朝阳县复合农林业立地类型的划分

利用朝阳县40个乡（镇）的114块农林复合经营样地调查数据，选取坡向、坡度、A层土壤质地3个项目分成10个类目，应用数量化理论Ⅲ和逐步聚类进行样本分类，依分类结果划分了2个类型区、5个类型组、16个立地类型，为复合农林业的经营和发展提供立地依据。     

海南尖峰岭地区三种热带复合农林业体系效益研究

对海南岛尖峰岭地区热带珍贵树种母生、海南石梓人工林下种植经济作物益智、咖啡的复合农林业系统的生态和经济效益研究表明：复合系统能显著促进主林层乔木的生长,胸径生长速度比对照地高出４３％～１３４％,材积生长高出１８％～８１％,生物量高出５％～８６％;生物量净积累量９．５３～１５．２３ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,为对照地的１．６～５．１倍;系统的光能利用率为０．７８％～１．２６％,为对照样地的１．９４～５．０４倍;同时系统具有较高的经济效益,林下种植益智后的产值可达１．８～３万元·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,为对照地的５．２６～９．８２倍,投入产出比为１∶２．９３～１∶４．１７。     

孟加拉国Bhanugach西部保育林用地类型变化(英文)

应用遥感和地理信息系统调查了孟加拉国Sylhet林业分局所辖的Bhanugach西部保育林从1988年到2006年间用地类型的变化。应用了监督和非监督两种方法,用全球定位系统搜集了地面控制点。地理信息系统软件制成地图。结果表明,植被覆盖从1988年的1826hm2大幅地降低到1996年的1714.85hm2,随着协同管理措施的实施,植被覆盖自1996年后逐年增长到2006年的1847.83hm2。在没有其他类型的用地转变成裸地的情况下,裸地变化与植被覆盖间成反比。18年间水体面积从1988年的307.67hm2增加到1996年379.53hm2,96-97年间略有下降,1997年以后直到2006年基本保持不变。本文还提出了将遥感技术和地理信息系统应用于用地类型变化及地理信息系统数据库创建的一些建议。     

黄土高原半干旱区几种人工林的土壤水分、光照变化及其对林分的影响

对黄土高原半干旱的山西黄土丘陵沟壑区17年生4种造林密度(1 5m×2m、1 5m×4m、1 5m×6m、1 5m×8m)的人工刺槐林、2种造林密度(1 5m×3m、1 5m×5m)的白榆林及2种造林密度(1 5m×3m、1 5m×5m)的油松林地土壤水分、林下光照强度进行了观测;并对各林分林木的生长状况和林下植物的种类、数量、生长及发育状况进行了研究。结果表明,在相同林分类型中,密度小、营养空间大的林分林内土壤水分、光照强度有显著随林分密度增大而减小的趋势。在刺槐林内随着林分密度的增大,渐渐出现干旱、半干旱地区成龄人工林所具有的土壤干化现象,林下植被的种类和数量相应减少,物种丰富度和物种多样性指数也降低,且逐步由以田旋花、小菅草为典型的中生植物,向以铁杆蒿、达乌里胡枝子、铁丝草为典型的旱生植物过渡;白榆林密度1 5m×5m的林分中已有30%的林木出现枯梢,密度为1 5m×3m的林分中65%的林木严重枯梢,林下植被以耐旱性强的达呼里胡枝子为主要植物;油松林两个密度的林分林地平均土壤水分含量均比其他林分低。反映出林分内的小环境条件、林木生长状况和林下植被发育水平随林分种类、林分密度变化而变化的特点。因此,在半干旱区的营林中,树种选择要以其生物生态特性和实际生长状况为依据,且密度不可过大,以此提高林分的     

晋西北黄土丘陵区4种植被类型土壤水分含量的变化特征研究

不同植被类型对于陆地生态系统的水分循环具有重要的调节作用。以晋西北黄土丘陵区偏关县境内的小叶杨林地、柠条林地、草地和撂荒地4种植被类型为研究对象,采用土钻法分别测定0～600cm不同土层的土壤水分含量,分析了晋西北不同植被类型的土壤水分含量的垂直分布特征及4种植被含水量的差异比较。结果表明：（1）在0—600cm土层中,平均土壤水分含量因植被类型不同表现显著差异（P〈0．05）,依次表现为小叶杨〉草地〉撂荒地〉柠条;（2）在0—600cm土层中,土壤水分含量随着土层深度的增加呈现先逐渐降低后趋于稳定的趋势,且同一植被类型不同土层深度间土壤水分含量差异显著（P〈0．05）,同一土层不同植被类型间的土壤水分含量也有显著差异（P〈0．05）;（3）研究区土壤剖面可分为易变层（0～100cm）、活跃层（100～200cm）、次活跃层（200—300em）和相对稳定层（300—600em）。在晋西北黄土丘陵区植被恢复中,应根据本区域土壤水分变化特点,选择适宜的植物种类,采取乔一草或乔一灌一草相结合的植被配置模式,以减少该区域土壤水分的过度消耗,这对于改善当地植被的生态效益具有重要意义。     

江淮丘陵不同土地利用类型的土壤水分和容重变化特征

在江淮丘陵地区选取了林地、花生、大豆和玉米四种不同的土地利用类型,分析了不同土地利用的土壤水分和容重变化特征.研究结果表明:土壤含水量垂直分布上,林地、花生和玉米三种土地利用表现为从表层向下逐渐增加的变化特征,而大豆地土壤含水量表现为从表层向下先增加后减少的变化特征;土壤含水量大小表现为林地和花生地大于大豆和玉米地;表...     

岷江上游景观格局变化研究(英文)

岷江上游地区位于青藏高原向四川盆地的过渡地段,其源头到都江堰市,包括汶川县、茂县、理县、黑水县和松潘县五个县。它是四川省乃至全国的一个重要的林区。在过去的几十年里,其景观结构发生了重要的变化。本文应用3S 技术研究了该区在1986 年到2000 年之间的景观变化情况。该区的景观被划分为10 个景观生态类型,即耕地、有林地、灌木林地、经济林、草地、居民用地、河流、湖泊、沼泽和未利用地。研究结果表明,在岷江上游地区林地和草地是该区主要的景观类型,约占全区面积的91%,景观类型之间的变化主要发生在有林地、灌木林地、草地、耕地、居民用地和经济林之间,并且有林地面积从51.17%下降到47.56%。分析结果表明,岷江上游地区在过去的几十年里其景观的破碎化在加剧。图1表2 参20。     

落羽杉与池杉幼苗对不同土壤水分含量的生理响应(英文)

研究落羽杉与池杉幼苗对常规水分处理(C)、轻度干旱(MD)、土壤潮湿(WS)以及水淹(FL)等不同水分处理的生理响应特性。与对照组相比,2树种幼苗在轻度干旱与水淹处理条件下叶片自由水含量显著提高,而束缚水含量则显著降低。2树种幼苗在潮湿处理组的叶片自由水与束缚水含量均未出现低于对照组的现象。轻度干旱、土壤潮湿与水淹处理均未导致2树种叶片电导率与丙二醛含量的显著变化(池杉水淹条件下叶片的丙二醛含量变化例外)。水淹处理能显著增加2树种幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量,同时降低其脯氨酸含量。轻度干旱与潮湿处理能显著增加落羽杉而降低池杉幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量。尽管同属的2树种幼苗表现出较多相似的响应特征,二者对不同水分逆境胁迫条件的响应仍然存在许多差异。     

秋茄内生真菌新纪录种(英文)

红树林内生真菌1893是从中国南海秋茄(Kandelia candel)上分离的一株内生真菌,在液体发酵条件下能够产生包括1893A和1893B在内的多种新物质。为了正确的鉴定该菌株并为进一步的工业应用做准备,本文结合形态学和分子学两方面对它进行了鉴定,首先,在纯培养条件下,将它和具有以下形态特征的相似菌株进行比较:产生受精丝或像受精丝一样的菌丝,这些菌丝又和像雄器一样的菌丝发生明显的融合现象;环状产囊体与大量菌丝缠绕形成菌核前体。进一步通过该菌株在寄主秋茄和非寄主芒果叶子上的培养性状与其它相似真菌比较,结果将该菌株归于拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)。其次,在ITS序列水平上,将它和具有形态学或生态学相似性的拟茎点霉进行系统发育分析。最后,综合形态学和分子学,红树林内生真菌1893被定为Diaporthe phaseolorum var.sojae,本文是首次报道Diaporthe phaseolorum var.sojae做为内生真菌寄生于秋茄。图5参43。     

棕榈科刺葵属5种植物热值的月变化研究(英文)

对棕榈科刺葵属 5种植物叶的热值和灰分含量的月变化进行了研究。结果表明 :( 1 )大刺葵( 7 2 5 %～ 1 0 3 9% )、加拿利海枣 ( 7 1 2 %～ 1 0 0 9% )和伊拉克蜜枣 ( 7 0 1 %～ 1 0 0 0 % )的灰分含量相近 ,经t检验 ,无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;加拿利海枣、伊拉克蜜枣和大刺葵的灰分含量高于江边刺葵 ( 6 2 0 %～ 8 93 % ) (P<0 0 5 )和林刺葵 ( 3 5 9%～ 6 94% ) (P <0 0 0 0 1 )。 ( 2 ) 5种植物干重热值的月变化趋势有些差异 ,江边刺葵( 2 0 2 4～ 2 1 93kJ·g- 1 )与伊拉克蜜枣 ( 1 9 68～ 2 1 82kJ·g- 1 )的干重热值相近 (P >0 0 5 ) ;林刺葵 ( 1 8 5 1～2 1 5 1kJ·g- 1 )、大刺葵 ( 1 8 40～ 2 0 5 6kJ·g- 1 )与加拿利海枣 ( 1 9 1 3～ 2 0 79kJ·g- 1 )的干重热值接近 (P >0 0 5 ) ;江边刺葵和伊拉克蜜枣的干重热值高于林刺葵 (P <0 0 5 )、加拿利海枣 (P <0 0 0 5 )和大刺葵 (P <0 0 0 0 5 )。( 3 )林刺葵的干重热值与灰分含量具有显著的线性相关 ;伊拉克蜜枣、林刺葵、大刺葵 3种植物的干重热值与降雨量有显著线性相关 (P <0 0 5 )。 ( 4 )去灰分热值的月变化趋势因种而异 ,去灰分热值与干重热值的月变化趋势不同 ,灰分含量是造成差异的原因。     

Effects of soil drought on seedling growth and water metabolism of three common shrubs in Loess Plateau, Northwest China

The growth and water metabolism of three common shrubs on the Loess Plateau were studied under soil with different water contents. Results showed that water consumption of those species decreased with the increase in drought stress, and water consumptions of these shrubs were different: Forsythia suspensa was the greatest, and Syringa oblata was the lowest. The growth rate of new branches and leaf area of three species were the fastest under adequate soil water conditions, and were the lowest under severe drought. Under the same water conditions, the growth of F. suspensa was the fastest while that of S. oblata was the slowest. The water content, proline and chlorophyll content of different species changed with the increase in soil water stress. The leaf water content of Periploca sepium and F. suspensa was obviously higher than that of S. oblata, while the leaf proline content of F. suspensa and S. oblata was lower than that of P. sepium. The ratio leaf chlorophyll a: b of F. suspensa and S. oblata decreased with the decrease in soil water content. Although these three shrubs had different mechanisms in response to drought stress, they all had higher drought resistance and could adapt to the drought condition on the Loess Plateau. This paper provided some bases for choosing tree species on the Loess Plateau. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 91–97 [译自: 西北植物学报]     

Spatial and temporal trends in soil N-mineralization rates under the agroforestry systems in Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya,India

To access the process of nitrogen mineralization in soil, the buried-bag technique was used among traditional agroforestry systems in the Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya. The present study, determined the relationship between various parameters of N-mineralization with agroforestry systems, seasons and soil depths. Season and soil depth have significantly (p?<?0.001) affected the process of ammonification, nitrification and net N-mineralization. The soil ammonium-N pool was comparatively higher than the nitrate-N pool. Highest amount of ammonium and nitrate-N were recorded in the agri-horticulture (AH) system, and lowest in the agri-horti-silviculture (AHS) system. Among the systems, highest amount of inorganic-N (ammonium?+?nitrate) was recorded during rainy season while, lowest during winter season. The highest ammonification rate (6.47?±?1.47 mg kg^?1 month^?1) was observed in agri-silviculture system and lowest (5.67?±?1.68 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AHS system, while nitrification value was maximum (2.53?±?0.40 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AH system and minimum (2.23?±?0.37 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AHS system. The values of net N-mineralization were ranged from 4.03?±?0.53 to 13.29?±?0.44 mg kg^?1 month^?1. The values of inorganic-N and net N-mineralization were significantly more (P?<?0.01) in the surface soil layer (0–20 cm) than the subsurface layers (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm). Nitrogen mineralization was negatively correlated with the soil pH and positively correlated with soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. Higher rate of N-mineralization in AHS system indicated rapid turnover of nitrogen due to soil management practices and suggested that the changes in agroforestry based land-use systems alter the process of net N-mineralization, nitrification and ammonification.

     

中国南方喀斯特石漠化地区3种经济林土壤呼吸日动态特征

喀斯特石漠化作为一个脆弱生态系统,对全球气候变化和碳循环具有重要影响。为阐明中国南方喀斯特石漠化生态治理工程背景下土壤呼吸作用的时空动态变化特征及其影响因素,选取贵州省贞丰县北盘江镇查耳岩村的核桃林Julans regia、花椒林Zanthoxylum bungeamum和关岭县花江镇峡谷村的枇杷林Eriobotrya japonica3种特色经济林作为研究对象,采用英国ADC Bioscientific公司生产的Lcpro+便携式土壤呼吸仪对土壤呼吸进行了监测。结果表明:1)土壤温度能预测土壤呼吸速率变异83%～89%的信息,是影响土壤碳排放量变异的主要因素;2)3种经济林中土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10)有所差异,Q10为4.34～6.40;3)喀斯特石漠化地区冬季土壤的月平均碳排放量达到了63.46 g·m-2;4)土壤呼吸速率的偏离程度变化较大,在-56%～83%之间;5)花椒林在09:00、15:00、21:00,核桃林0:00、11:00,枇杷林在12:00土壤的呼吸速率与日平均值偏离程度较小(<10%),为最佳观测时间;6)各土壤特征因子中,全钾是影响土壤呼吸速率变异的主要因素。     

Spatial variability of throughfall in a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation forest in Loess Plateau,China

Throughfall varies in space, which complicates measurements and makes it difficult to achieve accurate spatial representation. In the present research, we measured gross rainfall and throughfall from May 2011 to September 2012, leaf area index, and locations of trees within a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation forest in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. The spatial heterogeneity of throughfall and related factors, as well as the minimum number and locations of collectors needed to measure throughfall accurately, were analyzed by statistical techniques. The results indicated that the throughfall was concentrated at the canopy edge, indicating that the edge of the canopy of P. tabulaeformis had a convergence effect on throughfall. The analysis of semivariance of throughfall demonstrated that canopy structure was a key factor influencing spatial variation of throughfall in low rainfall events, but measurement errors and other nonspatial variables were the primary factors affecting the variation of throughfall in high rainfall events. Based on the mean throughfall at different proportions of canopy radius centered on the individual tree stem, the minimum number and locations of collectors needed to accurately measure throughfall was estimated. In this study, four rain collectors (diameter 20?cm) at the 3/5 canopy radius could reasonably represent the average throughfall under the individual P. tabulaeformis canopy.     

Effects of landscape restoration on soil water storage and water use in the Loess Plateau Region,China

Large-scale vegetation restoration in China's Loess Plateau has been initiated by the central government for controlling soil and water losses in the past three decades. However, there is virtually no guidance for plant species selection for the restoration purpose. We investigated the effects of planting trees and shrubs, land-use conversions from croplands to pastures and native grasslands on soil water dynamics and water stresses by using long-term field measurements from 1986 to 1999 in the semi-arid loess hilly area. Our research has led to the following three major findings. Firstly, the amount of soil water storage within a 100 cm depth decreased as measured at both the beginning and the ending point of growing seasons regardless land cover types. The soil water replenishment by rainfall during rainy seasons was not sufficient to fully recharge the soil water storage. Landscape restoration through shrub planting may help retain more soil water than other land cover types. Secondly, the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ET) and pan evaporation (PET) generally declined for all land cover types during the study period. Shrub lands had the largest ET/PET ratio, followed by native grassland, cropland/alfalfa, and pine woodland. The ET/PET ratio of native grasslands declined fastest, followed by pine woodlands, shrub lands, alfalfa, and croplands. Pine woodland's low ET/PET ratios were mainly caused by its higher runoff due to soil compaction resulted from soil desiccation. Lastly, we found that the soil water storage at the beginning of growing season was important in determining the ET/PET ratios. This study suggested that pine plantations may not be appropriate for landscape restoration in such a semi-arid loess hilly area while shrubs may be highly recommended.     

Photosynthesis,growth and yield of soybean and maize in a tree-based agroforestry intercropping system on the Loess Plateau

Agroforestry is the most effective way to restore the disturbed lands on the Loess Plateau and to develop the poor local economy. In order to maximize the potential benefits of tree-based intercropping systems, photosynthesis, growth and yield of soybean and corn were studied by measuring photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), plant water deficit and soil moisture in a 4-year-old plantation of walnut (Juglans regia L.) and plum (Prunus salicina) grown at a spacing of 5 m × 3 m on the Loess Plateau. The effects of tree competition significantly reduced PAR, net assimilation (NA), growth and yield of individual soybean or corn plants growing nearer (1 m near tree row) to tree rows. NA was highly correlated with growth and yield of the both crops. These correlations were higher for corn than soybeans, with corn, rather than soybeans being more adversely impacted by tree shading. Plum, rather than walnut had the greatest competitive effect on PAR and NA. Daily plant water deficits were non-significantly and poorly correlated with NA and growth and yield of the both crops. However, soil moisture (20 cm depth) was significantly correlated with biomass and yield of both crops. Possible remediation strategies are discussed to reduce tree competitive interactions on agricultural crops.     

Spatial and temporal variation in crop diversity in agroforestry homegardens of southern Ethiopia

A key assumption in many homegarden studies is that homegardens are ecologically and socio-economically sustainable due to their species diversity. The precise relation between diversity and sustainability is still heavily debated, however. A basic question is how diversity in homegardens can best be characterized in view of the various dimensions of species diversity and their variation in time and space. This paper assesses different types of species diversity in the homegardens of Sidama region of southern Ethiopia. In a survey of crop species in 144 homegardens a total of 78 cultivated crop species (excluding trees) belonging to 10 functional groups were recorded; there were on average 16 crop species and 8 functional groups per farm. Within homegardens, plots differ in species composition and crop diversity. Four types of homegarden systems are distinguished differing in both type and area-share of dominant species, relative orientation at subsistence or cash production and overall crop diversity. The gradual replacement of enset by maize and of coffee by more financially attractive cash crops khat and pineapple causes a decrease in overall crop diversity. Our data demonstrate that it is incorrect to consider homegardens as generic systems with a uniform distribution of species diversity: important within and between homegarden variation exists. Ecological and socio-economic sustainability is not just related to species diversity per se, but rather to more specific features such as presence of keystone species and diversity in functional species groups. Socio-economic sustainability in terms of adjustment to socio-economic change implies dynamics in species diversity.     

Spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration in relation to stand structure and soil parameters in an unmanaged beech forest

Soil CO2 efflux (soil respiration) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and efflux rates may be strongly altered by climate change. We investigated the spatial patterns of soil respiration rates in 144 measurement locations in a 0.5-ha plot and the temporal patterns along a 300-m transect in the 0.5-ha plot. Measurements were made in an unmanaged, highly heterogeneous beech forest during 2000 and 2001. We investigated the effects of soil, roots and forest stand structure on soil respiration, and we also assessed the stability of these spatial patterns over time. Soil temperature alone explained between 68 and 95% of the temporal variation in soil respiration; however, pronounced spatial scatter of respiration rates was not explained by soil temperature. The observed spatial patterns stayed remarkably stable throughout the growing season and over 2 years. The most important structural parameter of the stand was the mean diameter at breast height of trees within a distance of 4 m of the measurement locations (m-dbh4), which explained 10-19% of the variation in soil respiration throughout the growing season. Among the soil chemical parameters, carbon content (bulk as well as dissolved) and magnesium content explained 62% of the spatial variation in soil respiration. The final best model combining soil, root and stand structural parameters (fine root biomass, soil carbon content, m-dbh4 and soil water content) explained 79% of the variation in soil respiration, illustrating the importance of both biotic and abiotic factors.     

Effects of different vegetation restoration models on soil microbial biomass in eroded hilly Loess Plateau, China

Vegetation restoration is a key measure to improve the eco-environment in Loess Plateau, China. In order to find the effect of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation restoration models in this region, six trial sites located in Zhifanggou watershed were selected in this study. Results showed that soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties increased apparently. After 30 years of vegetation restoration, soil microbial biomass C, N, P (SMBC, SMBN, SMBP) and microbial respiration, increased by 109.01%–144.22%, 34.17%–117.09%, 31.79%–79.94% and 26.78%–87.59% respectively, as compared with the farmland. However, metabolic quotient declined dramatically by 57.45%–77.49%. Effects of different models of vegetation restoration are different on improving the properties of soil. In general, mixed stands of Pinus tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudoacacia-A. fruticosa had the most remarkable effect, followed by R. pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinkii, fallow land and P. tabulaeformis was the lowest. Restoration of mixed forest had greater effective than pure forest in eroded Hilly Loess Plateau. The significant relationships were observed among SMBC, SMBP, microbial respiration, and physical and chemical properties of soil. It was concluded that microbial biomass can be used as indicators of soil quality. __________ Translated from Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(1): 20–27 [译自: 自然资源学报]     

Effects of afforestation on soil carbon and its fractions: a case study from the Loess Plateau,China

Afforestation has been implemented to reduce soil erosion and improve the environment of the Loess Plateau,China.Although it increased soil organic carbon(SOC),the stability of the increase is unknown.Additionally,the variations of soil inorganic carbon(SIC) following afforestation needs to be reconfirmed.After planting Robinia pseudoacacia,Pinus tabuliformis,and Hippophae rhamnoides on bare land on the Loess Plateau,total soil carbon(TSC) was measured and its two components,SIC and SOC,as well as the light and heavy fractions within SOC under bare lands and woodlands at the soil surface(0–20 cm).The results show that TSC on bare land was 24.5 Mg ha~(-1) and significantly increased to 51.6 Mg ha~(-1) for R.pseudoacacia,47.0 Mg ha~(-1) for P.tabuliformis and 39.9 Mg ha~(-1) for H.rhamnoides.The accumulated total soil carbon under R.pseudoacacia,P.tabuliformis,and H.rhamnoides,the heavy fraction(HFSOC) accounted for 65.2,31.7 and 76.2%,respectively; the light fraction(LF-SOC) accounted for 18.0,52.0 and 4.0%,respectively; SIC occupied 15.6,15.3 and 19.7%,respectively.The accumulation rates of TSC under R.pseudoacacia,P.tabuliformis,and H.rhamnoides reached159.5,112.4 and 102.5 g m~(-2) a~(-1),respectively.The results demonstrate that afforestation on bare land has high potential for soil carbon accumulation on the Loess Plateau.Among the newly sequestrated total soil carbon,the heavy fraction(HF-SOC) with a slow turnover rate accounted for a considerably high percentage,suggesting that significant sequestrated carbon can be stored in soils following afforestation.Furthermore,afforestation induces SIC sequestration.Although its contribution to TSC accumulation was less than SOC,overlooking it may substantially underestimate the capacity of carbon sequestration after afforestation on the Loess Plateau.