The effect of crop,cultivation and seed addition for birds on surface weed seed densities in arable crops during winter

Weed seeds present an agronomic threat, but are also an important food resource for wildlife in winter. Weed seed densities on the soil surface in winter were examined from 1999 to 2002 in 105 fields on three different farms in UK. The effect of the preceding crop, cultivation, position within the field and the application of seed for birds (bird seed) on surface seed abundance and species composition was tested. Six or fewer species comprised c. 80% of the weed seeds. By January of each study year, the densities of seeds important for farmland birds (key seeds) were 73% or 87% lower compared with early winter on two of the farms, but were stable on the third where seeds were incorporated through cultivation. At the edge and mid‐field, seed densities only exceeded 400 m^?2 in 17%, 10% and 12% of fields for total, key and dicotyledonous seeds respectively. The preceding crop only affected seed densities at one site; stubbles of winter barley had fewer seeds compared with winter wheat or spring barley. Seed densities varied between the edge and mid‐field, but trends were inconsistent between sites. The density of the larger seeds (Atriplex patula, Viola arvensis, Polygonum aviculare and Chenopodium album) were reduced in fields receiving bird seed. The objectives of weed control and conservation may not be mutually exclusive because seed return was most reduced where the ground remained uncultivated through the winter, yet this also provided the best foraging opportunities for surface feeding seed predators.     

Over-winter predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi seeds in arable land

To improve understanding of over-winter weed seed predation in arable fields, we used data from winter exclosure trials to determine the amount of predation and the influence of crop habitats on predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi seed in 2-year (maize/soyabean) and 4-year (maize/soyabean/small grain+lucerne/lucerne) crop rotation systems between 2005 and 2008. Crop habitat influenced seed predation, and had similar impacts on the two weed species. Mean A. theophrasti predation ranged from 31% in the 2-year soyabean habitat to 99% in the 4-year lucerne habitat. Mean S. faberi predation ranged from 31% in the 2-year soyabean habitat to 97% in the 4-year lucerne habitat. Results suggest that a combination or interaction of cover and substrate may have affected crop habitat preference by seed predators. Future research should further examine the influence of physical habitat on seed predation to determine characteristics of cropping systems that encourage predation, particularly during over-winter periods, so as to routinely incorporate seed predators into long-term weed management strategies.     

腾格里沙漠南缘3种优势植物种子出苗对土壤类型和沙埋的响应

沙米（Agriophyllum squarrosum）、沙蒿（Artemisia sphaerocephala）和油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）分别是腾格里沙漠南缘不同植被演替阶段的3个优势物种,2009年5～6月在大田盆栽条件下,设计了2种土壤类型和0 cm,1 cm,2 cm,3 cm,4 cm,6 ...     

A modelling approach using seedbank and soil properties to predict the relative weed density in organic fields of an Italian pre-alpine valley

In 1996, a study was conducted on the seedbanks of a pre‐alpine valley in northern Italy which had been organically farmed since 1986. The seedbanks were evaluated using soil cores taken from 16 organic fields located at various altitudes and seed numbers were determined using the ‘seedling emergence method’. Thirteen soil properties were also evaluated. In 2003, the germinable seedbank was assessed in five other fields chosen at random. Soil properties were evaluated by the same method as in 1996. Using the data of the first 16 fields as the analysis data set and those of the latter five as an independent validation data set, a quadratic weed seedbank‐soil properties model was built with partial least square regression analysis. The model estimates the relative abundance of the various species as the sum of the contribution of individual soil properties and has a high predictive capacity. With a novel graphic approach, it is possible to describe the nonlinear relationship between each soil property and weed species relative abundance, giving a rational, quantitative, explanation as to why some species are widespread (e.g. Chenopodium album, Galinsoga parviflora and Chenopodium polyspermum), whereas others tend to concentrate in specific fields (e.g. Spergula arvensis). The approach can, when some hypotheses hold, give a rational basis for the explanation of the relative abundance of species in a weed community and constitutes a useful methodology for study and research.     

两种梭梭出苗对生境土壤基质互换与沙埋深度的响应

以梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）两种植物为研究对象,采用生境土壤基质互换种植和盆栽控制沙埋深度方法,对其萌发出苗和幼苗建成进行对比研究。结果表明：丘间低地土壤pH、电导率和养分含量均显著高于沙丘顶部,其中电导率（可溶盐含量）相差达5倍;土壤含水量差别不...     

陕西省苹果园土壤肥力与施肥现状评估

为深入了解陕西省苹果园施肥现状及农户养分资源投入中存在的问题,提出解决对策,对2005—2009年测土配方施肥项目21个县的土壤数据和"3414"肥料实验数据以及农户抽样调查数据进行了统计分析,结果表明:陕西省苹果园土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别为12.6 g·kg-1、56.9 mg·kg-1、18.0 mg·kg-1、151.6 mg·kg-1,与20世纪80年代相比,分别提高了17.8%、16.1%、168.7%、2.2%,说明土壤肥力状况得到了改善;苹果园化肥施用量由关中向陕北呈递减趋势,三个生态区施肥量均表现出氮肥偏高,磷、钾肥适中或偏低的现状,体现了农民普遍"重氮轻磷钾"的施肥习惯;全省苹果实际产量高低次序为关中灌区陕北高原渭北旱原;全省苹果园土壤养分盈亏状况总体上是氮、磷盈余,钾亏缺,氮素盈余196.5 kg·hm-2、磷素盈余205.5 kg·hm-2、钾素亏缺12 kg·hm-2,建议今后在苹果生产中适当增加钾肥的投入。     

旱作条件下川地与梯田谷子水量平衡过程的比较

依据田间试验资料,对比研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区川地和山地梯田两种土地类型条件下谷子水量平衡过程的差异。结果表明,川地谷子生育期总耗水量为544.1mm,山地为468.4mm,前者是后者的1.16倍;谷子全生育期日均耗水量川地为3.30mm/d,山地为2.76mm/d;山地谷子的水分利用效率(WUE)还略高于川地谷子。山地土壤含水量低以及叶面积指数等的不同是引起山地ET/E0偏低的主要原因。     

施氮量和耕作方式对春玉米产量和土体硝态氮累积的影响

在冀西北春玉米种植区,对不同施氮量和耕作方武春玉米产量和土体硝态氮累积状况进行研究分析,结果表明,和常规耕作相比,免耕对春玉米产量无明显影响,通过建立的施氮量和春玉米产量的肥料效应函数,求得免耕1(玉米和大豆间作)、免耕2(玉米单作)和常规耕作(玉米单作)3种处理的适宜氮推荐用量分别为192～209 kg/hm2、19...     

Differential morphological and physiological responses of two oilseed Brassica species to a new herbicide ZJ0273 used in rapeseed fields

Weeds are considered as a major threat to the production of oilseed Brassica crops. The use of herbicides that are safe for crops and effective in controlling weeds is crucial for the agronomists and farmers. Propyl 4-(2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate (ZJ0273), a derivative of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-aryl benzoate, is a new herbicide used in the rapeseed field. To evaluate the tolerance of Brassica species against this new herbicide, two cultivars of rapeseed Brassica napus cv. ZS 758 and Brassica rapa cv. Xiaoyoucai were tested by a foliar spray of ZJ0273 at the rate of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/L and a currently used ALS (acetolactate synthase)-inhibiting herbicide bispyribac-sodium (BS) at the rate of 100 mg/L. The results showed that both the cultivars of Brassica were less affected by ZJ0273 as compared to BS. Increasing level of ZJ0273 herbicide from 100 to 1000 mg/L increased the stress for the plants of both the cultivars as indicated by enhanced accumulation of malondialdehyde content. The activities of ALS and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase), soluble protein and sugar contents, photosynthetic system (SPAD value, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence) as well as the agronomic characters also declined consistently with each successive increase in ZJ0273 concentration. In general, the plants treated with 100 mg/L ZJ0273 recovered from the herbicide stress after 28 days. B. napus showed more tolerance than B. rapa to the new herbicide. Nevertheless, BS application at 100 mg/L did not allow the plants of both the cultivars to recover from the herbicidal stress.