苜蓿花叶病毒和白三叶草花叶病毒复合侵染本氏烟的发病流行因素

为明确苜蓿花叶病毒(AMV)和白三叶草花叶病毒(WCMV)在室内条件下复合侵染本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)的发病流行因素，以接种磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)的本氏烟为对照，通过对AMV和WCMV单独接种侵染、复合侵染的不同接种浓度、不同温度和相对湿度(RH)对本氏烟发病的影响及本氏烟中两种病毒含量变化进行了研究。结果表明最适合本氏烟发病的AMV和WCMV单独接种浓度分别为20%(AMV:PBS=1:4)和50%(WCMV:PBS=1:1)，两种病毒复合侵染接种的浓度为75%和25%(AMV:WCMV=3:1)；最适宜发病的温度为25℃、RH为60%，在此条件下，AMV和WCMV复合接种侵染本氏烟的平均病情指数为80.12，比单独接种AMV、WCMV的病情指数分别提高了22.36%、45.28%，其病毒含量是两种病毒单独接种本氏烟中的2.11和1.60倍。综上可见，当温度为25℃、RH为60%以及AMV和WCMV复合侵染接种浓度为75%和25%时，本氏烟发病最严重。     

苜蓿不同品种AMV和WCMV带毒检测及生理生化特性研究

为明确甘肃省大面积种植的苜蓿品种苜蓿花叶病毒（AMV）和白三叶草花叶病毒（WCMV）带毒情况及这两种病毒侵染后对苜蓿生理生化特性的影响。利用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附分析法（DAS-ELISA）和生理生化方法分别对种植于实验室30 d苗龄的12个苜蓿品种进行了带病毒检测及携带不同病毒的苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、防御酶活性的测定。结果表明12个苜蓿品种可分为不携带病毒、携带病毒AMV、携带病毒WCMV、携带病毒AMV和WCMV，病毒检出率为66.7%，其中AMV检出率为50.0%、WCMV检出率为41.7%、AMV和WCMV复合侵染率为25.0%。方差分析表明，两种病毒复合侵染、AMV、WCMV单独侵染与不带病毒（CK）相比，苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低，而3种防御酶过氧化物酶 （POD）、多酚氧化酶 （PPO）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶 （PAL）的活性均显著升高，且两种病毒复合侵染的苜蓿叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量均低于两种病毒单独侵染；而POD、PPO、PAL均高于两种病毒单独侵染。结果表明AMV、WCMV侵染不同品种苜蓿对其生理生化活性有较大的影响。     

不同症状类型苜蓿病毒病AMV病原检测及其寄主范围测定

为明确采自田间不同症状类型苜蓿病毒病病样中苜蓿花叶病毒(alfalfa mosaic virus,AMV)的带毒情况、症状表现与叶绿素含量的相关性及AMV的寄主范围，本试验通过田间调查采样、症状归类、丙酮乙醇混合液法和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定(DAS-ELISA)法对不同病样的叶绿素和AMV含量进行测定和检测，并对提纯至不同症状类型病样中AMV对9科32种植物的致病性进行测定。结果表明田间苜蓿病毒病病样有轻花叶、重花叶、叶片边缘褪绿黄化型和叶片畸形皱缩花叶矮化型4种症状类型，均带有AMV，且叶绿素含量、AMV含量与症状表现之间具有正相关性，症状表现最严重的叶片畸形皱缩花叶矮化型病样的叶绿素a、b、总叶绿素含量均比对照低58.00%以上，类胡萝卜素含量比对照高134.06%,AMV含量最高，为252.96 pg·mL^-1；寄主范围测定表明AMV可侵染7科27种植物，对西葫芦致病性最强，症状表现为局部枯斑，30 d时AMV浓度为316.19 pg·mL^-1。     

苜蓿花叶病毒和白三叶草花叶病毒复合侵染对本氏烟中5种激素含量的影响

为探明苜蓿花叶病毒(alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV)和白三叶草花叶病毒(white clover mosaic virus, WCMV)复合侵染的协生作用致病机理,以复合接种AMV+WCMV的本氏烟为处理,分别以单独接种AMV、WCMV、磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 7.0, PBS)的本氏烟为对照,采用DAS-ELISA (double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)方法检测了接种病毒72 h的本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)叶片中的病毒含量及72～720 h内水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)、独脚金内酯(strigolactones, SLs)、油菜素内酯(brassinolide, BR)、乙烯(ethylene, ETH) 含量的变化。结果表明：AMV和WCMV 接种比例为3∶1的植株720 h时的发病症状比单独接种一种病毒(AMV或WCMV)明显,主要症状表现为轻花叶、斑驳花叶、重花叶、明脉、皱缩。检测接种72 h时叶片病毒浓度发现,接种比例3∶1的植株中AMV的浓度比单独接种AMV以及AMV和WCMV接种比例为1 ? 1和1 ? 3的处理高,而WCMV的浓度略低于其单独接种WCMV处理,高于AMV和WCMV接种比例为1 ? 1和1 ? 3的处理;接种AMV和WCMV混合液后复合侵染的本氏烟叶片中SA、JA、SLs、BR、ETH含量在一定时间内与单独接种AMV、WCMV及对照之间差异显著(P < 0.05),其中,AMV和WCMV接种比例为3∶1的混合液可在一定时间段内提高本氏烟叶片中SA (216～504 h)、SLs (216～432 h)、BR (216～504 h)、ETH (288～720 h)含量,降低JA (216～504 h)含量,其SA、SLs、BR、ETH含量分别比单独接种AMV、WCMV和健康植株(CK)提高了36.27%以上,JA含量降低了59.09%多。     

苜蓿花叶病毒和白三叶草花叶病毒复合侵染对本氏烟中5种激素含量的影响

为探明苜蓿花叶病毒(alfalfa?mosaic?virus,?AMV)和白三叶草花叶病毒(white?clover?mosaic?virus,?WCMV)复合侵染的协生作用致病机理,以复合接种AMV+WCMV的本氏烟为处理,分别以单独接种AMV、WCMV、磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH?7.0,?PBS)的本氏烟为对照,采用DAS-ELISA?(double-antibody?sandwich?enzyme-linked?immunosorbent?assay)方法检测了接种病毒72?h的本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)叶片中的病毒含量及72～720?h内水杨酸(salicylic?acid,?SA)、茉莉酸(jasmonic?acid,?JA)、独脚金内酯(strigolactones,?SLs)、油菜素内酯(brassinolide,?BR)、乙烯(ethylene,?ETH)?含量的变化.结果表明:AMV和WCMV接种比例为3:1的植株720?h时的发病症状比单独接种一种病毒(AMV或WCMV)明显,主要症状表现为轻花叶、斑驳花叶、重花叶、明脉、皱缩.检测接种72?h时叶片病毒浓度发现,接种比例3:1的植株中AMV的浓度比单独接种AMV以及AMV和WCMV接种比例为1???1和1???3的处理高,而WCMV的浓度略低于其单独接种WCMV处理,高于AMV和WCMV接种比例为1???1和1???3的处理;接种AMV和WCMV混合液后复合侵染的本氏烟叶片中SA、JA、SLs、BR、ETH含量在一定时间内与单独接种AMV、WCMV及对照之间差异显著(P?相似文献   

基于小RNA深度测序技术的苜蓿病毒病鉴定与分析

紫花苜蓿是一种重要的牧草，然而紫花苜蓿病毒病的侵染严重影响其品质。本研究通过小RNA深度测序技术和RT-PCR/PCR的方法对采自山西农业大学植物园中表现花叶、皱缩、卷曲的紫花苜蓿样品进行病毒病原的鉴定，结果表明病样被苜蓿花叶病毒（AMV）、豌豆线条病毒（PeSV）、苜蓿矮化病毒（ADV）和苜蓿卷叶病毒（ALCV）4种病毒复合侵染。PCR扩增获得了ALCV山西太谷紫花苜蓿分离物SXTG(OP748371)的全基因组序列，分析表明该分离物与ALCV阿根廷紫花苜蓿分离物Colonia Dora(MG792026)的序列相似性最高，达到97.34%。对扩增获得的AMV CP基因（OP748369）核苷酸序列及其编码的氨基酸序列进行序列比对分析显示，AMV山西太谷紫花苜蓿分离物SX与阿根廷紫花苜蓿AMV分离物ACat(MW835977)相似性最高，核苷酸和氨基酸相似性分别为99.24%和99.54%。同样将扩增获得的ADVCP基因序列上传至GenBank获得登录号OP957285，命名为ADV山西太谷紫花苜蓿分离物（SXJZ），通过序列分析表明该分离物与ADV分离物N1(MZ221810)亲缘...     

甘肃省张掖地区苜蓿花叶病病原的检测

2011年7月在甘肃省张掖地区发现发生花叶病的苜蓿田块,地块中病株呈现黄斑花叶、叶柄扭曲及整株矮化的症状。为明确其病原,采集病株后利用血清学和分子生物学方法对病样进行了检测。 DAS-ELISA、RT-PCR-RFLP及病毒CP基因序列测定分析结果表明,苜蓿病样受到番茄花叶病毒(Tomato mosaic virus,ToMV)和苜蓿花叶病毒(Alfalfa mosaic virus,AMV)的复合侵染。这是国际上首次报道番茄花叶病毒对苜蓿的侵染,讨论了由这两种病毒引致病害的发生与防治。     

三叶草黄脉病毒和花生矮化病毒对拉的诺白三叶草两个品系产量的影响

<正> 病毒是降低白三叶产量和寿命的重要因素。在田间和温室实验中,由于病毒的侵染,如:Psv(花生矮化病毒)、AMV(苜蓿花叶病毒)和 CYVV(三叶草黄脉病毒),抑制白三叶的生长并降低其寿命。但是,病毒侵染如何影响三叶草—羊茅种植系统还无文献报道。为了更好地了解 CYVV 和 PSV 对三叶草产量及与产量有关的其他生长部分的影     

检测豆科牧草中曲棒状病毒的简单胶乳凝集试验法

<正> 引言美国东南部有多种侵染豆科牧草的病毒,其中有菜豆黄化花叶病毒(RYMV),三叶草黄脉病毒(CYVV),三叶草黄化花叶病毒(CYMV),白三叶花叶病毒(WCMV),红三叶脉花叶病毒(RCV-MV),苜蓿潜伏病毒(ALV),威斯康星豌豆条点病毒(WPSV)。由于它们的症状相似,再加上诊断技术不可靠,繁锁以及需要大量的标本等原因,检测与鉴定它们     

30个紫花苜蓿品种对苜蓿花叶病毒病的田间抗性初步研究

为了比较不同紫花苜蓿品种对病毒病的抗性,对30个紫花苜蓿品种的病毒病发病情况进行了田间调查,利用小RNA深度测序技术结合RT-PCR技术检测鉴定各紫花苜蓿品种中的病毒种类,并测定了各紫花苜蓿品种的发病率、病情指数、相对株高、相对单株干重、相对茎秆直径、相对叶面积、相对叶长和相对叶宽,综合比较各紫花苜蓿品种的抗性,并对部分指标进行系统聚类分析。结果表明:30个紫花苜蓿品种均只受到苜蓿花叶病毒(alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV)的侵染,所有紫花苜蓿品种的田间发病率均超过94%,病情指数范围为31.53～55.50;30个紫花苜蓿品种中,抗性较强的品种有1个,为射手2号,抗性一般的品种有6个,其余23个品种的抗性较差,分别占供试品种的3.33%,20.00%和76.67%;聚类分析结果表明,抗性较强的射手2号与其他紫花苜蓿品种的亲缘关系较远,与其杂交有可能产生较大的杂种优势。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.