红麻料片的压缩特性及压力与压缩密度的数学模型

进行了红麻料片在闭式容器内的压缩试验。对红麻料片的压力－变形曲线分析表明：红麻料片的压缩过程存在松散、过渡和压紧３个阶段。进一步对试验数据进行统计分析,建立了红麻全秆料片的压力ｐ与压缩密度γ在松散阶段的数学模型为γ＝ａ＋ｂｐ,过渡和压紧阶段的数学模型γ＝ａｐ＾ｂ。在松散压缩阶段通过增加压力来提高红麻料片的压缩密度效果较好。     

玉米秸秆丝化压缩临界成型条件试验

因玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型不同于一般物料的粉碎制粒和压缩打捆,因此通过自制压缩成型模具和计算机控制的电子万能试验机对丝化后的秸秆物料进行压缩成型试验,研究了不同物料尺寸、不同含水率及不同压缩方式对丝化后玉米秸秆成型块松弛比的影响。研究结果表明:考虑到用途和功率消耗因素,玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型的最佳含水率应控制在10%~20%范围内,使用多频快速压缩(压缩速度500mm/min,连续压缩5~8次),玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型的最小压力为6.22MPa,否则要应用更大的压力才能成型。该试验对压缩工艺的优化、压缩设备的研制和压缩成型后产品的特性研究具有重要参考意义。     

青贮玉米螺旋缺口锯齿型揉丝破碎辊设计与试验

针对青贮玉米收获机玉米秸秆揉丝破碎效果差、效率低,影响青贮秸秆后期发酵与粗纤维转化的问题,并考虑到青贮玉米秸秆的韧性较大,设计了适合青贮玉米秸秆揉丝破碎的试验台。对秸秆的揉搓破碎机理和辊齿关键参数进行了分析和优化设计,得出当两辊齿锋面对钝面并配合螺旋缺口时,可达到对秸秆的挤压、揉搓和剪切效果,并建立了基于离散元法的玉米秸秆颗粒粘结模型,利用EDEM开展虚拟仿真试验,探究齿数、两辊差速比、缺口螺旋圈数和主动辊转速对秸秆丝化率的影响效果,得出了最优参数组合为：破碎辊齿数166、差速比30%、缺口螺旋圈数80、主动辊转速5000r/min,仿真试验与台架试验结果的相对误差为3.03%;台架试验结束后,采用宾州筛对其筛分,小型物料占比38.37%、标准物料占比52.75%、未完全破碎物料占比8.88%,与仿真试验结果一致。开展了对照试验,结果表明螺旋缺口锯齿型破碎辊对玉米秸秆的丝化率较常规齿型破碎辊提高8.22%,满足行业标准并实现了对玉米秸秆的高破碎和高效率。     

悬挂式青贮机调质装置的设计及试验研究

青贮饲料经过调质后,能够使物料与发酵催化物接触更充分,从而大幅提高青贮饲料质量和饲料利用率。为此,建立了青贮物料在揉搓叶片上进入揉搓前的运动微分方程,结合青贮玉米秸秆物料物理特性的理论研究,以4QG-2型悬挂式青贮机为模型,设计了一套悬挂式青贮机调质装置。对装置进行了正交试验,结果表明:揉搓叶片6片、揉搓板2块时,揉搓装置的揉搓破碎率最高;随着揉搓叶片和揉搓板数量减少,揉搓破碎率呈下降趋势;物料切段长度对于揉搓破碎率影响较小,可以认为揉搓装置对于各种切段长度的物料具有良好的适应性。     

玉米秸秆机械化揉丝制草技术

玉米秸秆挤丝揉搓加工技术是变传统的玉米秸秆横向铡切为纵向挤丝揉搓，将玉米秸秆揉搓加工成柔软的丝状饲草，玉米秸秆经挤丝揉搓加工后，破坏了秸秆表皮结构，使饲草柔软，适口性好，可提高采食率。传统铡草青贮秸秆利用率在70％左右，而挤丝揉搓加工的秸秆饲草利用率可达97％以上。     

粉碎玉米秸秆压缩特性试验研究

粉碎玉米秸秆的压缩特性对玉米秸秆饲料化工艺的优化和设备的研制有着重要的影响。为此,利用万能材料试验机结合自制压缩装置,对不同筛网粉碎后的玉米秸秆(品种:SC704)进行压缩试验,深入研究含水率、粉碎粒度、压缩速度对粉碎玉米秸秆压缩特性的综合影响。根据二次回归通用旋转组合设计原理设计试验方案,通过试验分析建立了最大压缩力与含水率、粉碎粒度、压缩速度之间的回归模型。试验结果表明:当粉碎玉米秸秆压缩至300kg/m^3时,含水率对粉碎玉米秸秆可压缩性影响极显著,粉碎粒度及压缩速度对粉碎玉米秸秆可压缩性影响显著;最大压缩力随含水率的增大而减小、随粉碎粒度的增大而增大、随压缩速度的增大而增大。     

不同压缩比和青贮时间下玉米秸秆厌氧发酵性能研究

青贮是保障秸秆长期贮存和可持续供应的重要方式,秸秆压缩后青贮更便于贮存和运输。选用玉米秸秆为原料,采用不同时间、不同压缩比进行青贮,分析了相应的玉米秸秆成分变化,并对压缩青贮后秸秆进行了厌氧发酵产气特性实验。结果表明:玉米秸秆在长期青贮时,采取高密度贮存可有效减少干物质损失,青贮300 d时,未压缩组的总固体(TS)回收率为26.5%,1∶6压缩组的TS回收率为51.0%,较未压缩组提高了92.5%。延长青贮时间会显著降低玉米秸秆沼气产量,青贮40 d时,未压缩组的累计产气量为23.2 m L/g,而1∶6压缩组为282.9 m L/g;青贮300 d时,未压缩组产气潜力丧失,1∶6压缩组累计产气量达200.3 m L/g,说明采用高压缩比对保持青贮秸秆的产沼气性能更为有利。     

玉米秸秆揉丝包膜青贮技术

玉米秸秆揉丝包膜青贮技术主要设备有玉米秸秆揉丝机、打捆机和包膜机。工艺流程为:秸秆存放-晾晒-机械揉搓-添加菌种-打捆压实-裹包存放。技术要点是:1.青贮原料。传统玉米秸秆青贮大多利用收穗后的秸秆直接去除杂物和根茎进行调制。而该技术则要求秸秆的含水率控制在45%～60%之间。玉米     

秸秆多级辊压成型原理与装置设计

基于不封闭状态下的秸秆辊压成型原理及理论,提出了多级辊压秸秆冷成型技术方案。进行了秸秆多级辊压成型关键性能参数和技术可行性试验研究,以不同含水率9%~23%、粒度0~12mm的玉米秸秆为对象,研究在不封闭状态下秸秆物料的压缩成型特性,发现压缩过程存在屈服现象,压缩过程可划分为松散、压紧、屈服和成型4个阶段,在一定粒度下,秸秆物料的压缩屈服极限随着含水率的增加而减小;测试含水率9%的秸秆在不同压缩阶段的秸秆成型块厚度且计算各级压缩比,验证了不封闭状态下的秸秆辊压成型原理可行且为秸秆多级辊压成型装置提供设计依据。最后,依据秸秆多级辊压秸秆成型原理及秸秆物料压缩过程,设计多级辊压秸秆成型装置,以满足生物质秸秆成型的产地高效工业化生产技术要求。     

锥辊式玉米秸秆揉搓装置的设计

分析了玉米秸秆特性和揉搓机理,利用三维设计软件开发了锥辊式玉米秸秆揉搓装置。该装置主要由集料斗、锥辊、花键轴及斜齿轮等组成,与锤片式玉米秸秆揉搓装置相比,其结构有所简化。简述了揉搓纹杆的成形原理,给出了揉搓纹杆的平面曲线方程。对玉米秸秆揉搓过程中秸秆空间运动规律及受力情况进行了分析,并建立了玉米秸秆揉搓过程的空间几何模型。通过对秸秆运动过程仿真实现算法的设计,在Matlab环境下进行了虚拟试验,进一步优化了样机的结构参数和运动参数。经样机试制与试验,对其作业性能进行了测试,证明了其工作有效性。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。