荒漠植物专用有机肥在梭梭大田育苗中的应用效果

2015年分别在内蒙古阿拉善右旗雅布赖镇治沙站和库布齐沙漠腹地杭锦旗独贵塔拉镇两处的梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)大田育苗时施用梭梭专用有机肥,探究其对梭梭大田出苗、幼苗生长动态、体内Na~+、K~+积累及根际土壤有机质、Na~+含量的影响。结果表明,施用梭梭专用有机肥显著促进了两样地内梭梭种子的出苗,且雅布赖治沙站育苗地内梭梭幼苗的株高、主茎直径、主茎节数、分枝数显著增加(P0.05),独贵塔拉镇育苗地内梭梭幼苗的株高、冠幅、主茎直径、主茎节数、分枝数、主根长显著增加(P0.05);施用梭梭专用有机肥后,两育苗基地内梭梭地上部的Na~+含量显著(P0.05)升高,梭梭幼苗的抗旱性增强;梭梭专用有机肥的施入,显著增加了梭梭根际土壤有机质的含量,但与对照相比根际土壤中Na~+差异不显著(P0.05)。研究表明,荒漠植物(梭梭)专用有机肥可促苗、壮苗和保苗,提高梭梭幼苗抗旱性并具改良土壤理化性质的功效。     

钠复合肥增强荒漠区梭梭抗旱性的研究

摘要：本研究探讨了阿拉善右旗荒漠区梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）大田育苗时施用钠复合肥对植株生长及抗旱性的影响。与对照（不施任何肥料）和施NP肥（与钠复合肥等量的N、P）相比,施用钠复合肥的梭梭株高分别增加55%和77%,冠幅增加345%和229%,主茎直径增加57%和72%,主根直径增加63%和57%,主根长增加89%和51%,分枝数增加83%和99%,干质量增加343%和307%,植株地上部Na+浓度增加107%和110%,整株Na+含量增加80%和85%,K+含量差异不显著,而Na+/K+则提高79%和89%。以上结果表明,施用钠复合肥使得梭梭植株能够积累大量的Na+,增强其吸水能力,从而促进生长并提高其抗旱能力。     

盐胁迫下外源Se对杂交酸模耐盐性的影响

利用不同量外源 Se可以提高生长在盐渍环境下杂交酸模 (R.Patientia× tianshanicus)的耐盐能力 ,增加其干重。其原因是由于基施 Se后对 Na+、K+吸收具有明显的促进作用 ,显著增强杂交酸模从根部至地上部对 K+运输的选择性 ,叶片的 Na+/K+比降低 ;适量基施Na2 Se O3 (小于 1.5mg/kg土 ) GSH- Px、CAT、POD活性提高 ,减缓植物细胞质膜的膜脂过氧化作用 ,抗氧化能力增强 ;外源 Se能增加可溶性糖含量 ,并作为渗透调节物质降低杂交酸模叶片的渗透势和提高其渗透调节能力。同时发现随着外源 Se施用量的增加 ,无机、有机渗透物质含量和酶活性与其呈极显著二次曲线关系     

苗期施用钠复合肥增强梭梭抗逆性的初步研究

利用盆栽育苗的方法,施用钠复合肥后培育梭梭植株,使其正常生长70 d后干旱20 d进行沙地移栽试验,3个月后生长期结束测定其形态指标、生物量以及Na⁺和K⁺含量,初步探讨了钠复合肥在培育强抗旱梭梭植株方面所起的作用。与对照(不施任何肥料)和施用(NH₄)₂HPO₄(与钠复合肥含等量的N、P)的处理相比,施用钠复合肥的梭梭株高分别增加了26%和12%;分枝数增加了22%和14%;主茎直径分别增加了48%和23%、主根直径分别增加了37%和24%;冠幅分别增加了57%和28%;根冠比均增加了18%;鲜重分别增加了130%和74%、干重分别增加了154%和74%;地上部的Na⁺含量分别增加了45%和38%,根中的Na⁺含量分别增加了15%和12%;地上部中的K⁺含量差异不显著,根中K⁺含量分别降低了28%和31%。以上结果表明,钠复合肥的施用能有效地促进梭梭的生长并提高其抗旱能力。     

不同盐碱化草地披碱草生物量形成及根系对K+、Na+的选择性吸收

于2008年7月选取轻度、中度和重度盐碱草地种植披碱草(Elymus dahuricus),通过测定植株地上部与地下部的Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg₂⁺、Fe²⁺、Zn²⁺含量、K⁺-Na⁺运输选择性系数、地上、地下生物量及粗蛋白(CP)含量,研究不同盐碱化草地对披碱草生长及离子含量的影响,以期为耐盐碱饲草选育及盐碱地生物治理提供理论参数和实践依据。结果表明:随土壤盐碱化程度的增强,披碱草地上部、地下部Na+含量显著增加(P<0.05),K+含量显著降低(P<0.05),根系的选择性运输能力显著下降(P<0.05);不论盐碱胁迫的强度如何,披碱草地上部始终较地下部保持较高的K+/Na+值;地上、地下生物量,CP含量均随盐碱度的增加呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。因此,披碱草地上部保持较高的K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺比值可能是其耐盐碱的重要机制。     

盐胁迫对红豆草幼苗生长和离子积累及分配的影响

以3周龄红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度(0、5、25、50、100和200mmol·L~(-1))NaCl及50mmol·L~(-1)处理不同时间(0、1、3、5、7和9d)对其生长和离子积累及分配的影响,以期解析红豆草响应盐胁迫的生理机制。结果表明,与对照(0mmol·L~(-1))相比,5、25和50 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl对红豆草幼苗生长影响不大;而100和200mmol·L~(-1)明显抑制其生长。随着盐浓度增加,红豆草地上部和根Na+浓度呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),其中50~200mmol·L~(-1)下,地上部Na+浓度较对照增加14~39倍。特别是200mmol·L~(-1)使根Na+净吸收速率较对照增加了35倍,使整株总Na+量和地上部Na+相对分配比例分别增加了93%和45%;而显著降低了根的K+、Na+选择性运输能力。在50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl下,随着处理时间延长,地上部和根Na+浓度也呈逐渐增加趋势,但根中的Na+到7d时达到最大,然后呈下降趋势;相反,K+浓度均呈缓慢下降趋势,且根中的浓度始终高于地上部。由此可见,在5~50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl下,红豆草通过维持其体内K+、Na+稳态平衡抵御盐胁迫;而在100和200 mmol·L~(-1)下,红豆草地上部积累大量Na+,但其叶片Na+区域化及K+选择性转运能力较弱,导致植株体内Na+、K+稳态紊乱,产生离子毒害,从而抑制其生长。     

有机肥施用量对甜高粱饲草产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验研究有机肥施用量对甜高粱(Sorghum saccharatum Moench)饲草产量及品质的影响。结果表明:在有机肥基肥(发酵牛粪)和追肥(尿素)施氮量相等的条件下,随着有机肥基肥施用量的增加,甜高粱的株高、单株鲜重和单株干重、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量不断增加,粗蛋白含量和体外消化率不断下降;地上干物质产量和可消化干物质产量随有机肥基肥施用量的增加而显著增加,而单位面积粗蛋白产量在处理间无明显差异;追肥后,株高的生长速度和粗蛋白含量在短时间内随着追肥用量的增加而显著增加,但干物质生产能力以不施有机肥基肥而施较多追肥的处理最差。因此,在甜高粱饲草生产中,施足有机基肥可显著提高产量。     

钠复合肥培育白刺强旱生植株的研究

摘要：采用盆栽育苗的方法,施用钠复合肥培育白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）植株,生长期结束测定其形态指标、生物量及Na+和K+含量,研究钠复合肥对白刺生长及其抗旱性的作用。结果表明,与对照和施(NH4)2HPO4相比,施钠复合肥培育的白刺株高分别增加了109%和45%;根长分别增加了95%和57%;主茎直径分别增加了83%和43%,主根直径增加了85%和22%;鲜质量分别增加了236%和68%;地上部中的Na+含量分别增加了49%和24%,根中的Na+含量分别增加了14%和11%。生长期结束后,盆中Na+施用量的22%被植株吸收,67%残留在盆中,可供来年植株吸收利用,淋失的Na+量占育苗前土壤Na+含量的6%。本研究表明,钠复合肥的施用能有效地促进白刺的生长并提高其抗旱性,且对土壤环境造成的影响较小。     

蚕沙发酵有机肥对烟草生长及其品质的影响

拓宽蚕沙有机肥在农业生产领域的应用范围,对促进蚕沙资源产业化开发利用具有重要意义。通过盆栽试验研究蚕沙发酵有机肥对烟草生长和烟叶品质的影响,结果表明:施用蚕沙发酵有机肥能够有效提高烟草植株叶片的生物量,烟叶的干质量与不施肥的对照相比,增加了46.16%,有显著差异(P<0.05);施用蚕沙发酵有机肥可增加烟叶中氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)的吸收量(分别比对照高出68.51%、59.15%、100.32%),且优化N、P、K 3种营养元素在烟草植株不同部位的分配比率,减少N、K在根和茎中的积累,提高N、K在烟叶中的分配比率;与对照相比,施用蚕沙发酵有机肥可使烟叶中的水溶性总糖含量提高30.17%,施木克值趋于适中,使烟叶的化学成分更趋合理。研究结果显示出蚕沙发酵有机肥在烟草大田生产中的应用潜力。     

高寒地区燕麦人工草地生物量积累对施肥和箭筈豌豆混播水平的响应

采用品种(青燕1号、青海444、青海甜燕麦、林纳)、施肥水平(不施肥、尿素+磷酸二铵、尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥、有机肥)和混播水平(0 kg/hm~2、45 kg/hm~2、60 kg/hm~2、75 kg/hm~2)3因素4水平正交试验设计,探讨3个因素影响下燕麦人工草地生物量季节动态。结果表明:3个因素显著影响燕麦与箭筈豌豆混播人工草地各器官的生物量。品种在整个生育期影响燕麦茎和穗生物量的积累,并对燕麦生长前期地下和生长后期地上生物量的积累有影响;施肥水平在整个生育期影响叶生物量的积累,并对燕麦生长前期地上和后期地下生物量的积累有影响;混播水平在整个生育期主要影响箭筈豌豆地上生物量、茎和叶生物量的积累。燕麦和地上总生物量积累的关键时期在抽穗—开花期,箭筈豌豆地上生物量积累的关键时期在开花—乳熟期。燕麦茎在整个生育期生物量持续显著增加,而叶和穗生物量增加较平缓;箭筈豌豆茎和叶生物量在生长前期(燕麦开花期前)增长比较平缓,而开花—乳熟期增长迅速。地下生物量显著增加到开花期后基本趋于稳定。3个因素影响下,燕麦人工草地地上和地下生物量均以青海甜燕麦、尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥施肥处理、75 kg/hm~2混播水平下最高,平均分别为697.71,662.27、630.54 g/m~2和82.27,82.08和81.25 g/m~2。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein