森林乔木冠层雨水再分配特征及机制研究综述

森林乔木冠层对降雨的再分配具有重要的水文生态意义,有助于定量评价不同区域、尺度、类型的森林冠层雨水利用效率,可为深入研究森林冠层变化对区域水分循环的调节作用提供科学依据。文中从森林冠层雨水截留、林内穿透雨、树干茎流和林下凋落物截留4个方面评述了近20年来国内外对森林乔木冠层影响雨水再分配的研究最新进展。研究认为,由于森林冠层雨水再分配的生态机理仍未明晰,因此建立精确度高的截留模型仍将作为此类研究的重难点之一;引入激光雷达技术获得森林冠层三维结构,以及多角度、多通道的多种传感器观测垂直空间多层次的森林冠层雨水再利用规律将会成为未来的研究方向之一;目前林冠雨水截留研究缺乏其与区域水文变化之间的关联性研究,将林冠雨水再分配研究的成果转化为区域水文问题的解决方案也将会是未来研究的趋势之一。     

南岭山地森林群落冠层结构与立木多度的关系

林冠是森林与外部环境相互作用最直接与最活跃的界面层,影响着森林的物理环境和生物环境。采用半球面摄影技术(Hemispherical Photography)、典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)和Kruskal-Wallis分析定量研究了森林群落冠层结构与立木分布及多度的关系。结果表明:(1)基于10 000 m2调查样地,南岭山地森林群落共有立木47科81属143种,枯立木多来源于林冠上层大树;(2)CCA排序结果显示,冠层结构各参数与立木分布均有一定相关性,叶面积指数、林冠开度与立木分布的关系尤为密切;(3)立木多度与活立木多度在林下散射光分组变量间差异显著(P<0.05),枯立木多度在林冠开度分组变量间的差异性显著(P<0.05),立木多度随林下直射光增强而减少。叶面积指数和林冠开度通过影响林下光照条件进而影响立木,尤其是枯立木的形成和多度。     

森林冠层结构的生态学研究现状与展望

林冠是树木光合作用的主要层次,林冠结构造成的林下光环境差异对于植物的生长和群落的更新演替有着重要的生态学意义。冠层结构的重要作用已引起全球生态学家的高度重视,国际科学界已举行了三届国际冠层大会,认为合作并发展全球冠层研究计划是必须的。文章较系统地介绍了国内外冠层结构、林内环境、林下植被组成及土壤环境之间的一系列相互关系的研究进展,并将近年来有关森林冠层结构最新研究方法作简单介绍,为今后的同类研究提供参考。     

不同冠层结构下的植物生长型与生活型特征

为了探明森林群落冠层结构、光环境特性与林下植被生长型和生活型的关系,采用经典群落学调查方法和半球面影像技术,定量研究了在林下、林隙边缘和林隙中心这3种冠层结构下,植物生长型和生活型的数量特征及其对不同冠层结构参数的响应。结果表明:(1)不同冠层结构下,乔木和灌木的优势地位明显,草本与藤本在林下的生长优势最弱,而蕨类最适于在林隙边缘生长;不同冠层结构下的植物生活型均表现为先增后减,说明林隙边缘的生活环境更适合植物群落的生长。(2)Kruskal-Wallis分析表明,草本和灌木,以及小高位芽、矮高位芽和地上芽植物在不同冠层结构间存在显著差异(P0.05)。(3)CCA排序表明不同生长型和生活型植物对冠层结构参数的响应不一致。在林下和林隙中心,物种分布受到林冠开度、叶面积指数、林下直射光、散射光和总光照这5个冠层结构参数的影响;而在林隙边缘,物种分布只与林冠开度、叶面积指数和林下散射光有关。     

城市森林群落林冠结构与林下光环境的关系

城市森林群落是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,研究城乡梯度下城市森林群落林冠结构与林下光环境的关系对提高广州城市森林质量、创建珠三角国家森林城市群具有重要意义。采用经典群落学调查方法和半球面影像技术,定量研究了城市森林群落林冠结构对林下光环境的影响,并筛选出对林下光环境影响较强的林冠结构因子。结果表明:1)市区、近郊和远郊森林群落的林冠结构参数没有遵循同一变化模式。3个城市森林群落林冠层的胸径在不同区域间差异不显著(P 0.05),但树高、林冠开度与叶面积指数在不同区域间均呈极显著差异(P 0.001)。2)沿城乡梯度,3个城市森林群落林下直射光、林下散射光和林下总光照的差异性均达到极显著水平(P 0.001),林下散射光与林冠结构的关系更密切。近郊和远郊的冠层林下光环境特征相似,均与市区差异显著。3)沿城乡梯度,城市森林群落林冠结构对林下光环境的影响不一致。胸径和树高对林下光环境无影响,林冠开度的影响较小,但叶面积指数的影响较大。     

广西猫儿山典型植被林冠结构比较研究

运用LAI-2000冠层分析仪对广西猫儿山3种典型森林植被进行叶面积指数测定,对比3种典型森林植被叶面积空间分布以及其水平空间分布的均匀性。结果表明,(1)杉木林、木荷林和毛竹林叶面积指数水平分布由内向外逐渐减小,叶面积指数与距林冠投影中心距离呈二次函数关系;(2)杉木林叶分布的最大值在树冠顶部,从上到下叶面积指数逐渐下降;而木荷林从上层到下层叶面积指数呈增加的趋势;(3)杉木林的冠层在水平空间分布的均匀性要好于其他2种林型,毛竹林分布均匀性最差。本研究对揭示不同林型叶面积在森林植被中的空间格局,探究林冠结构和水文过程的关系,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

数字图像处理在森林冠层生长研究中的应用

森林冠层半球图像的孔隙度是研究植物群体和群落生长分析的重要参数。本项研究针对森林冠层半球图像,运用数字图像处理的方法进行了单色通道提取、分割和特征提取。结果表明,本项研究采用的改进OTSU算法,结合Matlab应用软件,可以有效地提取出森林冠层半球图像的孔隙度。所提方法与Winscanopy软件相比,具有更好的相关性和更小的误差,为森林生长状况分析提供了有效的依据,为叶面积指数的研究开辟了新途径。     

彩色森林冠层半球图像的分割方法

森林冠层半球图像是由带有鱼眼镜头的数码相机在冠层的底部由下向上拍摄而成。对彩色的森林冠层半球图像,运用RGB彩色模型,通过对不同阈值的尝试,最终验证了在RGB彩色模型下的分割。本方法计算速度快,精度高,为研究森林冠层的生长状况,快速有效地获取叶面积指数及冠层孔隙度提供了新途径。     

基于离散点云数据的森林冠层高度模型插值方法

【目的】基于森林区域离散点云特点,利用不同插值方法构建冠层高度模型,并对不同插值方法进行比较、分析和评价,为森林冠层高度模型插值方法选择提供参考。【方法】以30 m×30 m样方离散点云数据为试验数据,采用开源软件SAGS-GIS利用B样条插值(B-Spline)、普通克里金插值法(OK)、线性插值三角网法(TLI)、反距离加权插值法(IDW)4种插值方法分别构建森林冠层高度模型,对森林冠层高度模型的平面视图、三维视图、剖面图及其像元统计量进行比较和分析;同时对反距离加权插值法的插值参数搜索半径进行讨论、比较和分析。【结果】对于森林区域空间分布均匀且存在高度突变的点云数据,B-Spline插值对空值区域都进行了填充,林冠空隙也被过分填充,且CHM像元最大值明显偏离原始插值数据;TLI插值的CHM显得比较破碎;OK插值法对影像过度平滑,生成的CHM影像模糊;而IDW插值法对冠层顶部进行了适当填充和平滑,但冠层边缘不被过度平滑,保留高度突变,同时林冠空隙仍然保留也不被过分填充。IDW插值应选择合适的搜索半径,搜索半径为原始点云间隔的1.5~2.5倍较为合适。【结论】IDW插值法优于B-Spline,OK,TLI插值法,生成的CHM能较准确反映森林冠层的真实自然形态,有利于森林参数的提取。     

森林的水土涵养功能

森林生态系统是生物圈生态系统中分布最广、结构最复杂、类型最丰富的陆地生态系统。森林以其繁茂的林冠层、林下冠草层、枯枝落叶层以及土壤层,为水源的截留、蓄积以及调节分配大气降水和地表径流创造了良好的环境。1.我国水土流失的现状。水土流失是指在水流作用下,土壤被侵蚀、搬运和沉淀的整个过程。在自然状态下,纯粹由自然因素引起的地表侵蚀过程非常缓慢,常与土壤形成过程处于相对平衡状态,因此坡地还能保持完整,这种侵蚀称为自然侵蚀,也称为地质侵蚀。在人类活动影响下,特别是人类严重地破坏了坡地植被后,由自然因素引起的地表土壤…     

Canopy processes research

The forest canopy regulates the exchange of carbon, water and energy between the ecosystem and the atmosphere, and provides a habitat for a wide variety of species. Understanding canopy processes is important for modeling forest production and carbon sequestration, and for predicting the effects of global changes in climate and atmospheric chemistry on the functioning of forest ecosystems. The Canopy Processes Working Group of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations has provided a forum for researchers working on forest canopies for nearly 20 years, principally through international meetings held every 2-3 years. In this paper, I review the history of the Canopy Processes Group, show how the research focus has changed and broadened, and provide a brief overview of some of the problems that remain to be solved. These include the topic of our 2001 meeting (Linking the Complexity of Forest Canopies to Ecosystem and Landscape Function), integration of canopy and respiratory processes, carbon allocation, physiological changes with tree age, predicting the response of forests to global change, understanding the genetic control of canopy structure and function, and scaling ecophysiological processes and modeling. Determining how forests will respond to global change and understanding the physiology of forest production will require increased attention to canopy processes and an increased focus on the interactions of canopy processes with other components of the ecosystem.     

林窗定义及林窗特征测定方法研究进展

林窗形成导致环境资源再分配,进而影响物种入侵、种子萌发、幼苗更新和幼树存活;林窗改变了森林空间结构和植物群落组成,增加了群落异质性,这为保持森林群落相对稳定奠定了基础,也为多种生物共存发展提供了适宜的条件。目前,关于林窗对植被更新、植物多样性影响研究较多,但至今没有一个公认的客观量化林窗定义的方法,导致研究者采用的林窗识别标准不同,无法对现有林窗研究进行有效比较,且林窗特征测定方法也尚未完善。文中对林窗的概念形成、定义发展及林窗特征（形状、大小、形成、年龄及边缘木）测定方法进行梳理,探讨目前林窗研究存在的问题,以期为未来林窗干扰相关研究提供历史脉络与研究方向。     

Salt distribution in response to optical stratification porosity and relative windspeed in a coastal forest in Niigata, Japan

Wind velocity, vertical stand structure and seasalt distribution were measured at various heights inside a plantation of coastal pine forest, with thinning and unthinning, to assess whether any relationships exist between the wind profile, stand structure and seasalt distribution in the coastal pine forest. The vertical stand structure, i.e., optical stratification porosity (OSP), which is defined as vertical distribution of the proportion of sky hemisphere not obscured by tree elements inside a forest stand, was determined for each height by computer analysis of digital images taken with a hemispherical lens. The distribution of OSP in the coastal forest follows the Lambert-Beer's law with absorbency coefficient (). The relative windspeed within canopy can be described using the exponential form with the attenuation coefficient (). The sea-salt was collected using salt gauze (a surgical dressing of loosely woven cotton) both inside and outside the coastal forest, and the distribution of sea-salt within canopy was also in accordance with an exponential function. The relationships among windspeed, OSP and sea-salt indicate that the distributions of both sea-salt and windspeed within canopy were very closely correlated with the distribution of OSP. A linear relationship between OSP and sea-salt has been found. Additionally, linear regression between coefficients and has been obtained as well. Based on these relationships between OSP, wind and sea-salt in the coastal forest, the sea-salt distribution and wind profile within the canopy of the coastal forest can be predicted according to OSP. These results may therefore be useful in analyzing the effects of sea-salt on vegetation and evaluating the filter functions of coastal forests.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Forest structure in space: a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, PR China

Ecologists and foresters are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of spatial information in ecosystem analysis and resource management. An across-scale analysis of forest structure was conducted to characterize the spatial characteristics of a 2 ha spruce-fir forest located inside Changbaishan Natural Reserve (CNR), PR China. The study was designed to develop an approach for assessment of within-stand heterogeneity to increase understanding of the effects of heterogeneity on pattern–process relationships in forests. Univariate and bivariate Ripley's K functions were employed to capture stand heterogeneity in terms of intra- and inter-specific point patterns of tree distributions. Stem-mapped crowns were generated and analyzed as canopy patches within a geographic information system (GIS) to quantify patterns within the strata of the forest canopy. The dominant spruces were randomly distributed within each height class but aggregated when all height classes were analyzed. In addition, spruces had repulsive patterns to other species which exhibited clear aggregation. Canopy heterogeneity, both in terms of composition and spatial patterning, were complex – as expressed within canopy layers and among individual forest species. This across-scale complexity supports a multivariate spatial and across-scale approach to characterizing forest structure, and argues for linked pattern-process experiments. We suggest that joint field and simulation studies be conducted which relate changes in forest stand dynamics to changes in stand heterogeneity. These linked studies are needed to provide a measure of ecological significance relative to statistical significance of patterns.     

不同林型对林下光照和辐射消减的影响

在中山市长江库区水源林市级保护区内选择4种不同的林分类型,进行每木检尺和冠层影像拍摄,处理得到林下光照因子和辐射消减因子,分析不同林型对林下光照和辐射消减的影响。结果表明:不同林型对林冠结构和林下光照影响显著,针叶林与针阔混交林的林下光照接近,林冠较差,沟谷季雨林与常绿阔叶林接近,林冠较好;辐射消减在不同林型间差异显著,针叶林和针阔混交林辐射消减较差,常绿阔叶林和沟谷季雨林辐射消减较好;林下光照与辐射消减相关性强,特别是两个林冠结构因子与辐射消减关系密切。在进行林分改造时,建议选择叶片较大较厚,冠幅大而优美的常绿阔叶树种进行更新,天然起源的林分与常绿阔叶林的林冠结构较好,有效维持了森林生态系统稳定。     

北京山区水源林结构与功能关系研究

为了准确把握北京山区水源林林分特征,掌握其结构与功能的关系,以北京山区的水源林16种森林类型作为研究对象,分析了林分的结构特征;采用因子分析方法对林分结构与水源涵养功能关系进行多因子分析研究,结果表明:在林分层次上,影响水源涵养功能的林分结构因子主要是林分树种组成、年龄、郁闭度、起源、层次、生物量以及土壤结构7个因子。研究结果可为北京山区水源林经营提供科学依据。     

Influence of canopy structure on the survival and growth of underplanted seedlings

This study explores the indirect relationship between forest structural measures and initial seedling survival and growth along a structural gradient between 64% to 92% canopy closure. The gradient was created by applying various levels of midstory removal to fifty 0.05 ha areas located within a mixed-hardwood riparian forest corridor. Twelve yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) containerized seedling pairs were underplanted within each area. Canopy closure was estimated using hemispherical photography; height-to-canopy and basal area were recorded at each seedling pair. Survival, basal diameter, and height were monitored through two growing seasons. Species-specific mortality and height growth models were developed for one and two growing seasons following underplanting. The interaction of height-to-canopy and basal area along with canopy closure were found to be the most strongly related to mortality. Height to the forest canopy and initial seedling size explained the most variance in height increment. Although the height increment models possess limited predictive power (R² range from 0.22 to 0.36), both mortality and growth analyses emphasize the importance of quantifying vertical canopy structure, along with the more commonly considered horizontal measures of forest structure (basal area and stem density), when evaluating seedling development beneath a forest canopy.     

森林冠层叶片氮浓度高光谱遥感反演研究进展

氮素是植物生命活动所需的重要营养元素,在森林植被的光合作用和生态系统固碳方面起着关键作用。因此,理解森林叶片氮浓度在叶片和冠层（遥感像元）尺度上的高光谱特征,是开展森林冠层叶片氮浓度（CNC）遥感反演、优化森林碳循环模拟、应对气候变化的重要基础工作。当前,森林CNC的光谱特征提取受到冠层结构因素的影响,其高光谱遥感反演的理论亦不明确。文中通过梳理国内外大量植被叶氮高光谱反演的代表性研究成果,以时间为轴线从叶片和冠层2个尺度上进行文献综述,详细阐述当前国内外森林叶氮浓度高光谱遥感反演的主要方法、研究热点和面临的问题,并对近年来学界关于森林冠层结构在冠层叶片氮浓度遥感反演中的影响进行综述,并展望森林冠层叶氮浓度高光谱遥感反演的发展方向。     

中山市防火林带树种组成与冠层结构

防火林带的树种组成与冠层结构可影响林带的防火功能。为评价中山市防火林带的树种组成 和冠层结构,对中山市防火林带树种进行了调查,并在防火林带中选取了9 个典型林带类型,建立标准 地,对其树种组成与冠层结构进行了对比研究。结果表明：中山市13 个镇区的生物防火林带共应用了31 个树种,隶属17 科24 属,豆科、山茶科和樟科树种最多,数量最多的有荷木Schima superba、马尾松 Pinus massoniana、台湾相思Acacia confusa、柠檬桉Eucalyptus citriodora、米老排Mytilaria laosensis;以 针叶树为主的针叶林林冠开度最大,达38.07%,林下植物相对茂盛,分别以米老排和杨梅Myrica rubra 为主的阔叶混交林林冠开度最小,分别为12.36% 和13.88%。米老排与杨梅为主要树种的阔叶林林冠开 度比以马尾松为主的针叶林的林冠开度要小,阔叶林的冠层郁闭度较高;自然保护区核心区针阔混交林 的叶面积指数最大,达2.64,显著高于马尾松纯林和马占相思Acacia mangium、荷木和藜蒴Castanopsis fissa 等阔叶混交林,为0.99 和1.65;山脚的荷木林地、荷木与马尾松的混交林和以米老排为主的阔叶混 交林的林下光照较弱,林下植被稀少,冠层结构较为疏散,是较好的防火林带。对现有防火林带的林分 改造,如增加经济林木、果树等阔叶树种,可进一步提高防火林带的防火作用。