湖南药用昆虫资源的开发利用研究

湖南省自然条件优越，药用昆虫资源较为丰富，种类繁多。作者从药用昆虫种类、药用价值、开发利用现状等方面进行了论述，提出了开发利用的具体措施。     

黑龙江省森林中常见的药用昆虫

中草药是祖国宝贵的医学遗产之一,而虫药是中药材的重要组成部分。目前已发现的具有药用价值的昆虫已达300多种,但至今真正开发利用的仅40余种。黑龙江省森林辽阔,森林昆虫种类繁多。现将黑龙江省林区常见的几种药用昆虫的形态、分布与药用价值简要介绍如下:     

东北常见药用甲虫的采集与利用

虫药是中药材的重要组成部分，是祖国宝贵的医学遗产之一，目前已发现的药用昆虫已达300多种，但至今真正开发利用的仅几十种。东北地区森林辽阔，昆虫种类繁多。现将东北林区常见的几种药用甲虫的形态、分布、采集方法与药用价值介绍如下：     

蚂蚁的营养成分及食用药用价值

蚂蚁的营养成分及食用药用价值赵焕辉，李晓华在大兴安岭茫茫林海，密市着一个个坟丘似的蚂蚁包。褐色的蚂蚁成群结队地进进出出，筑巢、搬运食物、产卵，好一派繁忙景象。蚂蚁是最古老的昆虫之一，生存已有１亿多年的历史，是昆虫中最为兴旺的家族之一。全世界有蚂蚁１．...     

黑龙江省一种药用蜻蜓--褐顶赤蜻

阐述了黑龙江省蜻蜓目药用昆虫褐顶赤蜻 ( Sympetrum inf uscatum Selys)的形态特征、生活习性、化学物质含量及药用价值     

冬虫夏草真伪鉴别

冬虫夏草真伪鉴别文／马成斌冬虫夏草，又称冬虫草、虫草等，为麦角菌科虫草属植物冬虫夏草菌（简称虫草菌），与其寄主鳞翅目蝙蝠蛾科蝙蝠蛾属昆虫绿蝙蝠蛾幼虫尸体的复合体，由子座和虫体（菌核）两部分组成。因其营养和药用价值较高，食疗效果显著，而产量又极为有限，...     

我国森林昆虫资源的开发与利用简述

我国森林昆虫的开发与利用主要集中在天敌昆虫，传粉昆虫，药用昆虫，食用昆虫，工业用昆虫和文化昆虫等六大类。本文简要记述了这六类昆虫资源的研究现状和今后的发展趋势，并探讨了开发利用森林昆虫资源和控制森林害虫之间的关系。     

蚱蝉的研究进展

指出了蚱蝉（Cryptotympana atrata）在我国分布极为广泛、危害严重,是重要的农林业害虫,也是重要的食用昆虫资源,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。根据国内外蚱蝉相关研究,对蚱蝉的生物学特性、综合防治技术以及蚱蝉的营养价值研究进展进行了概述,并对蚱蝉的开发利用前景进行了展望,以期为蚱蝉的研究和开发提供参考。     

山东观赏昆虫概述

昆虫是地球上种类最多的动物类群，随着科学的发展，昆虫作为一种资源，逐渐被开发利用，并依据其价值所在将这一资源分为天敌昆虫、食用昆虫、药用昆虫、传粉昆虫、工业昆虫、观赏昆虫等。其中观赏昆虫由于其美丽的色彩、特殊的翅形、翩翩的舞姿或优美动听的鸣声而越来越被人们喜爱，它将人们引向大自然、返朴归真，陶冶情操，修身养性，由此使其价值陡增。近年来，山东观赏昆虫的市场交易日趋活跃，由此也带动了其养殖业     

热带森林昆虫及害虫猖獗因子的分析

文章介绍了海南省森林昆虫的基本概况，分析了森林昆虫区系的性质、组成和特点，并对森林昆虫猖獗危害原因进行了分析。     

浅议野生动物所有权

野生动物所有权是所有权的一种,它与其他所有权的区别在于客体的不同。文章阐述了野生动物的内涵,分析了野生动物的分类和野生动物与野生动物资源的区别。在明确野生动物含义的基础上,提出了野生动物所有权的概念,深入论述了野生动物所有权与野生动物资源所有权的差异和联系,并对野生动物所有权的主体、客体、内容进行了分析。     

Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia

Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations.     

延安城郊防护林外貌结构及林下植物的多样性

在延安对刺槐、油松、侧柏纯林及刺槐 侧柏、刺槐 油松混交林等几种黄土高原主要人工林群落外貌结构、林下植物多样性特征进行了研究.结果表明:混交林群落外貌结构较为复杂,林下植物群落类型各不相同;林下植物的Simpson多样性指数和Shnnon-wiener多样性指数分别为0.902 57～0.674 88和2.012 88～1.479 67,刺槐 油松林最高,16年生刺槐纯林最低;32年生刺槐纯林林下植物优势度最高者是糙隐子草,16年生刺槐纯林则为牡蒿,其它林型都是铁杆蒿;本地区选择防护林类型时,应优先选择刺槐 油松或刺槐 侧柏混交,对已有的成熟或衰退刺槐纯林可采取择伐萌蘖抚育,并间植油松或刺柏,形成针阔混交林.     

An evaluation of the Acacia albida-based agroforestry practices in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia

Growing Acacia albida as a permanent tree crop, on farmlands with cereals, vegetables and coffee underneath or in between, is an indigenous agroforestry system in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. However, there is practically no systematic record or data on the merits and benefits of this practice.The paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of the presence of A. albida on farmlands on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Twenty seven plot pairs each consisting of one plot underneath the A. albida foliage cover and the other in the open, away from the tree-on farmers' fields, in a 40 km radius around the Alemaya College of Agriculture, were sampled and the yield components analyzed. A statistically significant increase in crops yields by 56% on average was found for the crops under the tree canopies compared to those away from the trees. This increase was caused by the improvement in 1000 grain weight and number of grains of plants under the tree, indicating that the trees enhanced the fertility status of the soil and improved its physical conditions in terms of crop growth.Additional benefits from the A. albida trees include supply of fuelwood and fodder. Quantitative estimates of these outputs as well as their monetary values are presented in the paper. However, in order to realize these benefits to a discernible extent, higher stand densities of the tree than at present are required.Based on an enquiry about the farmers attitude towards A. albida, the prospects for an extension of this promising agroforestry technique are discussed against the background of the state and trends of development of agriculture in the area. It is surmised that despite some shortcomings like the relatively slow and highly variable growth of A. albida and a conflict with the spreading cultivation of Ch'at (Catha edulis Forsk.), the prospects of extension of this technique are good. It is recommended that its propagation should be incorporated into the programmes of the extension agencies of the various governmental agencies concerned with land use.     

油茶病虫害发生的现状及其环境因子研究

对国内油茶病虫害发生相关研究进行了总结,分析了我国油茶病虫害的发生现状;结合油茶的地理分布、生态学特性和油茶病虫害的发生种类,提出与油条病虫害发生相关的环境因子.通过掌握环境因子的变化提高预测、防治油茶病虫害发生的频率,从而提高油茶的产量.     

Potassium,calcium, and magnesium dynamics during litter decomposition in a cool temperate forest

The dynamics of K, Ca, and Mg were investigated during the decomposition of 14 litter types over a 3-year period on the upper and lower parts of a forest slope in a cool temperate forest in Japan. Potassium dynamics were divided into initial leaching phase and late phase. Initial K concentrations for the initial phase were correlated with the rate of decrease in K concentration during the initial phase. The late phase was characterized by seasonal fluctuations in concentration: K concentration increased from April to November and decreased during the winter period. The pattern of change in Ca concentration was divided into initial increase phase and late decrease phase in some litter types, or consisted of the late phase only in other litters. Calcium concentration of the initial litter was not predictable for the pattern of change in Ca concentration nor the rate of change in Ca concentration during the initial phase. Initial Ca concentration for the late phase was correlated with the rate of change in Ca concentration during the late phase. The pattern of change in Mg concentration was divided into initial leaching phase and late immobilization phase. Initial Mg concentration for the initial phase was correlated with the rate of change in Mg concentration during the initial phase. At the lower site, initial Mg concentration for the late phase was correlated with the rate of change in Mg concentration during the late phase, while such a relationship was not observed at the upper site. Concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg showed a convergent trend at the end of the study period. The final concentration differed between the upper and lower sites.     

基于OSC的土壤全氮近红外光谱测定

采集农田、林地和盐碱地不同类型的土壤样本,采用偏最小二乘法结合OSC方法建立土壤有机质反演模型,运用交叉验证和外部验证相结合的评价方法进行比较分析。结果显示：采用平滑＋MSC＋OSC方法对光谱进行预处理,可以提高预测模型的精度。OSC因子个数和PLS主因子个数分别为6和4时,交叉验证决定系数R2为0.990 1,均方根误差为0.297 5,外部验证决定系数R2为0.926 1,均方根误差为0.283 6,模型达到最优。表明对光谱进行OSC预处理后建模是可行的,OSC降低与浓度阵无关的光谱信号,并且减少建立模型的主因子个数,进一步提高模型的精度和稳定性。     

Successive media to improve the in vitro rhizogenesis of Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Dim. et Mil.

In vitro rooting constitutes a difficult step during the micropropagation process of forest species. The successive media culture technique represents one way to overcome this barrier and includes modifying physical (e.g. photoperiod) and chemical (e.g. flavonoids) factors during the rooting phases. The aim of this study was to obtain a successive media protocol based on the incorporation of flavonoids during the in vitro rooting of Nothofagus nervosa. The factors evaluated were the type, concentration, and combination of flavonoids in relation to the rooting phases, the presence of IBA in the culture medium, the photoperiod, and the effect of flavonoids on total tissue peroxidase activity. The photoperiod used included a darkness period during the rooting induction stage and the presence of 0.61 µMIBA in the culture medium. The results showed that flavonoid incorporation at a concentration of 20 µM accelerated the appearance of roots and improved the quality of the already formed ones. Each type and concentration of flavonoid produced different responses, with (±)naringenin giving the best results. The latter caused a peak in the peroxidase activity that was absent in the control treatments. This work allowed identifying an optimized rooting protocol through a successive media culture technique that improved the speed of appearance, as well as the quantity and quality of roots for a single N. nervosa clone.     

Land use, biodiversity conservation, and rural development in the dehesas of Cuatro Lugares, Spain

Dehesas are an agrosilvopastoral system that has enhanced the maintenance of an extraordinarily high biodiversity. The traditional use is characterized by mixed livestock raising at low stocking densities, employment of hardy regional breeds and an elaborated maintenance and exploitation of holm oaks. Livestock production has traditionally been accompanied by arable systems with long rotations and closed nutrient cycles without external inputs of fodder, fertilizers and agro-chemicals. Modern trends are a specialization toward lamb and beef production and the employment of intensive techniques like free-range grazing at high stocking levels or crossbreeding with high-performance breeds. A model income statement shows that livestock create an income of 49.91 US$ per ewe per year on an average basis. The central problem for the continuity of the dehesas is the gradual decay of the tree canopy. Intensification of agricultural production and the abandonment of traditional grazing practices additionally threaten biodiversity within the dehesas. The authors suggest the foundation of a biosphere reserve in Cuatro Lugares as a framework for a sustainable development of the dehesas.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国薪炭材树种的热值与生态差异的研究

本文对木材热值的测定方法进行了研究。为了提高试验的精确度,改进了试样的容器;减少试样辅助添加剂引入的误差;考虑了含脂材挥发物对热值的影响,提出了一个实际通用的测试方法。通过对二十四种样木的测试,综合分析了测试误差、生态差异以及营林因子等的影响,对薪材热值的树种间差异和生态因子对热值变异时影响进行了研究。