Two magnetoreception pathways in a migratory salamander

Male eastern red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) under controlled laboratory conditions exhibit unimodal magnetic compass orientation either in a trained compass direction or in the direction of their home pond. If the vertical component of the magnetic field is inverted, newts exhibiting the simple-compass response undergo a 180 degree reversal in orientation, whereas newts orienting in the home direction are unaffected by this treatment. These results indicate that newts use an axial compass mechanism for simple-compass orientation similar to that found in migrating birds. However, a distinct magnetoreception pathway with polar response properties is involved in homing and is possibly linked in some way to the navigational map.     

上海农业发展与科技兴农对策研究

采取宏观与微观分析相结合,理论与实证研究相结合,专家咨询与头脑风暴法相结合的手法,在比较国内外先进农业发展道路的基础上,提出 了上海郊区农业定位与科技兴农的新思路,可为市各级领域提供决策参考。     

Honey bees: do they use the distance information contained in their dance maneuver?

Regular visitors at one site (experimental) in a linear series of sites normally recruit inexperienced hive mates to or near that site. If bees from a second hive were allowed to forage at both control sites, however, recruits from the experimental hive, while orienting to these sites, exhibited no evidence of having used any distance information they might have received before leaving their parent hive.     

Two visual systems in the frog

After unilateral removal of the optic tectum in frogs, the cut optic tract regenerates to the remaining ipsilateral tectum. Although the orienting movementselicited by moving objects (food or threats) are now directed mirror-symmetrically to normal responses, these frogs correctly localize stationary objects as barriers. Apparently, thalamic and tectal visual mechanisms can operate independently.     

国外奶牛业生产经营的模式、特点和转换趋势

本文介绍了国外奶牛业生产经营一体化模式下合作社、专业协会和企业集团的三种组织形式;分析了国外奶牛业生产经营呈现出的区域化、规模化、科学化、市场化以及加工型、控制型的特点;展望了国外奶牛业未来乳制品的结构和组织经营形式的转换趋势.在此基础上,归纳了国外奶牛业生产经营的经验对我国奶牛业健康、持续发展的三方面启示.     

Molecular recognition in the selective oxygenation of saturated C-H bonds by a dimanganese catalyst

Although enzymes often incorporate molecular recognition elements to orient substrates selectively, such strategies are rarely achieved by synthetic catalysts. We combined molecular recognition through hydrogen bonding with C-H activation to obtain high-turnover catalytic regioselective functionalization of sp3 C-H bonds remote from the -COOH recognition group. The catalyst contains a Mn(mu-O)2Mn reactive center and a ligand based on Kemp's triacid that directs a -COOH group to anchor the carboxylic acid group of the substrate and thus modify the usual selectivity for oxidation. Control experiments supported the role of hydrogen bonding in orienting the substrate to achieve high selectivity.     

响应面法优化蓝藻溶藻菌CZBC1发酵培养工艺

[目的]优化蓝藻溶藻菌——蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1的发酵培养工艺,为蓝藻溶藻菌制剂的工业化发酵生产提供技术支持.[方法]通过单因素试验筛选适合蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1生长的最适碳源和氮源,在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合试验设计(CCD)确定关键因子的最佳数量水平,并以Desig-Expert 8.0.5进行回归分析,通过响应面分析获得CZBC1的最佳发酵培养工艺参数.[结果]蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1的最佳碳源、氮源分别为麸皮+糖蜜(1:1)和酵母膏.以麸皮+糖蜜用量(A)、酵母膏用量(B)、pH(C)、培养时间(D)为因素变量,CZBC1芽孢数(lgN)为响应值,拟合得到二次多元回归方程为lgN=8.5019-0.2222A+0.0998B-0.1292C+0.3801D+0.2194AB-0.1133AC+0.1350AD+0.2049BC-0.0651BD+0.0638CD-0.1260A2-0.3152B2-0.0380C2-0.2533D2,其中,碳源(麸皮+糖蜜)用量与氮源(酵母膏)用量的交互作用、碳源用量与pH的交互作用、碳源用量与培养时间的交互作用、氮源用量与pH的交互作用对CZBC1芽孢数的影响均达极显著水平(P<0.01,下同).响应面分析优化得到的蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1最佳发酵培养参数:麸皮+糖蜜6.84 g/L,酵母膏3.36 g/L,pH 6.50,培养时间42 h.此条件下,CZBC1芽孢数的实际值为5.75×108 CFU/mL,与理论值(5.90×108 CFU/mL)间无显著差异(P>0.05),但极显著高于优化前采用营养肉汤发酵培养的芽孢数(1.28×107 CFU/mL).[结论]采用响应面法优化得出蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1最佳发酵培养工艺能有效提高菌株的芽孢数量,且模型拟合效果较好,可用于指导蓝藻溶藻菌制剂的工业化发酵生产.     

不同饥饿程度的星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera C·L·Koch)成虫对菜蚜的捕食作用

为了摸清饥饿程度对星豹蛛捕食作用、捕食速率等的影响,科学评价天敌对害虫的控制作用,合理保护天敌,本试验研究了不同饥饿程度星豹蛛雌、雄成蛛对菜蚜的捕食作用。结果表明,星豹蛛雄成蛛在未饥饿和饥饿18 h、24 h时间段以及雌成蛛在未饥饿时对菜蚜的功能反应属于HollingⅡ反应模型;而星豹蛛雄成蛛在饥饿48 h、雌成蛛在饥饿18 h、24 h、48 h时间段对菜蚜的功能反应不属于HollingⅡ反应模型。星豹蛛雌、雄成蛛间在各种饥饿条件下在24 h内的捕食量影响不显著,且与时间段(X)间的模型分别为V=4.2040-2.0229t+0.2971t2和V=2.19999-0.8728t+0.1071t2。星豹蛛雌、雄成蛛对菜蚜的捕食量(Na)随时间(t)的变化模型分别为Na=60/(1+e1.516212-0.04176t)和Na=60/(1+e1.52444+0.10883t)。     

Optimization of an artificial neural network topology using coupled response surface methodology and genetic algorithm for fluidized bed drying

In this study, an integrated response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) are recommended for developing artificial neural networks (ANNs) with great chances to be an optimal one. A multi-layer feed forward (MLFF) ANN was applied to correlate the outputs (energy and exergy) to the four exogenous inputs (drying time, drying air temperature, carrot cubes size, and bed depth). The RSM was used to build the relationship between the input parameters and output responses, and used as the fitness function to measure the fitness value of the GA approach. In the relationship building, five variables were used (number of neurons, momentum coefficient and step size in the hidden layer, number of epochs and number of training times). A polynomial model was developed from training results to mean square error (MSE) of 50 developed ANNs to generate 3D response surfaces and contour plots. Finally, GA was applied to find the optimal topology of ANN. The ANN topology had minimum MSE when the number of neurons in the hidden layer, momentum coefficient, step size, number of training epochs and training times were 28, 0.66, 0.35, 2877 and 3, respectively. The energy and exergy of carrot cubes during fluidized bed drying were predicted with R² values of greater than 0.97 using optimal ANN topology.     

Solar tracking by plants

Leaves of many desert and agricultural species have the ability to move diurnally, orienting perpendicular or parallel to the sun's direct rays. This phenomenon is widespread in many plant families and occurs in both C(3) and C(4) photosynthetic pathway plants. In the annual flora of desert communities, solar tracking becomes more frequent as the length of the growing season decreases. Leaves that are perpendicular to the sun's direct rays for tracking appear to have high photosynthetic rates throughout the day, whereas leaves parallel to the sun's rays have reduced leaf temperatures and transpirational water losses.     

水稻品种对白背飞虱取食及产卵行为的影响

以感虫品种Taichung Native 1(TN1)和Rathu Heenati(RHT)为对照,以取食量、产卵痕数、产卵量和卵孵化率为测定指标,研究了白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)在6个水稻品种上的取食与产卵行为的差异性.结果表明,水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性表现出3种类型,即拒取食性为主、拒产卵性为主和拒取食性兼有拒产卵作用;水稻品种对白背飞虱拒取食和拒产卵作用间有一定相关性;水稻感、抗品种间卵的孵化率(发育率)无明显差异;在水稻抗白背飞虱产卵性的研究中,延长饲养时间是十分必要的.     

胡杨冠幅对塔里木河下游应急生态输水的响应

以塔里木河下游10次生态输水的效果为背景,根据近5a在塔里木河下游阿拉干断面的大量野外调查数据,分析了胡杨冠幅对应急生态输水的响应.结果显示:随着输水次数的增加,胡杨冠幅呈梯度变化的趋势,输水对增加胡杨叶量和活枝有一定的促进作用,不同冠幅级的胡杨主要分布在距河道200 m的范围,且其分布都与离河道距离呈显著负相关关系,...     

Corresponding spatial gradients of TOP molecules in the developing retina and optic tectum

The topographic map of cell position in the avian retina is inverted in its projection to the optic tectum. Dorsal retinal ganglion cell axons project to ventral tectum, and ventral retinal ganglion cells project to dorsal tectum. Topographic gradients of toponymic (TOP) cell surface molecules along the dorsoventral axes of retina and tectum also are inverted. TOP molecules are most abundant in dorsal retina and ventral tectum and least abundant in ventral retina and dorsal tectum during the period of initial retinal-tectal interaction. Thus, TOP molecules may be involved in orienting the retinotectal map.     

The structure of human 5-lipoxygenase

The synthesis of both proinflammatory leukotrienes and anti-inflammatory lipoxins requires the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). 5-LOX activity is short-lived, apparently in part because of an intrinsic instability of the enzyme. We identified a 5-LOX-specific destabilizing sequence that is involved in orienting the carboxyl terminus, which binds the catalytic iron. Here, we report the crystal structure at 2.4 angstrom resolution of human 5-LOX stabilized by replacement of this sequence.     

越冬紫花苜蓿根系性状与秋眠性的关系及其抗寒效应

【目的】秋眠是紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）对晚秋生长环境变化的一种适应性反应,根系是紫花苜蓿越冬的主要功能器官,秋眠性与其越冬具重要关联,但对于如何通过根系性状的越冬特征来实现抗寒效应,仍不清楚。文章中从根系性状越冬反应的角度,探究秋眠性对紫花苜蓿抗寒性的作用过程。【方法】采用11个标准秋眠级紫花苜蓿品种为材料,以紫花苜蓿在中国适宜分布区中较为寒冷的中温带地区为例,通过标准主轴分析（standardized major axis,SMA）等方法,研究不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿各根系性状在越冬过程的差异化响应及其异速生长关系,进一步采用偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）等方法,研究不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿通过根系策略来实现其抗寒效应的关键作用因子。【结果】（1）随着秋眠性的减弱（即秋眠级提高）,越冬紫花苜蓿根颈直径和侧根数显著减小（P＜0.05）,秋眠性较强的紫花苜蓿具有增强储藏的表型特征,而主根直径、侧根直径等则随着秋眠性的减弱而显著趋于增大（P＜0.05）,侧根数量与侧根的其他特性表现一定的权衡关系（P＜0.05）;（2）受秋眠级的影响,根系性状之间表现显著的异速生长关系,主要表现在根颈入土深度、侧根位置、侧根数等性状之间,其异速生长斜率与1存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,不同根系性状在越冬期间对秋眠级具有不同的响应策略;（3）紫花苜蓿越冬率与秋眠级具有显著的负相关关系,但并非线性响应,而是呈现逻辑斯蒂曲线变化特征,1-5秋眠级趋于稳定在高越冬率水平（＞95%）,中间级别5-8级的越冬率逐渐急剧减小（50%-70%）,9-11级在中高纬度难以越冬（＜5%）;（4）影响紫花苜蓿越冬率的正向贡献因子是根颈直径、侧根数（P＜0.05）,而主根直径、侧根直径等因子的提高反而降低了紫花苜蓿的抗寒性（P＜0.05）,根系直径等性状并非决定抗寒能力的主导因子。【结论】不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿的根系性状表现出对越冬低温胁迫的差异化响应特征,不同性状具有异速生长关系;紫花苜蓿主要通过增加根颈直径和侧根数来提高其抗寒性,并不取决于根系其他表型性状的绝对大小;越冬期间,不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿根系策略的适应性变化,是实现其抗寒效应的重要途径。     

雏鸡感染网状内皮组织增殖病病毒后免疫病理的研究

 研究了 1日龄 SPF雏鸡感染网状内皮组织增殖病病毒 ( REV)后 ,胸腺和脾脏 T细胞增殖反应及 T细胞数量、法氏囊和脾脏 B细胞增殖反应和抗体生成细胞数量、胸腺和脾脏 IL- 2及 IFN诱生活性的动态变化。结果发现 ,雏鸡感染 REV后 ,胸腺和脾脏 T细胞增殖反应及数量、法氏囊和脾脏 B细胞增殖反应和 Ig G+、Ig M+、Ig A+抗体生成细胞数量均明显低于未感染对照雏鸡 ;胸腺和脾脏 IL- 2及脾脏 IFN诱生活性显著下降 ,表明感染 REV后雏鸡中枢和外周免疫器官细胞免疫和体液免疫降低及细胞因子 IL- 2及 IFN免疫调节减弱。     

紫外辐射UV-B增加对小麦株高和节间细胞长度影响的初步研究

研究了UV-B强度增加对小麦株高、各节间长度及各节间纵向细胞个数、细胞长度的影响,结果表明:UV- B强度增加,小麦株高呈显著下降趋势,小麦株高下降是由于节间长度缩短,而节间个数不变,且各节间缩短的百分率也有显著的差异,穗下第4,5节间的长度缩短对于株高下降影响的效应较大。显微切片测定节间细胞的纵向长度结果表明:穗下第五节间和穗下第四节间的缩短主要是由于节间纵向细胞个数下降,而穗下第三节间和穗下第二节间的缩短主要是由于节间细胞纵向长度缩短。小麦节间缩短和叶片长度的缩短呈显著的正相关。     

都市圈中都市农业产业定位问题研究

本文从都市农业概念的内涵出发,对都市圈中都市农业的产业定位问题进行了一个初步探讨。都市农业产业定位是当前都市农业深化发展的客观要求,其内容包括行业定位、市场定位、经营方式定位和组织方式定位。当前我国都市农业在产业定位过程中存在着类工业园区现象、功能定位不清和统筹不足等同题,解决这些问题需要推进合理的农业结构布局和完善都市农业经营的绩效评估体系。     

The Relationship Between Developmental Accumulation of Leaf Soluble Proteins and Vernalization Response of Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell）

The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in total leaf soluble proteins were determined in one spring （cv. Kohdasht） and two winter （cvs. Sardari and Norstar） cultivars of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） exposed to 4℃. Plants were sampled on days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4℃. The final leaf number （FLN） was determined throughout the vernalization periods （0, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d） at 4℃. The final leaf number decreased until days 24 and 35 in Sardari and Norstar eultivars, respectively, indicating the vernalization saturation at these times. No clear changes were detected in the final leaf number of Kohdash cultivar, verifying no vernalization requirement for this spring wheat cultivar. Comparing with control, clear cold-induced 2-fold increases in proteins quantity occurred after 48 h following the 4℃-treatment in the leaves of the both winter wheat cultivars but, such response was not detected in the spring cultivar. However, the electrophoretic protein patterns showed between-cultivar and between-temperature treatment differences. With increasing exposure time to 4℃, the winter cultivars tended to produce more HMW polypeptides than the spring cultivar. Similar proteins were induced in both Sardari and Norstar winter wheat cultivars, however, the long vernalization requirement in Norstar resulted in high level and longer duration of expression of cold-induced proteins compared to Sardari with a short vernalization requirement. These observations indicate that vernalization response regulates the expression of low temperature （LT） tolerance proteins and determines the duration of expression of LT- induced proteins.     

Quartz: preferred orientation in rocks produced by dauphine twinning

X-ray analyses of quartz aggregates deformed in the laboratory andin nature show a striking difference in the preferred orientation of the positive and negative trigonal forms. These observations may be accounted for by mechanically induced Dauphiné twinning. This orienting mechanism is unusual in that it requires no permanent strain.