盐藻的营养价值及其在动物生产中的应用

盐藻是一种具有较高营养价值的浮游生物,在动物生产中具有较高的应用价值。本文具体介绍了盐藻的营养价值,简述了盐藻在鱼类养殖、虾类养殖、奶牛生产中的应用情况,以期为相关人员提供参考。     

盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能与血清免疫球蛋白的影响

为了探讨盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能免疫机能的影响,试验选择处于泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦奶牛18头分为对照组、1.5倍VA(165IU/kg)组和盐藻粉组进行饲喂试验。结果表明,日粮中添加盐藻粉或1.5倍VA对奶牛的产奶性能有一定促进效果,盐藻粉组优于1.5倍VA组;添加盐藻粉可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体和IgM抗体浓度也有明显增加的趋势;添加1.5倍VA也可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体浓度有明显升高的趋势。     

利用体外法研究盐藻粉对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性的影响

试验采用体外批次培养法研究在体外条件下添加不同剂量盐藻粉对奶牛瘤胃发酵功能的影响。结果表明：（1）与负对照组相比,添加盐藻粉可以降低培养液的pH值。9mg盐藻粉组显著增加培养液中MCP浓度：添加盐藻粉增加培养液中TVFA浓度,其中以添加18mg盐藻粉组效果最佳。（2）添加盐藻粉可以改善培养液中VA的累积状况,添加9mg盐藻粉组培养液VA浓度高于其他各组;可以明显提高培养液中β-胡萝卜素的浓度,并且随添加剂量的增加培养液中β-胡萝卜素浓度也增加。综合整个试验效果来看,添加9mg盐藻粉组对改善奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和提高培养液VA浓度较好。     

盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能与血清免疫球蛋白的影响

为了探讨盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能免疫机能的影响,试验选择处于泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦奶牛18头分为对照组、1.5倍VA（165IU/kg）组和盐藻粉组进行饲喂试验。结果表明,日粮中添加盐藻粉或1.5倍VA对奶牛的产奶性能有一定促进效果,盐藻粉组优于1.5倍VA组;添加盐藻粉可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体和IgM抗体浓度也有明显增加的趋势;添加1.5倍VA也可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体浓度有明显升高的趋势。     

盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能与血清免疫球蛋白的影响

为了探讨盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能免疫机能的影响,试验选择处于泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦奶牛18头分为对照组、1.5倍维生素A(165 IU/kg)组和盐藻粉组进行饲喂试验.结果表明:日粮中添加盐藻粉或1.5倍维生素A对奶牛的产奶性能有一定促进效果,盐藻粉组优于1.5倍维生素A组;添加盐藻粉可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体和IgM抗体浓度也有明显增加的趋势;添加1.5倍维生素A也可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体浓度有明显升高的趋势.     

盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能与血清免疫球蛋白的影响

为了探讨盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能免疫机能的影响,试验选择处于泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦奶牛18头分为对照组、1.5倍VA( 165 IU/kg)组和盐藻粉组进行饲喂试验.结果表明,日粮中添加盐藻粉或1.5倍VA对奶牛的产奶性能有一定促进效果,盐藻粉组优于1.5倍VA组；添加盐藻粉可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体和IgM抗体浓度也有明显增加的趋势;添加1.5倍VA也可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体浓度有明显升高的趋势.     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和维生素A对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、维生素A对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及维生素A的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g(/d·头)、9mg(/d·头),对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165IU/kgBW,)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的维生素A。两个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P0.05)。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率(P0.05)。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量(165IU/kgBW)的维生素A及过瘤胃保护的维生素A对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g/(d·头)、9mg/(d·头),对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165IU/kg·BW)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的VA。2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P<0.05)。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率(P<0.05)。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量(165IU/kg·BW)的VA及过瘤胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g/（d·头）、9mg/（d·头）,对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平（110、165IU/kg·BW）及处理（未处理、过瘤胃保护）的VA。2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率（P〈0.05）。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率（P〈0.05）。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量（165IU/kg·BW）的VA及过瘤胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表现消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据.试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15 g/(d·头)、9 mg/(d·头),对照组不添加.试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165 IU/kg·BW)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的VA.2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d.试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表现消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P＜0.05).盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表现消化率(P＜0.05).奶牛日粮中添加高剂量( 165 IU/kg·BW)的VA及过瘸胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表现消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -