叶兰种子离体萌发和高效繁育技术。将种子播种在不同配方的培养基中,探讨添加土豆和椰汁的KC、花宝1号、1/2MS培养基对种子萌发的影响。将种子萌发获得的血叶兰根状茎作为研究对象,转接到添加不同花宝、不同浓度KT、NAA、IBA等生长调节剂的1/2MS培养基中,筛选出诱导血叶兰根状茎的分化培养、丛生芽培养、壮苗生根培养的最佳培养基。结果表明,诱导种子离体萌发最适宜的培养基是KC+20g/L土豆+20g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂;诱导血叶兰根状茎分化的最佳培养基是1/2MS+1g/L花宝4号+20g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂+1g/L活性炭;诱导血叶兰丛生芽增殖的最佳培养基是1/2MS+3.0mg/L KT+0.3mg/L NAA+20g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂,增殖系数是5.05;优选的血叶兰无菌苗壮苗生根的培养基是1/2MS+0.5mg/L IBA+0.5mg/L NAA+20g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂。     

切花百合鳞片组织培养技术

选取切花百合靠近鳞茎盘的基部鳞片作为实验材料，采用组培方法进行繁殖实验，结果表明接种适宜的培养基为MS＋BA2mg／L＋NAA0．3mg／L，pH5．7，继代扩繁时可以对培养基进行再利用以降低成本，不同品种生根培养基不同。     

矮牵牛组培快繁技术研究

以矮牵牛种子为外植体，将其接种在MS＋6-BA1mg／L＋NAA0．03mg／L的培养基中进行培养，7～10天种子开始萌芽，15～20天新芽被诱导成愈伤组织，30天左右愈伤组织被诱导分化出丛生芽，再将丛生芽接种于MS＋6-BA0．5mg／L＋NAA0．05mg／L的培养基中进行继代培养出成苗，最后将成苗接种于1／2MS＋NAA0．03mg／L培养基中，5～7天可生根，7～10天生根率可达100％。     

台湾桤木组培再生体系的建立

以台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)优良单株半木质化茎段诱导的初代芽为材料,研究培养基对继代增殖、生根的影响,建立组培再生体系。结果显示:初代芽在MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+KT 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.06 mg/L+琼脂4 g/L+蔗糖30 g/L的培养基上进行继代增殖培养,增殖系数可达2.17以上;在1/2 MS+6-BA 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.4 mg/L+IBA 0.8 mg/L+琼脂4g/L+蔗糖30 g/L的培养基上生根培养,株平均根条数3.12以上,平均生根率67%以上。     

利用辣木茎段建立植株再生体系的研究

选择印度改良辣木的幼苗茎段,经外植体消毒后,进行了不定芽初代诱导、继代培养、生根诱导和生根苗移植试验,结果表明:最适不定芽初代诱导培养基为MS 6BA1mg/L 卡拉胶5g/L, 糖30g/L,继代培养基为MS 6BA0.4mg/L NAA0.2mg/L 卡拉胶5g/L 糖30g/L,生根培养基为1/2MS IBA0.4mg/L NAA0.2mg/L 卡拉胶7g/L 糖20g/L,最适的生根瓶苗移栽基质为黄心土40% 泥炭60%,并对微繁体系建立过程中继代苗的玻璃化、生根苗黄化及愈伤头过大、移栽过程中的管理等问题进行了讨论.     

火鹤花微体快繁试验报告

对火鹤花微体快繁从外植体的建立、继代培养、生根培养到移栽方法,进行了一系列研究,初步探明了影响微体快繁效果的主要因素。结果表明,火鹤花外植体消毒以0.1%HgCl2液消毒10min;外植体培养基以MS 6-BA1mg/L IBA0.5mg/L 蔗糖30g/L 琼脂5.5g/L,pH=6.1;继代培养基以MS 6-BA1.5～2.0mg/L IBA0.5mg/L 蔗糖25～35g/L 琼脂6g/L,pH=6.1;生根培养基以1/2MS为佳;移栽基质以1/2MS培养基 珍珠岩为好;工厂化生产以细河砂:蛭石=2∶1为基质并浇豆饼水较为经济合理。     

杂交鹅掌楸的离体培养和植株再生研究

将杂交鹅掌楸3年生母树的饱满冬眠顶芽、侧芽接种在MS培养基上培养20d后，继以在改良MS(铵态氮与硝态氮的质量分数比为1：1)培养基上培养15d，2种培养基均含有IBA0．15mg／L。启动阶段在培养基中添加BA1．0mg／L ZT1．0mg／L TDZ0．05mg／L VC7．5mg／L S30g/L。继代增殖培养时添加BA1．0mg／L ZT0．5mg／L TDZ0．05mg／L VC7．5mg／L S30g／L，有效芽苗增殖倍数达3．8。壮苗培养时添加BA0．5mg／L ZT0．5mg／L TDZ0．05mg／L VC7．5mg／L S30g/L，芽苗粗壮，高达3．5cm。生根培养基1／2MS添加IBA0．1mg／L NAA0．1mg／L S20g／L 活性碳0．2％，生根率达75％。移栽至砻糠灰与黄心土按3：1(体积比)的混合基质中．成活率最高达65％。     

文山红柱兰组培技术研究

以文山红柱兰种子为外植体,进行了种子无菌萌发,球茎丛生芽继代增殖、无根苗生根培养等的组培技术研究.其研究结果表明:在1/2 MS 0.2 mg/LBA 0.2 mg/LNAA的培养基上文山红柱兰种子的萌发效果最好;在1/2 MS BA1.5 mg/L NAA0.2 mg/L 80 g/L香蕉泥 1 g/L花宝4号培养基上进行增殖培养效果较好,在1/2 MS 0.6 mg/LNAA 0.2 mg/LBA 0.3 %活性炭培养基的生根培养效果较好.苗高6～8 cm时可出瓶炼苗.     

野生柱穗醉鱼草嫩芽的组培技术研究

以野生柱穗醉鱼草的嫩芽为外植体,分诱导培养,茎芽增殖,继代培养,生根培养4个阶段进行其组培技术研究,结果表明:外植体消毒用0.1%升汞液浸泡7 min效果较好;最佳的诱导培养基是MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA0.02 mg/L;茎芽增殖培养基是MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA0.02 mg/L;继代培养基是MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L;生根培养基是MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA 0.02 mg/L AC 0.3%。     

蓝花楹组织培养研究

文章以蓝花楹(Jacaranda mimosifolia)种子无菌育苗获得的外植体为材料,进行增殖和生根培养条件优化筛选研究,以建立其高效稳定的离体再生技术。结果表明,泥炭土中蓝花楹种子萌发最快,芽最健壮;最适宜的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA1.0 mg/L+IBA0.1mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂6 g/L,继代周期20d,增殖系数达4.77;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA0.5mg/L,20d生根率达100%;移栽到泥炭土:珍珠岩=2:1混合基质上,30d移栽成活率达92%以上。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.