我国苜蓿害虫研究的历史、成就及展望

根据我国苜蓿害虫的研究成果将其研究历史分为3个阶段:初期研究阶段(1957-1965年)、全面种类调查阶段(1966-1999年)和大规模防治技术应用研究阶段(21世纪初);指出了我国苜蓿害虫研究的主要成就是调查了主要害虫的种类及生活史,积累了一定的防治经验;提出了今后随着苜蓿产业的发展,应按照有害生物综合治理的原理和方法积极地开展苜蓿害虫防治的基础研究.     

景泰第一茬苜蓿昆虫群落及数量动态

2004年4月19日~5月31日采用五点取样法对景泰县第一茬苜蓿昆虫种类、群落结构及数量动态进行了网捕调查,共获得昆虫36种,隶属9目24科,其中,鳞翅目和膜翅目的科数最多;缨翅目的个体数量最多;鞘翅目的种数最多。第一茬苜蓿主要害虫为花蓟马(Trankliniellaintonsa)、苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphistrifolii)、条纹根瘤象甲(Sitonalineatus)、牧草盲蝽(Lyguspratensis),主要天敌为多异瓢虫(Adoniavariegate)。各种昆虫数量动态随温度和苜蓿生长阶段的变化较明显,主要害虫种群数量在刈割前均有明显上升趋势。试验证明在当地第一茬苜蓿虫害管理中,返青期应以象甲类害虫,刈割前应以苜蓿斑蚜和苜蓿蓟马为主要监控对象。     

苜蓿田主要节肢动物种群数量研究

对甘肃省定西市九华沟苜蓿(Medicago sativa)田节肢动物主要种类的数量动态进行系统研究,结果表明:苜蓿田主要害虫是苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphis trifolii)、豌豆蚜(Acyrthosip hon pisum)、蓟马(Thripidae)和盲蝽(Miridae)等,主要天敌是瓢虫(Coccinellidae)、草蛉(Chrysopidae)、食蚜蝇(Syrphidae)、寄生蜂、小花蝽(Orius minutes)和蜘蛛等;苜蓿斑蚜、豌豆蚜和蓟马在苜蓿上的消长动态呈单峰型,高峰期分别出现在6月下旬、7月上旬和7月上旬;建立了苜蓿斑蚜、豌豆蚜、蓟马和盲蝽的时序动态模型;蚜虫与瓢虫、草蛉、食蚜蝇、寄生蜂、蜘蛛、蓟马与小花蝽,盲蝽与蜘蛛的相互作用表明主要天敌与害虫自然种群数量之间呈极显著的互作关系,天敌的发生出现明显的时间跟随现象,比害虫推迟10-20 d。     

陇东黄土高原苜蓿田昆虫群落的组成与结构分析

在陇东黄土高原苜蓿（Medicago sativa）田调查昆虫群落组成与结构,共采集昆虫21 021头,隶属12目69科115种。研究结果表明,鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目昆虫科、种数较多;同翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目和双翅目昆虫个体数量较多;优势种群是豌豆无网长管蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)、苜蓿盲蝽(Adel phocoris)、条纹根瘤象(Sitona lineatus)。害虫、天敌、中性昆虫和益虫所占比例依次是67.54%、19.79%、11.20%和1.47%。     

兰西县苜蓿田害虫群落组成及多样性分析

为了研究黑龙江省兰西县苜蓿田害虫群落的组成及危害情况,试验随机选取样本点,对兰西县人工种植苜蓿田害虫进行调查和采集,并进行分类、鉴定和统计分析。结果表明:采集的24 457头害虫隶属于6目14科14种,其中害虫群落以同翅目、直翅目和鞘翅目种类较多,优势种群是大青叶蝉、蚜虫、蓟马、黄胫小车蝗和盲蝽;群落的丰富度指数和多样性指数在6月末最高,此时害虫种类最多。     

基于Web of Science和CNKI数据库对鲤鱼研究进展的文献计量学分析

为了解全球鲤鱼研究的发展情况,本文采用文献计量法,对Web of Science核心合集数据库和CNKI中国学术期刊全文数据库收录的1999~2021年相关论文进行专题检索,使用“鲤鱼”作为搜索词。数据通过 Excel 2016、GraphPad Prism v8.4.0 和 VOSviewer软件进行可视化。结果显示,通过Web of Science平台共检索到鲤鱼SCI论文12401篇,其中国内论文2487篇。从CNKI中文学术期刊全文数据库中检索到5817篇中文论文。据统计,自2006年以来,我国鲤鱼研究领域的研究总体呈上升趋势,论文数量居国际首位。中国拥有强大的研究机构、一流的农业大学和处于研究技术前沿的研究人员。近年来,水产与渔业科学、海洋与淡水生物学、环境科学与生态学是三个热门研究方向。此外,生态学、病理生理学、毒理学等学科的研究也有了一定的发展。但论文质量较差,需要紧跟鲤鱼领域的国际研究形势,进一步提升论文水平。总体而言,中国正在走向世界前列,鲤鱼研究潜力巨大。     

豌豆蚜生物生态学特性

豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)是许多豆科作物及牧草的重要害虫,不但直接取食寄主植物,造成严重的经济损失,而且还会传播多种植物病毒。豌豆蚜作为生态学研究的模式昆虫,具有复杂的生活周期、多样的生殖方式、表型可塑性以及与细菌复杂的共生关系等诸多特点,已成为众多科学家感兴趣的研究对象。本文全面总结了豌豆蚜生物生态学特性的研究成果,重点综述了豌豆蚜的多型现象和内共生菌研究的最新进展,提出研究豌豆蚜在全球气候和作物种植结构变化下生物生态学特性演变规律的必要性,加强其生态适应性及多型现象等遗传机制研究,以期为建立该虫的可持续防控技术体系提供依据。     

龟纹瓢虫对苜蓿蚜的捕食效应(简报)

苜蓿蚜(Aphis medicaginis Koch)又名豆蚜、花生蚜、槐蚜等,是危害豆科牧草苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)等的主要害虫之一,每年6、7月在苜蓿上大发生,受害植株长势慢,枝叶畸形化,使豆荚畸形变小,籽粒减少,导致植株提前死亡,影响其作为饲草品质与产量,对苜蓿产业构成严重威胁。     

长春地区苜蓿主要害虫天敌种类及田间消长规律

为了明确长春地区苜蓿田害虫和天敌种类及其田间消长规律,试验通过定期田间调查,初步鉴定了苜蓿害虫22种,主要包括半翅目、鞘翅目和直翅目昆虫;天敌7种,主要包括鞘翅目、双翅目和半翅目等昆虫;分析了主要害虫(蚜虫、叶蝉、蝽)以及优势天敌(瓢虫类)的田间种群消长规律,即豆无网长管蚜的消长动态呈单峰型,牧草盲蝽、三点盲蝽和大青叶蝉的消长动态呈双峰型,而七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫的消长动态亦呈双峰型。     

基于中国知网（CNKI）数据库的我国苜蓿青贮研究知识图谱分析

[目的]分析我国苜蓿青贮研究领域发展概况。[方法]以中国知网（CNKI）数据库中收录的苜蓿青贮文献为研究对象，利用可视化计量分析软件CiteSpace 5.8.R3绘制苜蓿青贮研究文献知识图谱，对苜蓿青贮研究领域的研究机构、作者进行合作网络分析，对关键词进行共现、聚类及突现分析。[结果]在设定的检索条件下，1994年出现第一篇苜蓿青贮研究论文；1994—2021年苜蓿青贮文献年度发文量呈现上升趋势；《黑龙江畜牧兽医》发文量最多（31篇），《草业学报》总被引频次（763次）和篇均被引频次（31.79次）最高；玉柱发文量最多（34篇），中国农业大学为发文量最多的机构（57篇），以玉柱为中心形成了稳定的科研团队，但跨机构及团队之间合作不够紧密；苜蓿青贮作为关键词出现的频次最高（103次），围绕发酵品质、青贮品质、混合青贮、添加剂、乳酸菌等关键词开展研究。[结论]我国苜蓿青贮研究成果丰富，需加强跨机构、跨地区、跨团队的合作研究；发酵品质和苜蓿青贮微生物群落组成与功能研究、苜蓿青贮微生物制剂的研发等方面仍然是我国苜蓿青贮研究领域的发展趋向。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -