甘薯品种对黑斑病菌的抗性与抗氰呼吸

选用对黑斑病菌具有不同抗感程度的甘薯品种(R:85-2458,S:85-180)块根组织为材料。研究了不同甘薯品种对黑斑病菌的抗性与抗氰呼吸、乙烯释放量、过氧化物酶活性的相互关系。结果表明,不同抗感材料接种后的抗氰呼吸活性明显高于伤害组织(对照)。抗病品种在接种和伤害情况下,其抗氰呼吸活性明显高于感病品种,而且持续时间较长。乙烯释放量、过氧化物酶活性与抗氰呼吸的变化趋势相一致。甘薯品种块根组织对黑斑病菌的抗性与抗氰呼吸活性及对总呼吸的贡献大小有关。     

病菌侵染对番茄果实乙烯生成,ACC合成酶和脂氧合酶活性的影响

 本文以红熟期的番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)果实为材料,主要研究病菌侵染与果实中乙烯生成,ACC合成酶和脂氧合酶(LOX)的关系,以及不同乙烯处理对感病果实ACC合成酶和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性的影响。结果表明:用葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)接种采后番茄果实在25℃下存放7d后,感病果实的乙烯释放量显著增加,ACC合成酶和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性也明显提高。在贮藏环境中增加乙烯吸收剂可明显地延缓葡萄孢菌的发病,而且ACC合成酶和LOX酶的活性也相对较低。由此证明病菌侵染与果实乙烯释放量,以及与ACC合成酶和LOX酶之间存在明显的正相关     

1-MCP处理对柿果实采后生理效应的影响

以富平‘尖柿’为试验材料,用1-MCP进行处理,在室温条件下自然贮藏,研究果实成熟软化过程中果肉硬度、果实呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、细胞膜透性、细胞壁结构物质降解相关水解酶活性等生理变化,探讨了1-MCP对果实成熟衰老的控制及其作用机理。结果表明,1-MCP有效延缓了果实硬度下降的速度,明显延缓了呼吸高峰与乙烯释放高峰出现的时间,并降低了峰值;减缓了胞膜相对透性增加的速度,抑制了柿果实胞壁组织降解相关水解酶的活性,有效延长了柿果实的货架期和贮藏期,保持了柿果实的鲜食品质与风味。     

空气离子对库尔勒香梨采后生理生化变化的影响

库尔勒香梨是一种具有呼吸跃变期的果实,采后以浓度为10~7个离子/厘米~3的空气离子处理,对果实的生理生化变化具有显著的影响。在跃变期,呼吸强度和乙烯的释放速率显著下降。说明对呼吸和乙烯的生成具有很强的抑制作用,其效果可维持在150天左右。贮藏期间,对酶活性的变化也具有一定的影响,使过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶活性降低。而抗坏血酸含量略有增加,可溶性固形物也有所增加。     

匍枝根霉和半裸镰刀菌侵染引起甜瓜采后呼吸代谢途径的变化

 采后健康甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)果皮组织以高抗氰、高残余、无巴斯德效应和以磷酸戊糖代谢为主的呼吸方式,维持着较低的呼吸强度水平。当感染匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer(Ehrenb.) Vuill)和半裸镰刀菌(Fusarium semitectum Berk et Rav.)后,抗氰呼吸减弱,残余呼吸消失,巴斯德效应出现,磷酸戊糖途径消失,糖酵解-三羧酸循环-细胞色素电子传递呼吸系统加强,最终导致病斑形成,组织溃烂,巴斯德效应消除,乙醇高度积累,无氧呼吸高度增加。病原不同,病症不同,但引起甜瓜呼吸变化的模式是一致的。     

苹果水心病的识别与防治

苹果水心病又称蜜果病、水心子病、玻璃病等。在苹果产区有不同程度的发生。现将此病的症状及防治措施介绍如下：一、症状及发病原因此病主要表现在果实上,多在果心部位发病。最初病果与正常果外表无异,不易辨认,而在病果果心却呈水渍状病变。当变质部位接近果皮时,此时从外表可看出病果皮呈水渍状,透明似蜡。剖开果实,病变组织分布不尽相同,发生于果肉任何部分。病部细胞间隙充满汁液,局部果肉呈半透明水渍状,病果甜味增加。靠近果顶和萼洼处病斑较多。后期,病组织败坏变褐色。经多年的观察,我们认为此病是一种非传染性病害。发…     

保护地甜瓜主要病害的发生与综合防治

近年来 ,随着保护地甜瓜种植面积的不断扩大 ,特别是连续种植瓜类作物的温室 ,甜瓜的病害日趋严重 ,生产上的主要病害有霜霉病、疫病、软腐病、蔓枯病和病毒病。1　症状识别1 .1　霜霉病　甜瓜霜霉病主要为害叶片。苗期染病 ,子叶上产生水渍状小斑点 ,后扩展成浅褐色病斑 ,湿度大时 ,叶背面长出灰紫色霉层。成株染病 ,叶面上产生浅黄色病斑 ,沿叶脉扩展呈多角形 ,湿度大时 ,病斑呈水浸状 ,并迅速扩大或合成大斑块 ,致叶片上卷或干枯 ,有时下部叶片全部干枯。1 .2　疫病　甜瓜疫病又称“死秧”,是生产上的重要病害。叶、茎和果实均可被害。叶…     

保护地甜瓜主要病害的发生特点与综合防治

近年来 ,随着保护地甜瓜种植面积的不断扩大 ,特别是连续种植瓜类作物的温室 ,甜瓜的病害日趋严重 ,生产上的主要病害有霜霉病、疫病、软腐病、蔓枯病和病毒病。１症状识别１．１霜霉病甜瓜霜霉病主要危害叶片。苗期染病 ,子叶上产生水渍状小斑点 ,后扩展成浅褐色病斑 ,湿度大的叶背面长出灰紫色霉层。成株染病 ,叶面上产生浅黄色病斑 ,沿叶脉扩展呈多角形 ,湿度大时 ,病斑呈水浸状 ,并迅速扩大或合成大斑块 ,致叶片上卷或干枯 ,有时下部叶面全部干枯。１．２疫病甜瓜疫病又称“死秧” ,是生产上的重要病害。叶、茎和果实均可被害。叶片染病…     

西葫芦绵腐病的防治

<正>1.危害症状识别:病菌是瓜果腐霉菌。主要危害果实,有时危害叶、茎及其他部位。幼果发病初期呈椭圆形、水浸状的暗绿色病斑。在干燥条件下,病斑稍凹陷,扩展不快,仅皮下果肉变褐腐烂,表面生白霉。湿度大、气温高时,病斑迅速扩展,整个果实变褐、软腐,表面布满白色霉层,致病瓜烂在田间。叶上初生暗绿色、圆形或不规则形水浸状病斑,湿度大时,软腐呈开水煮     

无核白葡萄采后果实呼吸和乙烯释放特性及病原侵染的影响

 无核白葡萄(Vitis vinifera cv.Thompson Seedless.)果实于成熟季节(7月、8月)采自新疆吐鲁番(折光仪含糖量18%~22%),对采后的健康果实按整穗、带梗果粒、去梗果粒、切伤果及穗轴和果梗在室温(24~28℃)和低温(0~4℃)下的呼吸强度与乙烯合成进行了测定,并对整穗果接种灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)和Alternaria sp.后呼吸与乙烯释放的变化,进行了对比测定分析。     

Cell surfaces in plant micro-organism interactions. VIII. Increased proteinase inhibitor activity in melon plants in response to infection by Colletotrichum lagenarium or to treatment with an elicitor fraction from this fungus

Proteinase inhibitor activity had increased sharply in melon seedlings infected by Colletotrichum lagenarium 3 days after inoculation. The activity was associated with heat stable proteins and was effective against the protease produced by the fungus as well as against trypsin. Treatment of healthy melon leaves with an elicitor of ethylene isolated from the pathogen, resulted in a three-fold increase in proteinase inhibitor activity after 24 h. Ethylene production increased early in elicitor-treated leaves and may be involved in the elicitation of proteinase inhibitor activity. In the presence of aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, both elicitor-induced ethylene and, to a lesser extent, elicitor-induced proteinase inhibitor activity were inhibited. In contrast, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, the direct precursor of ethylene, triggers proteinase inhibitor activity. It is concluded that ethylene is involved in the elicitation of proteinase inhibitor activity, but its exact role remains to be defined.     

Occurrence of melon necrotic spot carmovirus in Italy

Since 1995, a severe necrosis disease has been observed in winter melon ( Cucumis melo var. inodorus ) grown in the open in Sardegna region. At the stage of fruit ripening, infected plants show decline and premature death, a syndrome known as'collapse'. Fungal pathogens have never been detected. In 1998, melon necrotic spot carmovirus (MNSV) was isolated from diseased plants showing necrotic symptoms on leaves and branches. The virus was identified by biological and serological assays. MNSV may represent a limiting factor to winter melon production in Sardegna where the'inodorus'group is widely cultivated and appreciated for local consumption. This is the first occurrence of MNSV in Italy.     

Physiological alterations in pepper during wilt induced by Phytophthora capsici and soil water deficit

Capsicum annuum cv. Morrón inoculated at the collar with Phytophthora capsici developed cortical stem necrosis and severe wilting soon after infection. Water potential, specific conductivity, ethylene evolution, CO₂ and water vapour exchange rates and chlorophyll content were monitored during symptom development. Well watered and non-inoculated water-stressed plants were used as controls. Necrosis developed upwards from the collar 4 days after inoculation coupled with a 80% reduction in hydraulic conductivity. Leaf water potential progressively decreased from -0.17 to -2.41 MPa in 2 weeks. The rate of ethylene evolution was significantly higher in infected than in non-inoculated stressed plants for similar water potentials and originated in the necrotic segment of disease stem tissue. Net photosynthesis and leaf conductance markedly decreased (74%) 4 days after infection, coupled to a burst in dark respiration (1.5 times) but were not associated with water stress alone. This suggests that the pathogen reduced photosynthesis initially through stomatal closure which was not directly mediated by water stress. The possible implication of ethylene in impaired stem conductivity and altered gas exchange of infected plants is discussed.     

新疆哈密瓜蔓枯病及防治研究

 本文描述了哈密瓜蔓桔病两种症状类型。自然寄主主要是哈密瓜,1996年偶见轻微侵染西葫芦及籽西瓜。人工接种可侵染梨瓜及西瓜等葫芦科作物,惟对哈密瓜致病性强,对其它瓜类则弱。哈密瓜苗及田间成株接种试验表明,地面任何组织无论有伤或无伤都能侵染。该病主要借灌溉与风雨传播,病健蔓靠接也是一种传病方式。根据菌原形态及寄主范围等特点,明确本菌无性阶段为瓜壳单隔孢菌Ascochy-ts cucumis Fautr.et Roum.有性阶段为甜瓜球腔菌Mycosp-haerellamelonis (Pass) Chiu et J.C.Walker.防治研究表明.发病初期和以后每隔8-10天连续2-3次喷洒利克菌或拌种双都有很好的预防和治疗效果。     

南瓜蚜传黄化病毒甜瓜分离物的侵染性克隆构建

 南瓜蚜传黄化病毒(cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus,CABYV)近年来发生普遍,严重威胁甜瓜的生产。前期构建了一个CABYV丝瓜分离物(CABYV-QY)的侵染性克隆,但其在甜瓜中的侵染率偏低,不宜用于甜瓜接种。本研究以CABYV甜瓜分离物CABYV-WS为研究对象,通过RT-PCR扩增、拼接获得全基因组序列,通过构建全长基因组cDNA克隆,分析其侵染性。结果显示,该分离物基因组全长为5682 nt,与CABYV-QY(MT943520)的核苷酸序列一致性为88.61%~100.00%,氨基酸为84.94%~100.00%。将cDNA克隆接种分析,发现所用的8个甜瓜品种均能被系统侵染并引起典型的黄化症状,侵染率为70%~100%。其中,甜瓜品种‘新密杂11号’和‘新密25号’感病性较强,接种CABYV后发病周期短且侵染率可达100%。CABYV侵染性克隆的成功构建有助于该病毒的分子致病性和寄主的抗病性等研究。     

Plant waste-based composts suppressive to diseases caused by pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum

The suppressive ability of three plant residue-based composts that could serve as components of soilless media for several vegetable crops was tested on four different formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum: melonis, basilici, radicis-lycopersici and radicis-cucumerinum. The composts were prepared under controlled conditions from a mixture of separated cow manure (SCM) with orange peels (OP), wheat straw (WS), or dried tomato plants that had been removed from the greenhouse after the end of the season (TP). Disease development in melon, tomato and cucumber seedlings growing in the three composts was significantly less than that observed in peat. Plant inoculation was achieved by conidia produced in culture, conidia naturally produced on infected stems and soil inoculum produced by enriching the soil with infected tissues. Pathogen colonization of the roots and stems of infected melon plants grown in TP–SCM and OP–SCM composts was significantly lower than that of peat-grown plants. Sterilization by gamma irradiation reduced the suppressive capability of TP–SCM and OP–SCM composts, whereas it did not affect the disease development and final disease incidence in peat. Tested formae speciales exhibited differing decline rates of the conidia incorporated in the composts, compared with the rate in the peat control, which suggests that different mechanisms may be involved in the suppression of the different pathogens. The present study shows that composts based on plant-waste residues suppress diseases caused by different formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum.     

甜瓜果实表面生防芽孢杆菌的类群与鉴别

 从不同甜瓜果实表面可分离到在LB培养基上生长迅速、菌落形态呈明显差异的4类革兰氏染色阳性细菌。经过生理生化指标的鉴定、菌株间16S rDNA序列和部分特异性基因序列扩增以及种间遗传距离分析,将这4类芽孢杆菌分别鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的3个形态变种。这些芽孢杆菌经继代培养20代后,仍能保持稳定的菌落形态和对灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、黑曲霉(Aspegillus niger)和粉红单端孢(Trichothecium roseum)等8种果蔬采后病原真菌显著且广谱的拮抗作用。结果表明,甜瓜果实表面广泛分布着具有拮抗性能的枯草芽孢杆菌和其近缘种解淀粉芽孢杆菌,可通过特定培养条件下(LB培养基上37℃培养48h)单菌落的生长速度和菌落外观形态特征快速分离并鉴别它们的类群,为开发甜瓜果实采后保鲜制剂提供理论依据。     

过氧化物酶及其同工酶与小麦抗赤霉病性的关系

 本文报道了对赤霉病抗性不同的五个小麦品种的过氧化物酶比活力及其同工酶的差异。种子过氧化物酶比活力的大小及其pI10.3酶带颜色的深浅与品种的抗病性呈正相关。各品种的叶片过氧化物酶比活力及其同工酶谱的差异与品种的抗病性无明显相关。各品种的接种穗与其对照穗比较,抗病品种接种穗的过氧化物酶比活力持续上升,感病品种的酶比活力先上升后下降。抗病品种接种穗的过氧化物酶同工酶PI6.3、9.5和10.3三条酶带的颜色比对照深,感病品种的浅或消失,与品种的抗病性呈正相关。     

匍枝根霉和半裸镰刀菌侵染甜瓜果实产生的胞壁降解酶与侵染方式

 匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)和半裸镰刀菌(Fusarium semitectum)以不同的机制侵染甜瓜果实。匍枝根霉侵染时,菌丝分泌大量的果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶(PMG),迅速消解组织中胶层,引起细胞电解质外渗、质壁分离和软腐。菌丝在胞外和细胞间隙生长,不能穿透细胞壁。半裸镰刀菌侵染甜瓜果实时分泌高活力的果胶甲酯酶、果胶裂解酶类(PML)和纤维素酶(Celulase)而缺少果胶水解酶类,菌丝不能迅速消解中胶层,但以直接穿透细胞壁方式侵染组织细胞。这两种病原对甜瓜不同的致腐方式是由它们不同的外泌胞壁降解酶种类和酶学特性所决定的。     

TMV侵染不同抗性番茄品种之后引起的过氧化物酶活性及同工酶的变化

 本文论述了不同抗性番茄品种在接种了TMV之后体内过氧化物酶及其同工酶的变化趋势。不同品种番茄幼苗接种TMV之后30天内病毒含量、过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶的测定结果表明:所有接种的番茄幼苗与健株对照相比均表现酶活性的增强及酶带数目的增多;但不同抗性品种,酶活性交化曲线及同工酶谱带的变化趋势有所不同:感性品种北京早红(+/+)及耐病品种强力米寿接种TMV之后,病毒含量迅速上升,在第15天达到最高峰,同时植株开始显症,其酶活性曲线呈现出1个增值高峰,即酶活性只在显症之后迅速上升于第24天达到最高峰,病株在症状发展过程中产生2条健株所没有的具高迁移率的同工酶谱带A与B。抗性品种Tm-2(Tm-2/+)抑制TMV在体内的增殖,在接种之后30天内植株不表现典型外部症状,其酶活性曲线具有2个增酶高峰,即在接种后第12天达到最高峰,并在第21天有1个新的高峰;在酶活性高峰期,接种植株也产生同工酶谱A与B,与感性品种不同的是谱带A与B形成较早,同时,抗性品种还产生感病品种所没有的1条同工酶谱带F。上述过氧化物酶活性及同工酶的变化趋势可以成为鉴定品种抗性一个有价值的生化指标。