长期施肥对水稻土不同功能有机质库碳氮分布的影响

土壤有机质(SOM)对于维持农业生产力、提高土壤质量和增加土壤固碳均具有非常重要的意义。以红壤水稻土35年的长期定位试验为依托,借助近期发展的物理―化学联合分组方法,探讨了长期施肥对水稻土不同功能SOM库含量、SOM库碳氮含量变化和分配比例的影响。结果表明,长期施肥尤其是有机无机配施处理显著增加了未保护游离SOM库(c POM和f POM)和纯物理保护SOM库(i POM)在土壤中的含量以及它们的土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量。未保护游离SOM库的SOC和TN含量占总有机碳和全氮比例在有机无机配施处理下最高,分别达35.9%和33%。与CK相比,有机无机配施使生物化学保护库非水解游离粉粒组(NH-d Slit)和非水解游离黏粒组(NH-d Clay)含量分别降低了15%和9.5%(p0.05)。物理―化学保护SOM库、物理―生物化学保护SOM库以及化学保护SOM库含量受长期施肥影响不显著。综上,研究表明土壤不同功能SOM库对长期施肥的响应不同。有机无机配施是提升红壤水稻土SOM数量和质量的最佳培肥措施。     

不同pH降雨淋溶对原状水稻土土壤酸化的影响

采用原状土柱定时定量淋溶的方法,用pH为2.5,4.5和6.5的模拟降雨淋溶了太湖地区典型的水稻土-黄泥土.淋溶量为5 L/柱,研究原状土柱土壤淋溶后酸碱性变化及盐基离子的淋洗规律.结果显示,不同pH降雨淋溶后,土壤仍处在初级缓冲体系,即阳离子缓冲体系,但大量的盐基离子被淋溶出土体,淋出液的pH都在7.4以上,各淋溶处理淋出量最大的是Ca2+,淋出率最高的则为Mg2+,Na+和K+淋出量明显小于前两者,K+淋出量则最小,各处理间的各盐基离子的淋出量随淋溶液pH的降低而上升.淋溶后的土柱土壤pH和酸碱缓冲容量都出现下降,与淋溶前土壤相比,PH 2.5的处理0-10 cm土层和10-20 cm土层,土壤pH下降0.65,0.30个单位;PH 4.5的模拟降水处理降幅分别为0.42,0.04个单位;PH 6.5的模拟降水降幅为0.08,0.15个单位,各处理20-40 cm土层的pH则受模拟降雨的影响较小;同时采用酸碱滴定法测定了初级缓冲体系下各处理土壤的酸碱缓冲容量,结果显示0-10 cm土层,土壤酸碱缓冲容量降幅最大,和试验前处理土壤对应的土层相比,pH2.5,4.5,6.5的降雨处理降幅分别为31.83%,19.58%,15.59%,各pH 2.5,4.5,6.5的降雨处理10-20 cm土层降幅分别为23.93%,14.73%,7.17%.而各降雨处理20-40 cm土层降幅都小于5%.研究表明,虽然模拟半年度不同pH降雨淋溶处理下,大量盐基离子从土体表层被置换淋洗,导致表层土壤pH的降低,相比之下,不同pH的模拟降雨对土壤的酸化作用随pH的降低而上升.虽然淋溶后各处理土壤仍处在初级缓冲体系,但其表层土壤酸碱缓冲容量的下降必将加速土壤的进一步酸化.     

不同肥料对花岗片麻岩山地土壤微生物与有机质的影响

河北平山土石山区土壤贫瘠,针对缓释复混肥、生物有机肥和微牛物菌剂 3 种新型肥料不同处理土壤微生物进行了研究.研究表明:施用3种新型肥料均能不同程度的增加表层和深层土壤的微生物数量,且各个处理明显增加了土壤中有机质的含量.并且伴随着有机质含量的增加,土壤微生物呈上升趋势.土壤微生物对土壤的改善具有重大的作用.     

SPORL法预处理对鸡粪有机质含量影响及最优条件筛选

由于鸡粪的特殊形态,新鲜鸡粪经固液分离后,可以去除鸡粪中的砂粒等无机物,其固体部分富含木质纤维素,将其自然风干后,利用SPORL(Sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocelluloses,亚硫酸盐法)法对鸡粪固体部分进行处理,探寻其产物肥料化利用的可行性。催化剂选用亚硫酸铵,以亚硫酸铵用量(相对于原料干重,w/w)、反应温度、最高温度保温时间、液料比(v/w)作为主要影响因素,分别进行单因素试验。结果表明:亚硫酸铵用量在10%~20%、反应温度在120~140℃、最高温度保温时间在30~60 min以及液料比在5︰1︰15︰1范围内,其产物有机质含量较高。基于单因素试验结果,运用响应面法,以鸡粪固体产物有机质含量为响应指标,对试验进行设计并优化反应条件。结果表明各因素对响应值影响显著,且回归模型达到显著水平,回归方程可较好地拟合反应曲面;并准确有效地预测鸡粪固体产物有机质含量,在各因素范围内找到最优条件。最后,确定最优处理条件为:亚硫酸铵用量为13.4%、反应温度为127℃、最高温度保温时间为30 min、液料比为5︰1,鸡粪固体产物有机质含量预测值为359.1 g kg~(-1),验证试验结果为365.8 g kg~(-1),验证试验结果与预测值的偏差为6.7 g kg~(-1),说明该回归方程对鸡粪固体产物有机质含量的分析预测可靠准确。因此,SPORL法对鸡粪进行处理后可得到有机质含量较高的固体产物,该结果可在鸡粪肥料化生产应用中提供相关的理论指导和数据支持。     

连续施用鸡粪对露地黄瓜产量、品质和土壤性质的影响

  【目的】  在连续4年施用不同量鸡粪条件下,探究露地黄瓜产量和品质的提升效果以及土壤性质的变化,以明确露地黄瓜生产中鸡粪的适宜用量。  【方法】  以黄瓜品种‘津优35号’为试材,2015—2018年在甘肃张掖进行了连续4年的田间定位试验,试验设两个土壤类型 (灌漠土和潮土)和5个鸡粪施用水平:不施用鸡粪 (对照,CK),15 t/hm2 (CM15)、30 t/hm2 (CM30)、45 t/hm2 (CM45) 和60 t/hm2 (CM60) ,采用随机区组试验设计。于2018年黄瓜结果盛期,采集黄瓜整株和0—20 cm耕层土壤样品,分析黄瓜产量、品质以及土壤容重、pH、有机质含量和酶 (脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶) 活性。  【结果】  与不施用鸡粪 (CK) 相比,CM15处理增产效果不显著,CM30、CM45和CM60处理黄瓜产量显著提高26.4%～33.0% (灌漠土) 和48.7%～50.1% (潮土),这3个处理之间无显著差异;施用鸡粪不同程度地提高了黄瓜可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和Vc含量,降低硝酸盐含量,效果以CM15、CM30处理较好。土壤容重和pH降幅随鸡粪施用量的增加而加大,有机质含量增幅随鸡粪施用量的增加而增加,持续施用鸡粪30～60 t/hm2可显著提高土壤有机质含量、降低土壤容重和pH。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶以及过氧化氢酶活性以CM30、CM45处理较高。黄瓜产量与土壤容重和pH呈显著或极显著负相关,与有机质含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关;黄瓜可溶性固形物含量与容重呈显著负相关,可溶性糖含量与土壤pH呈显著负相关,硝酸盐含量与土壤pH呈显著正相关,与有机质含量呈显著负相关,可溶性固形物和Vc含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。  【结论】  鸡粪施用处理降低土壤容重和pH,增加有机质含量和酶活性。鸡粪施用对土壤容重、pH、有机质和酶活性的改良效果与黄瓜产量效应值呈显著或极显著相关关系。黄瓜可溶性固形物与土壤容重,可溶性糖与土壤pH,硝酸盐与土壤pH和有机质密切相关。综合考虑鸡粪施用量在黄瓜产量、品质、改良土壤理化性状上的效果以及肥料效益,灌漠土和潮土均推荐施用30 t/hm2鸡粪。     

连续施用酸化粪水对土壤养分淋溶及重金属累积的影响

为探索连续施用酸化粪水对土壤养分淋溶及重金属累积情况的影响,采用新鲜粪水和酸化粪水,开展土柱淋溶试验。试验分别设置1个对照组、新鲜粪水和3个不同pH值（6.5、6.0和5.5）的酸化粪水,每个处理分别设置6次粪水淋溶。结果表明：施用新鲜粪水和酸化粪水均能增加土壤养分,施用新鲜粪水、pH值6.5、pH值6.0和pH值5.5的粪水后土壤总养分（N、P、K）的增长幅度分别为1%～40%、15%～66%和5%～21%,重金属Cu和Zn的增长幅度为4%～48%和4%～11%,重金属Cd和Pb的增长幅度为2%～14%和1%～18%;连续施用酸化粪水会使土壤pH降低、土壤电导率值升高以及土壤重金属不断累积,这也是导致土壤环境遭到破坏的风险因素,实际应用过程中应特别注意;建议每两季作物施用一次pH值为6.5的粪水;每三季作物施用一次pH值为6.0的粪水;每四季作物施用一次pH值为5.5的粪水。该研究通过对比分析连续施用新鲜粪水和不同pH值的酸化粪水后土壤养分和重金属浓度的变化,探讨了酸化粪水的还田效果,为连续施用酸化粪水的研究提供技术支撑。     

长期施用不同肥料对红壤稻田产量和土壤有机质品质的影响

定位试验的结果表明 ,施肥能显著提高作物产量 ,产量水平和稳定性以NPKM为最好 .仅施NPK土壤有机质、胡敏酸提高甚少 ,有提高KOS和降低HA/FA的趋势 ;稻草还田和增施猪厩肥 ,有机质含量明显提高 ,Kos下降 ,HA/FA提高 ,有机质品质得以改善     

绿肥对土壤有机质的影响

本试验系与中国农科院土肥所合作进行的。     

有机肥的碱度及其减缓土壤酸化的机制

采用元素分析法计算了我国主要有机肥种类的平均碱度,并与相关文献进行对比,讨论了有机肥碱度的影响因素及其减缓土壤酸化的机制。结果表明,不同种类的有机肥碱度范围为58.1～372.8 cmol/kg,碳酸钙当量为29.0～186.4 g/kg,其大小顺序为:谷物秸秆 豆科秸秆 绿肥 新鲜粪便 普通堆肥 高温堆肥 厩肥。有机肥的碱度与其钙含量呈极显著正相关（r =0.98, P 0.001,n =32）,与其碳含量呈显著负相关（r =－0.64, P 0.001,n =32）,主要取决于其中有机酸盐的当量浓度。农产品移除和有机肥投入对于农田土壤酸化是互逆的两个过程,长期有机肥投入可弥补农产品移除引起的土壤盐基矿物损失。施用碱度较高的有机肥（如高温堆肥或厩肥）可有效控制农田土壤酸化,并可节约施用成本,提高有机肥的资源利用率。     

果园生态养鸡鸡粪DOM的淋溶特征及其对抗生素迁移的影响

为研究粪源溶解性有机物与抗生素的共迁移行为及机制,以川中丘陵区典型石灰性紫色土为对象,通过吸附平衡试验与填装土柱试验,结合光谱学表征手段,研究鸡粪溶解性有机物（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）的淋溶特征及其对磺胺嘧啶（Sulfadizine,SD）、氟苯尼考（Florfenicol,FFC）及泰乐菌素（Tylosin,TYL）吸附和淋溶的影响。结果表明：鸡粪DOM以色氨酸为主要成分,吸附性强于腐殖酸成分,可增加土壤表面对抗生素的吸附位点。3种抗生素的等温吸附过程均符合线性和Freundlich方程,并以物理吸附为主。SD和FFC在紫色土中吸附性较弱,当与鸡粪DOM（200 mg/L）同时进入土壤时,其吸附未发生显著变化;而当鸡粪DOM先与土壤作用后,SD和FFC与土壤表面已吸附的鸡粪DOM成分通过非共价作用结合,吸附显著增加,相应吸附容量参数（Kf值）分别增加77.28%和114.36%。TYL在紫色土中的吸附很强,对鸡粪DOM的影响不敏感。在模拟降雨条件（20 mm/h）下,SD和FFC极易淋溶,与平衡吸附试验结果一致,SD和FFC在鸡粪DOM预先与土壤作用的土柱中穿透分别延迟了0.49和0.25个孔隙体积,淋溶总量减少了12.04%和15.35%,而鸡粪DOM与抗生素同时进入土壤的处理也表现出减少抗生素迁移的趋势。TYL未发生穿透而主要分布在表层土壤中,鸡粪DOM对它的淋溶无显著影响。综上,鸡粪DOM与抗生素发生共迁移的过程中,大量鸡粪DOM中色氨酸物质在土壤中的吸附,对弱吸附性抗生素的淋溶迁移具有显著的阻滞作用。     

Effects of long-term fertilization with different substitution ratios of organic fertilizer on paddy soil

In recent years, the abuse of chemical fertilizers has caused numerous environmental problems, such as soil acidification and compaction. Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can effectively alleviate these problems. However, the effects of alternative organic fertilizers remain unclear. To explore the effects of organic fertilizer substitution on rice yield and paddy soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure, we conducted a 5-year experiment using different proportions of organic fertilizer substitution in a double-cropping rice field in Jiangxi, China. Our results showed that replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can reduce soil acidification, increase soil organic matter content, nutrient contents, and enzyme activities, improve soil physicochemical properties and microbial community, and enhance soil metabolism. Appropriate organic substitution also had positive effects on rice production. These findings enhance our understanding of the effects of different alternative organic fertilization methods and have important theoretical significance for the promotion of the use of organic fertilizers in the future.     

有机肥对盐渍化耕地棉花干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究不同有机肥对盐渍化耕地棉花干物质积累与养分吸收的影响。结果表明:增施有机肥可使棉花干物质的积累和养分吸收及产量有不同程度的提高,鸡粪表现的更为明显;苗期时,棉花干物质和氮磷钾积累量分别较对照高出161.8%、171.4%、116.3%和187.1%,花铃期干物质及氮磷钾积累量分别较对照高出118.9%、105.6%、57.14%和98.21%,吐絮期分别较对照高了34.3%、21.9%、60.0%和10.8%;产量较CK提高了6.4%。在有机肥对土壤电导率抑制作用方面,鸡粪在棉花各生育期表现较优。棉花干物质及氮磷钾积累分配规律为苗期和花铃期主要在叶中积累,吐絮期主要在铃中积累。     

碳氮比对鸡粪堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响

为确定鸡粪堆肥最优碳氮比（C/N比）,该研究以新鲜鸡粪为堆肥原料,添加玉米秸秆调节初始C/N比为14、18和22进行好氧堆肥,研究不同C/N比对鸡粪堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放（NH3和H2S）的影响。结果表明：C/N比为14的处理堆肥产品未腐熟,C/N比为18和22的处理均达到腐熟。C/N比为18的处理NH3累积排放量和总氮（TN）损失率最高;C/N比为18～22时,C/N比越高,NH3累积排放量和TN损失率越低。C/N比为14的处理H2S累积排放量和总硫（TS）损失率最高;C/N比为18和22的2个处理,H2S累积排放量显著降低,且无显著差异。此外,C/N比为18处理的微生物群落多样性在整个堆肥过程中显著高于C/N比为14和22处理。堆肥的理化指标、臭气排放与微生物群落之间的相关性分析表明,高温、高pH值和缺氧环境会增加Firmicutes丰度,进而促进NH3和H2S的排放,相反地,低温、低pH和氧气充足的环境更有利于Actinobacteria增殖,有利于减少NH3和H2S的排放。综合考虑堆肥产品腐熟度和臭气减排效果,建议低C/N比鸡粪堆肥的初始C/N比为18～22。当秸秆资源不足时,建议初始C/N比为18;秸秆资源充足时,建议初始C/N比为22。     

Effect of long-term beef manure application on soil test phosphorus,organic carbon,and winter wheat yield

In this study, 24 years (1990–2013) of data from a long-term experiment, in Stillwater, Oklahoma (OK), were used to determine the effect of beef manure on soil test phosphorus (STP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Beef manure was applied every 4 years at a rate of 269 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1, while inorganic fertilizers were applied annually at 67 kg N ha^?1, 14.6 kg phosphorus (P) ha^?1, and 27.8 kg potassium (K) ha^?1 for N, P, and K, respectively. Averaged across years, application of beef manure, and inorganic P maintained STP above 38 mg kg^?1 of Mehlich-3 extractable P, a level that is far beyond crop requirements. A more rapid decline in SOC was observed in the check plot compared to the manure-treated plot. This study shows that the application of animal manure is a viable option to maintaining SOC levels, while also optimizing grain yield.     

鸡粪与木醋液配施对滨海盐碱土化学性质和酶活性的影响

施用有机肥是盐碱土改良与培肥地力的有效方式。选鸡粪和木醋液为改良剂,通过土壤培养试验,研究未施肥(CK)、单施鸡粪(CM)、单施木醋液(PA)、鸡粪+木醋液配施(CP)共4个处理对滨海盐碱土化学性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明:与CM相比,CP处理的pH值显著降低0.34个单位,电导率(EC)降低14.52%。与PA相比,施用鸡粪处理(CM和CP)的土壤养分含量和酶活性均显著提高。CP的全氮、有效磷、水溶性有机碳、水溶性有机氮和硝态氮含量较CM分别高出55.32%、103.35%、16.64%、55.68%和45.43%;而土壤α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、几丁质酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性分别显著增加49.58%、67.85%、40.84%、104.94%、17.66%、62.05%和37.50%。回归分析表明,土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和水溶性有机碳、氮含量的增加促进酶活性的提高。综上所述,鸡粪与木醋液配施可显著降低盐碱土的pH值,并能显著提高盐碱土养分含量和酶活性。     

Effect of organic manure on organic phosphorus fractions in two paddy soils

We investigated the transformation of the organic P fractions from organic manure in two paddy soils (Ultisol, Entisol) and the influence of organic manure or cellulose on organic P under anaerobic conditions. The results obtained from the P fractionation experiment indicated that during the incubation labile and moderately labile organic P fractions increased in the Ultisol and decreased in the Entisol, which might be related to the difference in the organic matter content of both soils. Immediately after the application of organic manure, a large part of labile and moderately labile organic P supplied with the manure was transformed into moderately resistant organic P, possibly Ca- or Mg-inositol P were transformed into Fe-inositol P. During anaerobic incubation, the labile forms of organic P in the soils treated with organic manure were increased along with the incubation period in the first 4 weeks. The change in the moderately labile fraction was dramatic. It increased sharply in the first 2 weeks, then decreased, which was more pronounced in the soils treated with pig faeces. The moderately resistant fraction decreased during the whole incubation period. This indicated that under anaerobic conditions, the moderately resistant fraction can be transformed into labile and moderately labile organic P fractions, perhaps as Fe³⁺-inositol P is reduced to Fe⁺²-inositol P. Cellulose as an organic substrate had an increasing effect on organic P, especially when it was combined with inorganic P. Therefore, it is suggested that the application of inorganic P fertilizer combined with organic manure may be an effective way of protecting inorganic P against intensive sorption in soils.     

用化学和生物学方法估测不同C/N比猪粪堆肥的腐熟度

Aerobic static pile composting(Mechanical turning every 3 days) of pig manure was prepared at 8 m^3 windrow heaps .Sawdust was used as the bulking aagent to provide additional carbon and to increase the porosity of the substrate Two treatments at initial C/N ratios of 30 and 15,respectively,were designed in the study,Dissolved organic carbon(DOC),soluble NH4^ -N,C/N ratios in solid and aqueous phases,E4/E6 ratios,and seed germination index(GI) were determined to evaluate the maturity of the co-composts.Seed germination index,a biological parameter,was suggested as one of the most reliable maturity indicators for organic compost.The results showed that the treatment at the initial C/N ratio of 30 reached maturity after 49 days of composting ;however,the treatment at the initial C/N ration of 15 should require composting time of longer than 63 days to obtain maturation.Chemical multi-indicator evaluation was necessary,and the GI measurement was the recommended approach for maturity evaluation in the study.     

Cadmium adsorption as influenced by poultry manure addition in soils of South-Western Nigeria

Soil contamination with heavy metals is of great concern worldwide because of its negative effects on human health and environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of poultry manure on cadmium (Cd) adsorption characteristics in soils from ten different land uses and to determine the effects of Cd adsorption on soil properties. Laboratory experiments were carried out using Cd concentrations ranging from 0 to 160 mg Cd L^?1 and poultry manure rates ranging from 0 to 8% w/w basis. Results showed that all the soils exhibited varying capacity to adsorb Cd with values ranging from 28.78 to 130.2 mgkg^?1; 126.2 to 153.5 mgkg^?1 and 126.2 to 156.1 mgkg^?1 for 0%, 4% and 8% poultry manure at 160 mgkg^?1 initial Cd concentrations, respectively. Lowest Cd adsorbed (28.78 mgkg^?1) was recorded in samples from 6 months fallow and highest (156.1 mgkg^?1) from vegetable field. On the average, capacity to adsorb Cd was 72.1%, 99.7% and 95.3% with 0%, 4% and 8% applied poultry manure, respectively. Organic carbon, CEC, pH were significantly correlated with Cd adsorption. Poultry manure use will increase Cd adsorption and decrease Cd in the environment.