家具大规模定制的发展背景及现状研究

大规模定制是试图将大批量生产的速度和成本与满足客户定制的个性化需求结合起来的一种新型生产模式.本文通过对家具大规模定制发展的技术背景和发展现状的分析,为我国家具大规模定制的实施和发展提供有效的理论依据和实践参考,为行业的持续发展和产业升级提供有力支撑.论文从设计技术、制造技术和管理技术3个方面分析家具大规模定制发展的技术背景,论述家具大规模定制生产模式的主要特征,在此基础上阐述家具大规模定制的国内外发展研究现状,最后总结我国实施家具大规模定制存在行业标准化、模块化程度低,数字化、自动化水平低和企业管理信息化不足等问题并针对以上具体存在的问题给出了相应的对策.     

大规模定制家具销售过程中的信息采集与处理

为了探讨大规模定制家具企业销售过程管理方式的新思路,从信息采集与处理技术对家具销售过程的管理功能入手,分析了信息采集与处理技术对大规模定制家具销售的影响,并详细解读了客户需求、客户订单生成、客服管理过程中的信息采集与处理方法。结果形成了大规模定制家具销售各环节的信息采集与处理技术和基本流程,在此基础上,搭建了大规模定制家具销售过程中信息采集与处理技术的架构平台,包括订单事务提醒与服务过程、订单进程控制过程和订单事务处理执行过程等的信息采集与处理。研究结果对家具企业销售管理模式创新,具有实际应用价值和借鉴作用。     

大规模定制家具客户关系管理构建与应用

首先对客户关系管理(CRM)的内涵和运作特点进行了研究,分析大规模定制家具CRM的必要性和面临的挑战,继而构建大规模定制家具CRM的架构图,由此提出了实现大规模定制家具CRM应用的三大关键技术:信息流的流程管理技术、进行企业资源计划(ERP)管理过程中的信息采集与处理技术及大规模定制家具CRM与ERP的集成技术,并详细分析了三大技术,为我国大规模定制家具企业实施CRM时提供一定的借鉴依据。     

大规模定制家具ERP系统的构建及其关键技术

通过企业资源计划(ERP)系统的基本内涵、运行特点解读,分析了企业通过新的管理方法在数据、企业管理流程和管理方法、目标问题的求解方法及三者间信息共享方面给家具企业带来的变化,结合大规模定制家具信息化建设过程中面临的信息共享、基础资料管理、信息决策的局限性等问题,提出了构建大规模定制家具ERP系统平台的必要性,进而搭建大规模定制家具ERP系统的四大关键技术体系平台和架构模型。该平台包括:基础资料管理技术、信息综合管理技术、信息决策管理技术和信息化集成技术。从数据采集管理、数据属性提炼、数据档案管理、数据处理技术、业务功能模块、计划调度管控、产品质量管控、决策信息反馈、ERP系统与信息化协同系统、外部设备的集成与对接技术等方面进行了详细分析,认为我国大规模定制家具企业实施ERP系统具有一定的可行性。     

大规模定制家具生产线规划与车间管理关键技术

随着信息化在我国制造行业的推广,大规模定制在我国家具制造业的广泛应用正处在成长期,目前国内大多数板式家具企业和橱柜企业都开始真正实行大规模定制,未来几年将会是大规模定制家具的高速发展时期. 大规模定制家具的关键技术一般是由多个相对独立又具有密切联系的部分组成,包括面向大规模定制家具产品的开发设计技术、面向大规模定制的制造技术及大规模定制的支撑技术等[1]. 对家具车间进行合理的生产线规划和工艺流程管理,是大规模定制生产制造技术的保障.大规模定制家具生产线规划主要是确定生产线系统的规模、构成和布局.对构成生产线系统的机床设备进行合理的选择和优化配置可以减少投资费用,降低维护费用和运行成本,提高机床利用率,对生产线系统的长期高效运作具有十分重要的意义.合理的规划和管理才能使大批量生产与定制生产这两种互相对立的生产模式融合在一起,将二者的优势有机地结合起来,为家具产业适应新的需求,调整生产模式,提出新的技术解决方案.才能真正使个性化家具产品生产周期缩短,提高原料利用率,降低能耗,产品成本降低等.     

面向大规模定制的家具模块编码与配置技术

针对面向大规模定制的家具模块编码与配置技术进行了探讨与分析,并以芬兰某企业的模块配置器为例,阐述其配置原理与流程,以期为国内家具企业实现从大规模生产向大规模定制的模式转换,提供路径指导与技术支持.     

大规模定制家具柔性制造系统构建与关键技术

通过分析柔性制造系统(FMS)的基本原理和运行特点,结合大规模定制家具生产中的问题,阐述搭建大规模定制家具FMS系统平台的必要性和可行性,提出构建大规模定制家具FMS系统的三大关键技术:标准化产品设计与工艺规范、模块化柔性生产、信息化动态管控,并对关键过程进行解读,为我国大规模定制家具企业实施柔性制造提供参考。     

面向智能制造的家具企业数字化设计与制造

随着传统制造业智能制造帷幕的开启,向数字化转型升级已经成为企业的共识,也是未来传统制造企业的战略核心。笔者结合家具企业发展现状的分析,通过对定制家具新模式、家具数字化转型的特征和家具企业数字化的优势等进行解读,明确了家具企业实现智能制造、数字化转型是必由的趋势;通过家具信息模型的搭建、数据的转换和应用过程、家具制造过程的数据集成等方面的分析,得出面向智能制造的家具企业实现数字化设计与制造的基本要求。结合大规模定制家具的信息化建设情况,构建了面向智能制造的家具企业数字化设计与制造关键技术,并对各技术进行了详细解读,主要包括:由基础技术、单元技术和集成技术等构成的网络基础建设技术,以及由设计数字化、生产过程数字化、制造装备数字化、管理数字化等构成的家具数字化转型核心技术。     

基于柔性制造系统的大规模定制家具公理化设计研究

针对大规模定制家具生产模式,为满足生产过程的快速性、可调控性、柔性等需求,构建家具柔性制造系统(FMS)平台,结合公理化设计对FMS平台进行功能设计,提出构建大规模定制家具FMS的设计框架,以期为大规模定制家具企业构建FMS提供一种新设计方法。     

大规模定制家具生产过程的信息采集与处理技术

根据大规模定制家具的生产特征,探讨射频识别(RFID)技术在大规模定制家具生产过程中的信息采集与处理方法,构建基于RFID技术的家具生产信息采集与处理技术模型,并根据大规模定制家具的生产流程,对生产过程中的信息采集与处理进行初步研究。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.