干旱胁迫下氮肥对玉米叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽控水试验,研究干旱胁迫下氮肥水平对玉米光合作用及保护酶活性的生理响应。结果表明,与正常灌水处理相比,干旱胁迫降低玉米叶片的气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ量子产量(φPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP);增加胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;保护酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT)升高。干旱胁迫下适量施氮(225 kg/hm2)提高玉米叶片的Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ和qP;降低Ci和qN;同时显著提高保护酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT),降低膜质过氧化程度,全面改善叶片光合功能和内在的生理特性。不施氮肥和过量施氮(450 kg/hm2)均表现出与适量施氮处理相反的变化趋势。     

不同程度干旱胁迫对马铃薯幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

试验以马铃薯品种美康1号原种一代为材料,用盆栽方法人工模拟土壤干旱条件,设置土壤田间最大持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%4个水分处理水平,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对马铃薯幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,结果表明：苗期土壤含水量为田间最大持水量80%（CK）时,株高、茎粗、单株叶面积、地上部鲜重均最大,随土壤含水量的降低和...     

干旱胁迫及复水对冬马铃薯苗期光合特性的影响

以云南省主栽的4个马铃薯品种‘会-2’、‘宣薯2号’、‘丽薯6号’及‘合作88’为试验材料,采用盆栽冬种的方式,研究干旱胁迫与复水对冬种马铃薯苗期光合指标的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,4个马铃薯品种的蒸腾速率(Transpiration rate,Tr)、气孔导度(Stomatal conductance,Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Internal CO2 concentration,Ci)、净光合速率(Net photosynthesis rate,Pn)均较对照低,但气孔限制值(Stomatal limitation,Ls)、瞬时水分利用效率(Instant water use efficiency,WUE)增加;复水后,植株产生补偿生长效应,蒸腾速率、净光合速率、气孔导度较干旱处理增加,但均未高于对照,胞间CO2浓度、气孔限制值与干旱处理数值几乎一致,瞬时水分利用效率降低。综合各光合指标表明,干旱胁迫下,供试的4个马铃薯品种光合响应有差异,‘会-2’可维持较好的光合效率,‘宣薯2号’次之,‘丽薯6号’及‘合作88’光合效率受影响较大。     

干旱胁迫对不同类型红花品种（系） 苗期生理生化特性的影响

为筛选抗旱品种提供依据,本试验从14份红花品种中筛选出2个抗旱品种（PI401470和PI401477 ）和2个干旱敏感型品种（系）（PI560169和川红1号）,并以此4份品种（系）为材料,研究干旱胁迫对红花幼苗光合、渗透调节物质和抗氧化物保护酶等生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,4个红花品种（系）叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均呈不同程度的下降趋势,且品种间差异显著（P﹤0.05）;抗旱红花品（系）的各光合特性指标降幅均低于敏感型红花品种（系）。干旱胁迫条件下,渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量均上升,保护性酶SOD、POD和CAT活性也均呈升高趋势,且抗旱型红花品种（系）的增长率高于敏感型品种（系）;抗旱型品种（系）MDA含量增长率低于敏感型品种。对11项指标进行主成分分析,提取了2个主成分,以净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度、蒸腾速率、SOD活性和CAT活性为第一主成分,以可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸为第二主成分的抗旱性鉴定指标,累计贡献率达89.50％。     

干旱胁迫对木薯苗光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验设置正常供水、中度干旱和重度干旱3种处理,研究华南205和华南8号木薯苗在土壤干旱胁迫下的光合特性.结果表明:在正常供水、中度和重度干旱胁迫下,SC8叶片的最大净光合速率(Pmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)和光饱和点(LSP)均显著高于或不低于SC205,而光补偿点(LCP)2个品种之间无显著性差异.随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,Pmax、AQY和LSP呈现下降趋势,而LCP却升高;当光合有效辐射(PAR)为0～2 000 μmol/(m2·s)时,随着PAR的增大,2个木薯品种叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均先迅速升高后趋向平缓,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)则迅速降低后也逐渐平缓,而水分利用率(WUE)却呈现先增高后降低的趋势;干旱胁迫下,气孔因素是引起木薯叶片净光合速率下降的主要原因.综上所述,干旱胁迫下木薯苗的光合特性受到限制,干旱胁迫下华南8号的光合特性和抗旱性要优于华南205.     

干旱胁迫对不同大麻品种生理特性和生长的影响研究初报

通过对4个不同地域来源的大麻品种:云麻1号、BM001、皖大麻1号和信阳1号的盆栽干旱胁迫试验,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对这4个大麻品种生理特性和生长的影响.结果表明:1、云麻1号和皖大麻1号的叶片含水量分别在干旱胁迫前期和后期下降幅度较大,BM001和信阳1号的叶片含水量在干旱胁迫中呈持续下降状态,说明不同的大麻品种对干旱胁迫的响应模式不同;2、在土壤含水量低于15％时,四种大麻叶片保护酶活性骤降,说明15％的土壤含水量可作为大麻抗旱栽培措施的临界点;3、干旱胁迫对BM001的株高和茎粗生长影响较其他3种品种小,说明这一品种的抗旱能力较强,可用于大麻抗旱品种的选育.     

施用氮肥对干旱胁迫下花生生理特性的影响

在防雨棚旱池内以花育25号花生品种为试验材料进行土柱栽培试验,设置正常供水(W0)、轻度干旱胁迫(W1)、中度干旱胁迫(W2)三个水分条件和不施氮肥(N0)、低氮(N1,45 kg·hm-2)、中氮(N2,90 kg·hm-2)、高氮(N3,135 kg·hm-2)四个施氮水平,研究不同土壤水分和氮肥条件对花生叶片生理...     

干旱胁迫对苎麻光合特性和产量的影响

以苎麻品种川苎11号为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置正常供水(对照)、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱,研究了苎麻旺长期干旱胁迫持续20天对苎麻光合特性和产量的影响.结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低了苎麻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),胁迫程度越重,降低幅度越大.干旱胁迫显著提高了苎麻叶片的内在水分利用效率(WUEi)和气孔限制值(Ls),但WUEi和Ls在轻度和中度胁迫下上升,在重度胁迫下下降.苎麻Pn的降低在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下受气孔因素限制,在重度干旱胁迫下受非气孔因素限制.干旱胁迫显著降低了苎麻鲜皮出麻率和原麻产量,但苎麻可以忍耐较轻程度的水分亏缺.总之,干旱胁迫显著降低了苎麻的光合速率,并影响到苎麻的生长和纤维产量,影响程度与干旱胁迫程度的强弱密切相关.在生产中,旱情达到中度干旱时应及时采取抗旱措施,确保苎麻正常生长.     

干旱胁迫对木薯苗生理特性影响研究

为探明木薯苗在干旱胁迫下的生理特性,以木薯品种新选048为材料,用桶栽方法人工模拟土壤干旱条件,设置供水量为土壤田间最大持水量的20%、40%、60%和80%4个水分处理水平,以不供水为对照,研究不同程度干旱胁迫对木薯苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:木薯株高、茎粗、叶片的总含水量、自由水的含量、自由水和束缚水的比值均随着供水量的增加而升高;叶片脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、细胞膜透性、SOD酶活性、POD酶活性均随着供水量的增加而降低。可见,干旱胁迫越严重对木薯生长越不利,土壤含水量占田间最大持水量的80%时最有利于木薯苗的生长。     

水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化特性的影响

为了给水杨酸在小麦栽培中的应用提供参考依据,以小麦品种百农AK58为材料,用17.5%聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,研究了外源水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片和根系抗氧化特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著提高了根、叶细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性。与单独干旱胁迫处理相比,外源施加水杨酸可使干旱下小麦幼苗根系APX、POD、SOD和CAT活性分别增加190.9%、20.4%、42.3%和89.4%,使其膜透性和MDA含量分别降低19.7%和54.6%;对叶片而言,水杨酸可使其APX和POD活性分别增加31.5%和159.6%,使其膜透性和MDA含量分别降低23.7%和53.9%。上述结果说明,干旱胁迫加剧了小麦的氧化胁迫,小麦幼苗则通过增强根、叶抗氧化酶活性以抵抗氧化伤害。外源施加水杨酸可增强小麦幼苗根、叶相关抗氧化酶的活性,从而缓解小麦在干旱下所遭受的氧化伤害,增强其抗旱性。     

Effects of Drought and Shading on Non-structural Carbohydrate Stored in the Stem of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Abstract

Most studies on non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) are concentrated on the leaf and tuber, and little is known about NSC in the stem and its function. To test the hypothesis that NSC stored in stem contributes to stable tuber bulking under stress conditions, we grew plants in pots in a greenhouse under drought and shading conditions for 17 d during tuber bulking. Compared with the control, drought and shading significantly reduced leaf and stem dry weights (DW) and total NSC concentration in the main stem base. However, tuber DW increased by 77% in drought and by 46% in shading conditions relative to the control. The contributions of NSC loss in the stem to tuber DW increase in drought and shading conditions were 37% and 54%, respectively. This study suggests that NSC stored in the stem base is supplied to tuber under stress conditions to support tuber bulking.     

Response of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Germplasm to Water Stress Under In Vitro Conditions

Chile is center of origin and diversity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Potato yield is affected under water stress conditions, so development of varieties with better tolerance to this stress is desirable. In this study we determined the differential response of INIA-Chile potato germplasm to water stress under in vitro assays with polyethylene glycol. One-hundred-and-fourty-nine genotypes were evaluated. Polyethylene glycol 4.8 % w/v was able to distinguish genotype response by considering the morphological variables (plantlet height, leaf and root number) and fresh and dry weight. Through multivariate statistical analysis, and in comparison with their respective controls without treatment, genotypes were clustered with high (74 – 79 %), intermediate (29 – 94 %), low (29 – 57 %), and very low (4– 28 %) water stress tolerance. The high-tolerance-response cluster was mainly made up of Chilean potato landraces. These results highlight the importance of this germplasm in food security, which could be directly cultivated and/or be used as progenitors to produce new varieties with increased tolerance to water-deficit stress.     

Genetic Diversity and Yield Stability of Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)

The present study was under taken to investigate the genetic distance and the performance of thirty one potato genotypes in diverse environments.Multivariate and canonical analysis were used to study genetic diversity among the genotypes and stability parameters were estimated according to Eberhart and Russell,Parkinge and Jinks and Freeman and Perkins models for plant height,branch number per plant,tuber number and tuber weight.Thirty one genotypes were grouped in to six clusters with the help of Mahalonobis distance and canonical analysis.The stability analysis revealed that yield was greatly influenced by the environments.Most of the studied genotypes were sensitive for yield with the environment.For over-all performance 'Hera','Chamak','Patnai','Lala pakri','TPS-7','TPS-364','Somerset' and 'Superior' were the best genotypes for tuber yield and breeding material for potato breeding.     

The History of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Research in Spain

Principal activities of the NEIKER-Basque Institute of Agricultural Research contributing to potato research in Spain are described from its origin in 1933 to 2004. In the first period, the genetic crosses begun and the first Spanish variety called “Eminencia” was obtained. From the 1950s (second period) the Station was divided into four sections: virology, ecology, pre-basic potato production and genetics. In 1979 (third period) a new generation of scientists was brought in to reinvigorate activities like genetic breeding and to start new ones, such as tissue culture, nematology, pathology and serology. Since the 1980s, a total of 23 varieties have been registered, which have good industrial attributes or fresh consumption characteristics.     

抗机械损伤褐变马铃薯品种(系)的筛选

采用分光光度法研究了21个马铃薯新品种(系)在机械损伤条件下的褐变。筛选试验表明,4℃褐变24 h后,品种(系)云薯301、S03-259、S04-801和JS05-53-275的褐变度变化值为0.004~0.081,而且初始褐变度都很小,因此这4个品种(系)可作为抗机械损伤褐变品种(系)加以研究和开发利用。     

干旱和复水对马铃薯叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以‘东农311’和‘克新13号’为试验材料,采用盆栽控水的方式,在抗旱棚内研究马铃薯叶片叶绿素荧光参数受干旱和复水的影响。结果表明:干旱下,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Y(Ⅱ)和qP持续下降,Y(NPQ)、NPQ表现为不断增加;在处理的第15 d和第23 d,‘克新13号’的叶绿素荧光指标变化幅度大于‘东农311’,在复水后‘东农311’的恢复程度大于‘克新13号’。‘东农311’的叶绿素荧光参数比‘克新13号’更适应干旱胁迫。     

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar response to bentazon and crop oil

Bentazon [3-(l-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,l,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] was applied at two rates to nine potato cultivars in the field, with or without a crop oil, to plant foliage at two different heights. Seven days after application of bentazon, foliar injury ranged from 0 to 36 percent depending on rate, cultivar, and plant height at the time of application. Of nine cultivars tested, Russet Burbank was the most susceptible to injury and Red LaSoda the least susceptible. A bentazon application rate of 1.12 kg a.i./ha, compared to a rate of 0.84 Kg a.i./ha, resulted in a biologically insignificant increase in foliar injury of two to four percent and a significant increase in weed control. The addition of crop oil to bentazon did not result in an increase of foliar injury, but increased the percentage of weeds controlled approximately two-fold. With one exception, application of bentazon to plants 8–15 cm in height resulted in less foliar injury than application to plants 20–30 cm in height. Application of bentazon to larger plants resulted in lower yield and quality. For most cultivars, the application of bentazon (1.12 kg/ha a.i.) and crop oil (2.3 L/ha) to 8 to 15 cm-tall potato plants resulted in no appreciable loss in potato tuber yield, while controlling 74–85 percent of broadleaf weeds.     

氮素形态与马铃薯品质的关系

在田间条件下研究了不同形态氮素对马铃薯块茎硝酸盐含量、淀粉、蛋白质及还原糖含量的影响。结果表明,马铃薯块茎内硝酸盐含量从块茎形成期到成熟收获期是逐渐降低的。使用铵态氮肥并加硝化抑制剂双氰胺可以显著地抑制马铃薯块茎硝酸盐的积累;与硝酸盐含量变化相似,从块茎形成期到收获期蛋白质含量也逐渐降低,不同氮素形态处理对马铃薯块茎内蛋白质含量的影响无显著差异;铵态氮添加双氰胺处理可降低块茎还原糖含量。虽然马铃薯被认为是喜硝作物,但本研究表明,不同氮素形态处理不仅没有造成马铃薯产量的显著差异,而且块茎内淀粉含量也无显著差异。     

Effect of Acid Aluminous Soil on Photosynthetic Parameters of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Potato is grown worldwide, in some cases in very acid soils. Aluminum (Al) is a major limiting factor for crop productivity in acid soils. Al toxicity was studied mainly on plant roots, while less attention was given to its effects on leaves. Al tolerance observed in solution cultures has rarely been correlated with Al tolerance in acid soils. Al tolerance was assessed in 12 potato cultivars grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, and 50 μmol Al L^?1 by its relative root elongation (RRE). The effect of acid soil with high level of exchangeable Al on leaf mineral content, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, water use efficiency (WUE), and light use efficiency (LUE) was studied on cultivars, with the greatest differences in RRE (cv. Tresor, 63.1 and 42.5% and cv. Canberra, 23.3 and 19.2%, for the 25 and 50 μmol Al L^?1 treatments, respectively), grown for 49 days after planting (DAP) in acid and limed soil. Growth in acid soil significantly reduced concentrations of nitrogen (?18.51%) and magnesium (?27.17%) in the leaves in cv. Canberra and concentrations of potassium and copper in both cultivars. Canberra grown in acid soil showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, from 28 to 49 DAP, and in transpiration rate and LUE when averaged across all measurements, while cv. Tresor was not affected. Physiological disorders observed on leaves of plants grown in acid soil can be correlated with the differences in Al tolerance observed in nutrient solutions.     

SSR标记马铃薯育成品种的遗传多样性分析

分析65份马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)育成品种的遗传关系,为主食化马铃薯新品种选育中亲本的选配提供理论依据。采用轮筛法从100对马铃薯SSR引物中筛选出条带清晰、重复性好、多态性较高的引物。利用筛选出的25对SSR引物对65份马铃薯品种的遗传多样性进行扩增分析,用NTSYS-pc 2.1软件分析供试材料的遗传关系。25对SSR引物共扩增出145个位点,其中多态性位点145个,占总扩增位点的100%。供试材料间的遗传相似系数为0.60～0.93,表明供试材料间遗传差异相对较大。UPGMA聚类结果表明,在遗传相似系数为0.60时,供试材料被分为两大类,‘华恩1号’单独聚为第一类,其余64份材料聚为第二类;在遗传相似系数为0.61时,第二类又分为两个亚类,‘农天1号’、‘甘谷紫’、‘天薯9号’、‘五龙洋芋’、‘天薯10号’聚为第一亚类;其余59份材料聚为第二亚类;在相似系数为0.64时,第二亚类又分为2个亚亚类:第1亚亚类为‘天薯11号’、‘青薯10号’、‘青薯6号’、‘甘谷红’和‘秦州红’,其余54份材料聚为第2亚亚类。结果表明,供试材料中部分品种间亲缘关系较远,但同一育种单位育成的品种遗传差异较小,育种中可以充分利用遗传关系较远的马铃薯品种作为亲本材料。