水土保持对区域植被演替的影响——以黄土高原地区为例

 在综述已有研究的基础上,结合实地调查,初步分析了水土保持对植被演替影响的主要方式,不同水土保持措施(工程措施、人工恢复植被、水土保持生态自我修复)对植被演替所产生的影响。结果表明,水土保持生态自我修复下的植被演替趋向自然演替过程,而人工恢复植被的影响取决于物种选择与营造方式,不当的物种及纯林营造,往往使植物群落结构单一化,植被正常演替中断或逆向发展。反之,则可促进植被正常演替,缩短植被恢复过程。工程措施对植被演替的影响,可能更多地表现其对植物群落空间分布格局方面。但要全面科学地认识和评价水土保持对区域植被演替的影响,仍需系统的调查研究。     

退耕草地演替过程中植被根系的动态变化及其垂直分布

 研究根系在植被演替过程中的变化对揭示植被演替的一般规律有重要意义。采用以空间代替时间的方法,对黄土高原不同退耕年限的草地植被根系的动态变化及其垂直分布特征进行研究。结果表明:在根系样品采集方法上,挖掘法比根钻法更有利于真实反映深层根系的分布状况;根系在0～150cm土层的总生物量,随演替时间并不是线性增长,而是呈分阶段的阶梯式的上升趋势;从根系的垂直分布来看,根系生物量与根长密度均表现为随土层的加深而降低,不同土层中,又以表层0～15cm土壤中的根系生物量与根长密度数值最高;拟合不同演替年限的根系垂直分布特征系数后发现,演替初期,根系有向深层土壤分布的趋势,到演替的第10～22a,根系分布趋于向表层土壤集中,演替后期,根系再次趋于向深层土壤分布。     

石河子绿洲农业生态系统演替规律初探

研究分析玛纳斯河流域石河子绿洲农业生态系统演替规律结果表明,随着技术投入和市场的开放,绿洲农业生产力呈正向演替,而与之相应的生态环境部分呈逆向演替。人类活动是绿洲演替(正向或逆向)的根本动因,而绿洲所处的环境条件是加速其演替进程的关键,其中水资源时空分布及利用格局是主导因素。玛纳斯河流域农业生态系统良性演替需建立在绿洲资源要素时空优化配置及其协调开发利用上。     

子午岭地区近150年演替序列下植被群落组成与结构变化

[目的] 研究自然恢复条件下植物群落组成与垂直结构变化,为黄土高原的植被建设与高质量发展提供理论依据。 [方法] 以空间代时间的方法,调查分析子午岭地区从弃耕到顶级群落植被的物种组成、多样性特征;并构建反映群落垂直结构特征的指数,研究其变化趋势。 [结果] ①该地区共观察到植被种类42科98属115种,其中8个演替序列中有32科77属88种。 ②演替中群落总体的物种多样性和丰富度均呈显著增加趋势,演替初期两指数值分别为0.901与1.702,演替末期则为1.998与2.665,且在中期均表现出单峰突增态势,而均匀度变化不明显。 ③演替中,乔木各指标有增加趋势;乔木胸径初期为12.13 cm,末期增加至22.19 cm,冠幅由11.64 m²增加至41.54 m²,乔木生物量由54.07 t/hm²增加至175.13 t/hm²;而灌木各指标变化不显著,灌木生物量在演替中期呈现显著峰值,最高为9.56 t/hm²,但在随后的演替过程中呈迅速波动下降态势,演替末期生物量仅为1.82 t/hm²。由灌木群落演替至乔木群落时,枯落物层的厚度显著增加,而盖度在各演替阶段间无显著性差异。 ④演替初期的综合垂直结构指数较低且相近,为0.086～0.104,演替中期迅速增加至0.349,在演替接近末期时达到最大值0.477。林下植被垂直结构指数在演替中期最高(0.342),演替末期降低并趋于稳定(0.195～0.246)。 [结论] 随着自然演替,群落物种多样性和丰富度均得到显著提升,群落总体垂直结构向复杂化发展,林下垂直结构则在演替后期呈现退化。     

陕北黄土丘陵区退耕地植物群落演替特征

为了解黄土丘陵区侵蚀地貌退耕地植物群落演替模式及其基本特征,以陕北安塞纸坊沟流域的20块不同年限退耕地和荒坡为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法进行植物群落的调查和演替特征的分析。结果表明:退耕地植物群落大致经历了茵陈蒿群落—杂类草—狗尾草群落—长芒草群落—铁杆蒿群落—茭蒿群落的演替过程。植物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现出随演替进行而上升的变化规律,但上升的速率各异;演替前期和中期的群落基本上属于对数级数分布,说明该阶段的物种组成主要是生态位预占模式起作用,演替后期的群落属于对数正态分布,可能是生态位预占、周围繁殖体的侵入压力、种间竞争和其他因素共同作用的结果;群落盖度变化与演替时间符合二次函数变化规律。     

不同演替阶段群落根系分布与土壤团聚体特征的协同变化

采用空间代替时间的方法,选取黄土高原丘陵区退耕地演替前期(茵陈蒿)、中期(铁杆蒿)和后期(白羊草)典型群落,研究了不同植物群落在不同演替阶段的根系特征、分布格局及其与土壤团聚体之间的关系。结果表明:群落根系主要为2mm的细根,且多向土壤表层集中,根长密度、表面积,根系生物量以及比根长表现出随着直径的增大而减小规律。同时随着演替的进行,土壤团聚体稳定性有所增强,根长密度和根表面积也表现出增长趋势。对比群落根系分布与土壤团聚体的相关关系可知,表层0.5~2mm的细根根长、表面积与根系生物量和土壤团聚体稳定性极显著相关,说明了植物细根在群落演替以及土壤结构变化中具有重要作用。     

桂西南退化喀斯特植被自然恢复研究

采用"空间代替时间"方法结合"相似系统原理"建立退化群落自然恢复演替系列,对桂西南退化喀斯特植被自然恢复过程中群落高度、生物量等结构功能指标的恢复度和恢复速度进行了分析.结果表明:桂西南退化喀斯特植被群落自然恢复在群落演替初期阶段速度很慢,每提高0.1恢复度需要约10.7 a时间;到演替中期出现恢复加速期,每提高0.1恢复度需要2.6～3.5 a;到演替后期恢复速度又下降,每提高0.1恢复度需要3.5～5.3 a.退化群落从草本群落阶段达到群落结构、功能的基本恢复需要30～40 a,但要达到群落结构、功能的完全恢复则需要近100 a.     

国内榆树疏林研究现状

榆树疏林是分布在我国北方农牧交错带上的一种非常特殊的沙地植被类型,是阻止沙漠扩张的重要屏障。通过回顾上世纪六七十年代至今国内对于榆树疏林的大部分研究经历和成果,包括对榆树疏林的分布、类型、结构特点、演替与生长更新,指出目前研究中存在的问题:研究手段和方法较为普通,发展缓慢,缺乏新意,研究案例和成果还非常有限,对榆树疏林的重视程度还有待加强,同时提出了对榆树疏林研究的发展方向。     

燕儿沟人工植被营造模式与快速建设研究

依据植被地带性分布规律及植物群落演替的原理,分析研究了燕儿沟植被类型、植物群落演替规律及土壤水分动态,认为燕儿沟以建立稀树灌草混交模式为主,提出并实施了８个混交类型,采用抗旱营林技术,当所成活率高,示范效果好。     

栾城县种植业结构演替的功能效应分析

分析了河北省栾城县４０年种植业结构演替特征及其功能效应,结果表明,以产量为主目标的结构演替能较充分发挥光、热生产潜力,但环境压力相应增加,营养平衡不协调及结构稳定性下降等。改善种植业系统的持久度,应开拓新的生态位,加强第一性生产力的多级转化利用,并以资源高效利用为目标进行结构调整。     

黄土丘陵区不同草本群落生物量与土壤水分的特征分析简

为阐明黄土丘陵区不同草本群落生物量与土壤水分的相关特征,通过野外调查与定点观测,对延河流域内不同演替阶段的5种草本植被（长芒草、铁杆蒿、茭蒿、白羊草、大针茅）群落地上生物量、土壤水分特征及其相关关系进行研究与分析.结果表明：在0～ 500 cm土层内,各演替阶段草本群落土壤含水量的垂直分布规律明显,均表现为浅层（0 ～ 50 cm）减少、中层（50 ～200 cm）增加、深层（200 ～ 500 cm）基本稳定的趋势;植物群落地上生物量均随着演替年限呈先增加后减小趋势,在白羊草群落阶段（退耕演替25 a左右）达到最大值;草本群落地上生物量与土壤含水量整体呈正相关关系,相关程度以0 ～ 200 cm土层较高;植被群落利用土壤水分土层深度随群落演替阶段逐渐加深,表现出对环境更强的适应性.     

黄河三角洲湿地不同植被群落下土壤养分含量特征

以黄河三角洲潮上带湿地为对象,通过采样、分析,研究了4种典型的植被群落下水盐梯度和土壤养分含量的变化特征。结果显示．沿植物群落演替方向,土壤水分含量无显著差异,土壤盐分呈逐渐降低的趋势,在一定程度上反映了植物群落的不同演替阶段。在这种水盐梯度下,植被群落的变化能够影响土壤养分含量,沿着植被演替方向,全碳与有机质含量随着演替方向呈先逐渐降低后增加的趋势,土壤碳氮比（C／N）在植被演替中期相对较高;全氮含量沿着演替方向呈现增加趋势,硝态氮与铵态氮先增加后降低;全磷与有效磷随演替变化系数较小,演替中期各理化性质变异系数相对较大。各群落土壤C／N值均小于25。相关分析表明,全氮、有机质与有效磷两两显著相关（p〈0.01）,有效磷还与含水率显著相关（p〈0．05）,硝态氮、铵态氮和全磷未显示出与其他理化性质的相关关系。含水率与pH值显著相关（p〈0．05）,且二者均与土壤盐分显著负相关（P〈0．01）。     

Successional trends in the characteristics of soil nematode communities in cropped and fallow lands in Senegal (Sonkorong)

Soil nematode communities in the 0–15 cm soil layer are used as indicators for describing the processes of fallow succession in the semi-arid zone of West Africa (Senegal). Abundance of plant feeding nematodes, non-plant feeding nematodes, plant parasite index (PPI), species richness and Shannon evenness of plant parasitic nematodes were measured at five stages of succession: fields, early (1–3 years), intermediate (8–10 years), old (18–20 years) fallows, and forest stage. These nematological indexes were analyzed simultaneously by multivariate analysis to show the indicative properties of nematode communities. Overall, changes in abundance of nematode groups, PPI and diversity, show continuous trends from early fallow to mature stages of the succession; these trends parallel theoretical trends in secondary succession. In addition, soil nematode parameters were meaningful and expressed interactions of various uncontrolled factors with successional processes, such as environmental conditions or cropping history. During the 3 years of the survey, the structure of nematode communities, described by index analysis, showed little temporal change and supported the use of nematodes as stable indicators.     

Succession of plant and soil microbial communities with restoration of abandoned land in the Loess Plateau, China

Purpose

There have been a number of studies on the succession of vegetation; however, the succession of soil microbes and the collaborative relationships between microbes and vegetation during land restoration remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to characterize soil microbial succession and to explore the collaborative mechanisms between microbes and vegetation during the restoration of abandoned land through quantitative ecology methods.

Materials and methods

The present research was carried out in the succession of a 5-year abandoned land and its conversion to Hippophae rhamnoides shrubs, Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation, and a naturally regenerated forest (mixed forest). Soil bacterial, archaeal and fungal characteristics were tested by real-time quantitative PCR assays and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The richness, diversity, and evenness indices were employed to analyze plant and microbial communities’ structure. The stability of plant and microbial communities was tested using Spearman’s rank correlation. The relationships between the regeneration scenarios and environmental factors were determined through canonical correspondence analysis.

Results and discussion

The aboveground biomass was significantly different among the sites. Soil bacterial, archaeal, and fungal rRNA gene abundances did not increase significantly with increasing soil organic carbon content. There were higher correlation coefficients between plant and total microbial communities on the richness, diversity, and evenness indices and ratios of positive to negative association compared to ones between plant and individual bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Soil bulk density, clay, pH, and litter were the primary significant environmental factors affecting the structure of plant and microbial communities. The positive relationships between plant and soil bacteria, fungi, and total microbe communities, as well as the negative relationships between plant and archaea, were demonstrated.

Conclusions

The results suggested that plants promote the growth of soil bacteria and fungi during the process of community succession on a small scale; however, plants inhibit the growth of soil archaea.     

Fire severity shapes plant colonization effects on bacterial community structure,microbial biomass,and soil enzyme activity in secondary succession of a burned forest

The increasing frequency and severity of wildfires has led to growing attention to the effects of fire disturbance on soil microbial communities and biogeochemical cycling. While many studies have examined fire impacts on plant communities, and a growing body of research is detailing the effects of fire on soil microbial communities, little attention has been paid to the interaction between plant recolonization and shifts in soil properties and microbial community structure and function. In this study, we examined the effect of a common post-fire colonizer plant species, Corydalis aurea, on soil chemistry, microbial biomass, soil enzyme activity and bacterial community structure one year after a major forest wildfire in Colorado, USA, in severely burned and lightly burned soils. Consistent with past research, we find significant differences in soil edaphic and biotic properties between severe and light burn soils. Further, our work suggests an important interaction between fire severity and plant effects by demonstrating that the recolonization of soils by C. aurea plants only has a significant effect on soil bacterial communities and biogeochemistry in severely burned soils, resulting in increases in percent nitrogen, extractable organic carbon, microbial biomass, β-glucosidase enzyme activity and shifts in bacterial community diversity. This work propounds the important role of plant colonization in succession by demonstrating a clear connection between plant colonization and bacterial community structure as well as the cycling of carbon in a post-fire landscape. This study conveys how the strength of plant–microbe interactions in secondary succession may shift based on an abiotic context, where plant effects are accentuated in harsher abiotic conditions of severe burn soils, with implications for bacterial community structure and enzyme activity.     

土壤微生物多样性与地上植被类型关系的研究进展

土壤微生物是生态系统中重要的组成成分,土壤微生物多样性代表着微生物群落的稳定性,对植物的生长发育和群落结构的演替具有重要作用。同时地上植被也影响土壤微生物多样性,地上植被和地下微生物间具协同作用和正负反馈效应的互作机制。探讨植被和土壤微生物多样性之间的互作关系,为植物保护和生态系统的可持续发展研究提供参考。     

土壤微生物多样性与地上植被类型关系的研究进展

土壤微生物是生态系统中重要的组成成分,土壤微生物多样性代表着微生物群落的稳定性,对植物的生长发育和群落结构的演替具有重要作用。同时地上植被也影响土壤微生物多样性,地上植被和地下微生物间具协同作用和正负反馈效应的互作机制。探讨植被和土壤微生物多样性之间的互作关系,为植物保护和生态系统的可持续发展研究提供参考。     

浑善达克沙地南缘农牧交错带弃耕地植被的演替规律

 以浑善达克沙地南缘农牧交错带不同年限弃耕地为对象,研究了不同年限弃耕地植物群落特征。结果表明:弃耕地的植被演替一般经历4个阶段:1年生杂草阶段、丛生小禾草阶段、多年生根茎禾草阶段和多年生丛生禾草阶段;地上生物量的变化与弃耕年限不是单一的直线关系,且随弃耕年限的增加,多年生植物的地上生物量占地上总生物量的百分比逐渐增大。对不同放牧干扰下弃耕地植被群落特征进行了研究,结果表明:在弃耕地植被演替的第1、2阶段不宜利用,但在弃耕地植被演替的第3、4阶段,可以进行适度利用;随着弃耕年限的增加,只要不对地表土壤进行破坏,弃耕地都会发生进展演替,并达到一个偏顶级群落,然后又会在放牧干扰下,发生逆行演替。