嗜水气单胞菌对三种鱼血红蛋白的影响

以嗜水气单胞菌感染鲤鱼、鲫鱼、乌鳢,并检测了第4d和第8d的血红蛋白含量。同时,观察感染后鱼所出现的症状。结果表明,鲤鱼、鲫鱼出现典型的由嗜水气单胞菌引起的败血症症状,乌鳢则为腐皮病症状;与对照组相比,三种感染鱼的血红蛋白含量在第4d都显著下降(P<0.05),到第8d均极显著降低(P<0.01)。     

彭泽鲫(♀)与黑龙江野鲤(♂)的杂交利用研究

以彭泽鲫为母本、黑龙江野鲤为父本进行杂交，将杂交一代(F1)的生长速度、抗病力、群体产量、经济效益、同工酶、生物学性状等与双亲进行对比试验。结果表明，杂交一代(F1)具有明显的优势，其生物学性状及同工酶谱与母本彭泽鲫相似。     

鲤疱疹病毒2型和3型三重PCR检测方法的建立与应用

鲤疱疹病毒2型和3型主要感染鲫(金)鱼(Carassius auratus)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)和锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)及其杂交种,具有高度的传染性和致病性,对养殖鲤科鱼类危害严重。为了建立快捷、高效且能同时检测这2种类型鲤疱疹病毒的检测技术,本研究根据鲤疱疹病毒的DNA聚合酶基因(2、3型)、解旋酶基因(2型)和胸苷激酶基因(3型)的保守序列,设计了3对特异性引物,通过对三重PCR的反应条件进行优化,建立起鲤疱疹病毒2型和3型三重PCR检测方法,并运用该方法对实验室保存的鲫鱼和鲤鱼组织样品进行检测。结果显示,该三重PCR检测方法仅在鲤疱疹病毒阳性样品中扩增出3条特异性条带,表现出良好的特异性;以克隆的目的基因质粒为模板,进行10倍梯度稀释,该检测方法能检出的极限值为2.85×102 copies/μL,表现出较高的灵敏性;运用该方法检测122份鲫鱼和60份鲤鱼样品,其结果与运用国家标准(GB/T 36194-2018)和行业标准(SC/T 7212.1-2011)方法检测的结果一致。本研究表明,构建的三重PCR检测方法不仅具有较高的准确性和灵敏度,还能同时检测2种类型的鲤疱疹病毒,有效提高检测效率。     

大蒜素在鲤、鲫血浆中的药物代谢动力学研究

建立鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)、鲫(Carassius auratus)血浆中大蒜素含量的气相色谱检测方法,并研究大蒜素在鲤、鲫体内的药物代谢动力学特征。对鲤、鲫以7.5 mg/kg的剂量单次口灌大蒜素,于停药后0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、12、24、36、48、72 h采集血浆,采用气相色谱法(GC)检测药物含量,通过DAS3.0软件分析药动学参数。结果显示:二烯丙基二硫醚(DADS)和二烯丙基三硫醚(DATS)的最低检测限均为10 ng/m L,DADS、DATS在鲤血浆中的平均回收率分别为77.05%~97.98%、73.39%~108.51%,在鲫血浆中的平均回收率分别为87.05%~95.68%、83.69%~102.75%。药物的两种主要成分在健康鲤鲫体内吸收较完全,分布广泛,DADS较DATS吸收快,消除慢。     

湘云鲫、湘云鲤消化道的组织学研究

采用石蜡切片法和显微测量法研究了新型三倍体鱼－湘鱼鲫（Carassius auratus Triploid)，湘云鲤（Cyprinus carpio Triploid)消化道的组织结构，并探讨了消化道组织结构和食性之间的关系，结果表明：湘云鲫，湘云鲤食道和肠道壁均由粘膜层，粘膜下层，肌层，浆膜层4层组成，缺乏粘膜肌，二者消化道的组织结构与其各自的食性一致，二者食道粘膜上皮由单层柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成，这与其它鱼类的不同，湘云鲫比湘云鲤具有对食物更强的消化吸收能力；／湘云鲫，湘云鲤肠道可分为前肠，中肠，后肠3段。     

Colouring ornamental fish (Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus) with microalgal biomass

Koi carp and goldfish value increases with intensity of skin colour, which is an important quality criterion. Fish cannot fully synthesize their own carotenoid colourings and these must therefore be included in their diet. Two trials were undertaken to investigate skin colour enhancement in ornamental species (i.e. three chromatic varieties of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), namely Kawari (red), Showa (black and red) and Bekko (black and white) and goldfish (Carassius auratus)) by feeding a dietary carotenoid supplement of freshwater microalgal biomass [Chlorella vulgaris, Haematococcus pluvialis, and also the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina)], using a diet containing synthetic astaxanthin and a control diet with no colouring added for comparison. In the first trial, five homogeneous duplicate groups of 25 juvenile koi carp (C. carpio) (initial mean body weight 24.6 ± 0.7 g) were fed, for 10 weeks, one of the four diets containing 80 mg colouring/kg diet. In the second trial, this procedure was repeated for five homogeneous duplicate groups of 25 goldfish (C. auratus) (initial mean body weight of 0.9 ± 0.1 g). Initial and final samples of skin along the dorsal fin were withdrawn, from five fish per group, for subsequent analysis of total carotenoid content (spectrophotometric analysis), and red hue (colorimetric analysis, CIE (1976) L* a* b* colour system). Growth and feed efficiency were not significantly different between groups administered by the various dietary treatments. In both trials, dietary carotenoid supplementation increased total skin carotenoid content. The more efficient colouring for koi carps was found to be C. vulgaris biomass, providing both maximum total carotenoid deposition and red hue for the three chromatic koi carp varieties studied, and particularly for the kawari variety. For goldfish the best colouring obtained, as ascertained by total carotenoid content, was also achieved using C. vulgaris biomass, and red hue was maximum when using H. pluvialis biomass.     

Evaluation of silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus, Mitchell) nutritional requirements during grow-out with high and low protein diets at two feeding levels

Silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus, Mitchell) of 65 g average weight were reared at high density under controlled conditions on diets containing 24.8% and 40.6% protein. Diets were fed at 2% or 4% of the fish biomass day^?1. Both protein concentrations and feeding level of the diet influenced growth and proximate composition of the fish at the end of the 50‐day growth trial. Energy requirement for maintenance for these fish was found to be 77 cal BW^?0.8 and for each unit of energy retained 3.78 cal BW^?0.8 needed to be supplied, and for each gram of protein retained per metabolic body weight 5.04 g were required. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain the same weight increment when feeding a 24.8% protein diet at a level of 4% body weight day^?1 as compared with only 2% body weight day^?1 of a 40.6% protein diet. This study indicates that the nutritional requirements for early grow‐out are similar to those found in a previous study with juvenile silver perch and adds information concerning the required relationships between dietary amino acids. The results provide information required for further refinement of nutrition for this species.     

诱导鲤雌核发育时精子入卵的扫描电镜观察

以雌核发育性成熟鲤(Cyprinuscarpio)卵子和经紫外线照射处理遗传失活的鲫鱼(Carassiusauratus)精子为材料,在再次诱导其雌核发育时,通过扫描电镜和光学显微镜对比观察诱导组和正常受精组精子入卵的情况及鲤鱼成熟卵受精过程中精孔区的外部形态变化。结果表明,无论试验组或对照组在受精后2s精子就能迅速到达精孔区。精子入孔后,受精孔便被絮状物质堵塞;受精后35～40s壳膜表面开始模糊;60s后,精孔区絮状物及精子均消失。     

铜在鲤体内的蓄积及毒性的研究

采用半静态法将鲤(Cyprinus carpio)暴露于不同浓度的铜溶液中,研究了铜在鱼体中的吸收富集及毒性。结果表明:铜在鲤肝、肾、鳃和肌肉中的积累量均随着铜浓度的升高而增加。鲤各部位对铜的蓄积能力依次是肝、肾、鳃、肌肉,且肝、肾中铜的积累量明显高于鳃和肌肉,鲤对铜具有较强的蓄积毒性。中毒鱼体色变黑,生长受到抑制,临死前出现神经症状;鳃小片上皮增生、变性、坏死;肝细胞和肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性、溶解性坏死。     

Comparison of food selection and growth performance of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.) in mono- and polyculture rearing in tropical ponds

To compare the effect of polyculture against conventional monoculture on ornamental carp production, investigations on food selection and growth performance of koi carp (K), Cyprinus carpio L. and goldfish (G), Carassius auratus (L.) were conducted in a 11‐week rearing experiment in two monoculture (100% K and 100% G) and five polyculture (90% K–10% G, 70% K–30% G, 50% K–50% G, 30% K–70% G and 10% K–90% G) conditions in tropical ponds. There were three replicates for each treatment. Environmental conditions and food availability were similar in all the treatments. Ivlev's electivity index showed that both fish species avoided phytoplankton and preferred cladocerans to other zooplankton groups (copepods and rotifers) in monotypic conditions. However, in the polyculture treatments, the positive electivity of goldfish towards cladocerans reduced significantly (P<0.05), while the percentage of copepods, rotifers and phytoplankton in the gut content increased. No significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate and deformities were recorded at harvest for koi carp between the different treatments (P>0.05). Even the survival rate of koi carp recorded above 90% in all the treatments. However, the goldfish recorded significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and survival in monoculture (100% G), compared with the polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Goldfish deformities were lowest (P<0.05) in the monoculture treatment (2.42%). The number of marketable fish above a set size limit of 4 g total weight was significantly higher in the two monoculture treatments, compared with the five polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Keeping in view of the dietary similarities of koi carp and goldfish, and the aggressive nature of koi carp in polyculture, it is suggested to refrain from polyculture of goldfish and koi carp until further documentations relating to optimum stocking density and management of polyculture of ornamental carps are available.     

Application of Azotobacter enhances pond productivity and fish biomass in still water ponds

Two strains (derepressed-nitrogen fixing, Mac-27 and phosphate solubilizing, PS-21) of Azotobacter chroococcum were inoculated in fish culture ponds, singly and in combination with inorganic fertilizers (urea, single superphosphate–SSP). Physico-chemical parameters of pond waters, plankton production and fish biomass were studied. Inoculation of A. chroococcum (Mac-27) enhanced nitrogenase activity and rate of nitrogen fixation. A slight reduction in nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase activity was noticed when urea at 96 kg ha–1 y–1 was mixed with the biofertilizer (Mac-27). Inoculation of PS-21 enhanced phosphate solubilization, but Kjeldahl-nitrogen concentration values remained low in comparison with controls. On the other hand, inoculation of Azotobacter (either strain) enhanced the accumulation of ammonium-N, nitrite-N and nitrate-N. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration also took place when Azotobacter (both Mac-27 and PS-21) was inoculated in fish ponds. However, when used along with inorganic fertilizers, the reduction was not significant. The pH values were only slightly lowered when the phosphate-solubilizing strain (PS-21) of Azotobacter was inoculated. Inoculation of biofertilizer enhanced plankton production, net primary productivity and fish biomass. However, highest values in most of these parameters were noticed only in ponds that were treated with the higher doses of inorganic fertilizers (urea 192 kg and SSP 1500 kg ha–1 y–1). © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

The role of management practices in fish kills in recreational lake fisheries in England and Wales

Abstract  In England and Wales, freshwater anglers have shifted their behaviour towards visiting catch-and-release lake fisheries that are intensively stocked, mainly of large common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to maintain high catch rates. Of 187 fish kills investigated in these intensively stocked lake fisheries in 2004 and 2005, most occurred between April and June and were mainly caused by parasitic or bacterial infections. Bacteria were usually associated with ulcerative diseases caused by strains of the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida (Emmerich & Weibel) and secondary infections of opportunistic bacteria of the Genus Aeromonas (excluding salmonicida ) and Pseudomonas . Parasites involved in fish kills included Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet), Chilodenella sp., Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy) and Argulus sp. Outbreaks were typically in fisheries with high extant stock densities (>1500 kg ha⁻¹) and sub-optimal habitats, for example of low habitat heterogeneity with few macrophytes in the littoral zone. Recent stocking was also a key factor when only carp was affected. Thus, certain fisheries management practices that aim to enhance fishery performance may instead trigger fish kills during spring.     

Production of the Australian freshwater silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), at two densities in earthen ponds

Silver perch fingerlings (mean weight 15.3 g) were stocked at densities of 21 000 and 7000 fish/ha in six 0.1-ha earthen ponds and cultured for 10 months. There were three replicate ponds for each density. Ponds were aerated for at least 11 h a day and water was added every 4 weeks to replace that lost by evaporation and seepage. Fish were fed a formulated diet containing 35% crude protein at 4% body weight per day for the first 4 weeks and at rates up to 3% thereafter. The mean annual production rate of 9819 kg/ha of fish stocked at 21 000/ha was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the annual rate of 3699 kg/ha of fish stocked at 7000/ha. The maximum daily production and growth rates achieved in any pond over a 1-month period during summer were 97.7 kg/ha and 5.1 g/fish, respectively. Stocking density did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect survival rate (treatment means for 21 000 and 7000 fish/ha: 92.8 and 94.7%), daily growth rate (0.2–3.3 and 0.3–3.4 g/fish), weight at harvest (434.9 and 473.2 g), food conversion ratio (1.9:1 and 1.8:1) and cost of feeding ($A1.55 and $A1.47/kg), suggesting that higher stocking densities and production rates are possible. Water temperatures ranged from 11.1 to 30.0 °C. Significantly (P < 0.05) slower growth during December was associated with concentrations of NH₃-N up to 0.65 mg/l. The results demonstrate that silver perch is an excellent species for semi-intensive culture in static earthen ponds with the potential to form the basis of a large industry in Australia, based on high-volume, relatively low-cost production.     

神农架大九湖两种鲤科鱼重金属污染状况分析

湖北神农架大九湖湿地是华中地区面积最大、海拔最高的高山湿地。为了解鱼类重金属污染状况,评估湿地水环境质量,以湖中两种常见鲤科鱼类鲫(Carassius auratus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)为研究对象,共采集鲫32尾、麦穗鱼75尾,对两种鱼类的肌肉及鲫不同部位的锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)重金属含量进行检测和分析,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价鱼体重金属污染状况。结果表明,大九湖麦穗鱼肌肉(湿重)中的Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg含量(22.441、0.035、0.210、0.109 mg/kg)均显著高于鲫肌肉(湿重)中相应的含量(16.240、0.008、0.072、0.082 mg/kg)(P0.05)。综合污染指数分析表明,麦穗鱼肌肉的综合污染水平为轻度污染,鲫为无污染。与国内其他地区水域相比,大九湖鲫肌肉的Hg含量相对较高,这与大九湖独特的高山湿地环境有关。鲫的鱼鳃、消化道、生殖腺和肌肉中的重金属含量差异明显(P0.05),其中Hg在肌肉中含量最高,其余重金属均在消化道中含量最高。大九湖鲫和麦穗鱼肌肉As含量(0.135 mg/kg和0.153 mg/kg)均超出食品安全国家标准,但估算得出当地成人重金属摄入量均未超过国际规定的可耐受摄入量(PTWI),两种鱼的食用安全风险总体较低。     

利用鲫鱼监测水环境中汞污染的研究

为科学利用鱼类等水生动物监测并评价水环境中汞污染的程度,试验在松花江、黑龙江、乌苏里江等河流的特定区域设置5个采样点,先监测对应水环境中汞含量,然后在禁渔期前采集监测区域内的鲫鱼(Carassius auratus),测定体重和肌肉中的汞含量.结果发现,同一水域中鲫鱼肌肉汞含量与其体重明显正相关(r>0.765),当鱼体大小不统一时,可用线性回归方法拟合计算相同规格的鲫鱼肌肉汞含量,经拟合计算的同一规格的鲫鱼肌肉汞含量与其栖息水环境中汞的污染水平极显著正相关(p<0.01).利用线性回归方法拟合计算的鲫鱼肌肉汞含量可以定量评价和比较水环境受汞污染的程度和大小.     

鲫和鳜主要过敏原小清蛋白的基因克隆及序列分析

小清蛋白(parvalbumin, PV)是鱼类的主要过敏原, 为分析淡水鱼PV的序列及结构特征,采用RT-PCR方法, 从鲫和鳜肌肉中分别克隆得到2种小清蛋白的基因序列。生物信息学分析结果显示, 4种基因的序列长度均为330 bp, 编码109个氨基酸残基, 推导分子量在11.6 ku左右, 等电点为4.45~4.69。氨基酸序列分析表明, 克隆得到的这4种PV序列均含有丙氨酸-14、亮氨酸-16、半胱氨酸-19、苯丙氨酸-67、谷氨酰胺-69以及苏氨酸-79等β型PV特征性残基序列, 表明克隆的目的基因均为β型PV。鲫的2种PV序列相似性为80.73 %, 鳜的2种PV的序列相似性为83.49 %。对克隆得到的PV序列进行空间结构分析显示, 这4种PV序列均含有3个螺旋-松弛-螺旋结构, 即EF-手型结构, 其中靠近C端功能域的两个手型结构为Ca^2﹢结合位点。     

Utilization of tissue habitats by Myxobolus wulii Landsberg & Lom, 1991 in different carp hosts and disease resistance in allogynogenetic gibel carp: redescription of M. wulii from China and Japan

Myxobolus wulii (= Myxosoma magna ) was first described from the gills of goldfish, Carassius auratus auratus, in China. Subsequently, a myxosporean infecting the hepatopancreas of allogynogenetic gibel carp, C. auratus gibelio , was designated as a different species, Myxobolus guanqiaoensis , although the morphological features were almost identical to those of M. wulii . In Japan, an unidentified Myxobolus sp. was found in the gills and hepatopancreas of goldfish. Morphological and molecular analyses in the present study identified these myxosporeans as M. wulii , which was thus shown to use different habitats in the host fish. Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences showed that M. wulii is closely related to two gill-infecting Myxobolus species, M. ampullicapsulatus and M. longisporus . Fish infected with M. wulii in the hepatopancreas exhibit swollen abdomens and chronic mortality. Hepatopancreas tissues are virtually destroyed and replaced with plasmodia of M. wulii . A remarkable difference in susceptibility to M. wulii between two clones of allogynogenetic gibel carp was observed, suggesting that resistance to the myxosporean infection was established in a clone of fish bred by allogynogenesis.     

Determining the strength of exploitative competition from an introduced fish: roles of density,biomass and body size

Britton JR, Cucherousset J, Grey J, Gozlan RE. Determining the strength of exploitative competition from an introduced fish: roles of density, biomass and body size. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 74–79. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – As species introductions can result in increased resource competition for coexisting species in the receiving ecosystems, the effects of increased exploitative competition for limited food resources from an introduced fish (Pseudorasbora parva) on a coexisting fish (Cyprinus carpio) were tested experimentally using a substitutive–additive design. Additive treatments revealed that the growth of C. carpio was significantly suppressed following the introduction of P. parva with the magnitude of growth suppression directly proportional to P. parva density and biomass. A substitutive treatment that tested for the effect of intraspecific competition revealed that when C. carpio were introduced at a similar biomass to P. parva, there was no significant difference in the extent of the suppressed growth. At the same density, however, the effect of C. carpio (higher biomass) on growth was significantly above that of P. parva (lower biomass). This was independent of the initial body sizes of the introduced fishes. Thus, the interspecific competition imposed by P. parva was only as strong as the intraspecific competition of C. carpio when present at a similar biomass.     

Assessing the feasibility of using pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil,rich in conjugated linolenic acid,as a lipid source in the diet of common carp,Cyprinus carpio,juveniles

In this study, the feasibility of using pomegranate seed oil, rich in conjugated linolenic acid and its partial replacement for fish oil in fish diet were investigated. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, juveniles (1.8 ± 0.1 g) were fed four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with similar basal composition but different oil mixture containing 100% fish oil (A), 50% fish oil +50% sunflower oil (B), 50% fish oil +25% sunflower oil +25% pomegranate seed oil (C) and 50% fish oil +50% pomegranate seed oil (D) for 8 weeks. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed diet D (p < 0.05). Test diets had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents of fish muscle. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3; DHA) was significantly lower in the muscle of fish fed diet B (p < 0.05) compared to those fed diet A. However, there was no significant difference in the muscle DHA content of fish fed diets A, C, or D. No specific hepatocyte damage associated to dietary pomegranate seed oil was found in this study. This study showed a 50‐50 combination of fish oil and pomegranate seed oil could be used as dietary lipid source for common carp without any adverse effect on growth performance or muscle n‐3 content while accumulated punicic acid in the muscle could be considered as added value for the final human consumer.     

NaCl盐度和NaHCO3碱度对鲤、鲫和大鳞鲃的精子活力及其受精率的影响

研究了不同NaCl盐度(0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12)和NaHCO₃碱度(0 mmol/L、10.00 mmol/L、15.85 mmol/L、25.12 mmol/L、39.81 mmol/L、63.10 mmol/L)对松浦镜鲤(Cynipus carpio)、方正鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)和大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)精子活力及其受精率的影响。结果表明: 1) 在盐度为4时, 方正鲫和大鳞鲃精子的激烈运动时间、快速运动时间和寿命最长, 方正鲫分别为(90.11±9.03) s、(126.34±13.90) s和(154.27±11.36) s; 大鳞鲃分别为(48.91±1.43) s、(62.19±4.28) s和(90.68±4.46) s。在盐度为5时松浦镜鲤精子的激烈运动时间、快速运动时间和寿命最长, 分别为(72.44±9.42) s、(102.16±8.82) s和(206.99±6.65) s。2) 当盐度达到8以上时, 3种鱼的精子激活将受到抑制; 盐度大于10时, 方正鲫和大鳞鲃精子死亡; 盐度大于11时, 松浦镜鲤精子死亡。3) 在碱度为15.83 mmol/L时, 3种鱼的精子激烈运动时间、快速运动时间和寿命均最长, 且显著高于其他碱度条件下的精子活力(P<0.05)。4) 在盐度为1时, 方正鲫和大鳞鲃受精率达到最高分别为63.0%和68.0%, 在盐度为3时, 松浦镜鲤受精率达到最高为72.3%, 当盐度大于3时, 受精率开始呈明显下降趋势。碱度为10.00 mmol/L时, 3种鱼的受精率均最高, 分别为75.4%、54.0%和66.0%。本实验旨在通过测定不同NaCl盐度、NaHCO₃碱度条件下3种鱼类精子的活力和受精率所受的影响, 为北方地区碳酸型盐碱水域的渔业开发利用提供基础资料。