生物污泥对草地早熟禾耐旱及细胞抗氧化能力的影响

为明确污泥对草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)抗氧化酶和耐旱性的影响,本试验采用裂区设计,主处理为充分浇水、干旱2种水分条件,副处理包括对照(硝酸铵提供75mg·kg~(-1)的氮素)、半污泥(硝酸铵和污泥各提供1/2的草地早熟禾所需的75mg·kg~(-1)的氮素)和全污泥(污泥提供75mg·kg~(-1)的氮素)。结果表明,与对照相比,充分浇水条件下,全污泥和半污泥均能显著提高草地早熟禾的坪观质量、根重及可溶性糖含量,降低叶片萎蔫度;干旱胁迫下,全污泥和半污泥均能显著提高草地早熟禾的坪观质量、相对含水量并降低其叶片萎蔫度,这表明施用污泥可以促进草地早熟禾在干旱胁迫下的生长状态。充分浇水时,全污泥和半污泥处理的草地早熟禾试验后期叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与对照相比显著提高了39.5%和50%(P0.05),且半污泥处理叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性也比对照显著增加了14.2%;极度干旱(土壤含水量为25%)时,施用全污泥和半污泥的草地早熟禾叶片SOD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著升高,且半污泥处理的草地早熟禾叶片POD活性显著提高,为对照的1.3倍。研究结果表明,生物污泥可以增强草地早熟禾耐旱性,提高其细胞抗氧化能力。     

钾素增强干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾生理耐性的机制

采用不同程度的水分胁迫与5个不同钾素水平进行交互处理,以草地早熟禾品种Merit为试材,研究钾对水分胁迫下草地早熟禾生理特性及草坪质量的影响。结果表明:同一钾素浓度下,水分胁迫显著(P0.05)降低草地早熟禾草坪质量、叶绿素含量、根系活力、抗氧化酶活性,显著(P0.05)增加草地早熟禾电导率及丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量。同一水分条件下,随着钾素浓度的增加,草地早熟禾草坪质量、叶绿素含量、根系活力、脯氨酸含量、抗氧化酶活性先升高后降低,电导率、丙二醛含量先降低后升高,可溶性糖含量不断升高。在重度水分胁迫下,与0mmol/L钾处理相比,9mmol/L钾处理下Merit的POD、SOD、CAT活性分别上升了68%、35%、65%,对于缓解干旱、提高草坪耐受性和坪用质量效果最好。     

乙烯利对干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾生理指标的影响

以草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)‘Nuglade'品种为试验材料,研究叶片喷施乙烯利对草地早熟禾在水分充足、干旱及复水恢复3种处理下叶片电解质渗透率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)等生理指标的影响。结果表明,乙烯利与对照组(CK)相比,乙烯利在干旱胁迫下保持更高的叶片相对含水量23.5%(对照为11.5%)和更低的电解质渗透率68.1%(对照为90.7%)及MDA含量53.90μmol·g~(-1)(对照检查131.62μmol·g~(-1)),且复水后的电解质渗透率恢复程度更好;此外乙烯利处理提高了复水恢复过程草地早熟禾的可溶性蛋白含量;说明,叶片喷施乙烯利能够缓解草地早熟禾的干旱胁迫损伤,并促进干旱后的复水恢复。     

硅对干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾形态及生理特性的影响

摘要：通过测定人工模拟干旱缺水条件下,不同浓度硅处理后草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)品种蓝宝石(Sapphire)总蒸散量、叶片相对含水量、叶片相对电导率、草坪质量、根干质量、根活性指标变化,研究了硅对干旱胁迫条件下草地早熟禾形态及生理特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下草地早熟禾的总蒸散量、叶片相对含水量、草坪质量、根干质量、根活性较对照（充分灌水）明显下降,而叶片相对电导率明显上升。在对照处理下,各浓度硅对总蒸散量、叶片相对含水量、草坪质量、根干质量、根活性、叶片相对电导率均没有显著影响;而在干旱胁迫下,硅能明显促进草地早熟禾总蒸散量、叶片相对含水量、草坪质量、根干质量、根活性升高,促进叶片相对电导率明显下降,且以浓度为2.14 mmol/L时效果最佳。     

不同种类早熟禾苗期抗旱性综合评价

在干旱半干旱地区,水分是牧草生长的主要限制因素之一,探究牧草苗期阶段的抗旱性特征对干旱地区牧草引种筛选具有重要意义。本研究选取了青海省海北地区的8份早熟禾属(Poa L.)种质材料,于苗期分别对其进行干旱胁迫处理,并测定干旱胁迫后第5d和第10d各草种叶片的细胞膜透性及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和叶绿素的含量,运用Fuzzy数学中隶属函数法对8种早熟禾进行抗旱性综合评判。结果表明:随着胁迫时间的延长,8份早熟禾属种质材料的叶绿素含量均显著下降(P0.05),细胞膜透性、脯氨酸和MDA含量则显著增加(P0.05)。综合评价结果表明:不同种质材料间苗期抗旱性差异较大,由强到弱依次为:草地早熟禾高原早熟禾山地早熟禾光稃早熟禾波伐早熟禾早熟禾莫若波利草地早熟禾冷地早熟禾,草地早熟禾和高原早熟禾抗旱性较强,更适合在干旱地区种植。     

不同早熟禾品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

为鉴定评价早熟禾幼苗抗旱性,将14个早熟禾品种的种子经消毒后播种在塑料花盆中,出苗后间苗,2~3个真叶定株,每盆留生长一致、分布均匀的幼苗15株,定期浇水,以保证幼苗的正常生长。待生长到3~4个真叶时进行干旱处理,依据Michel公式计算不同水势所需的PEG-6000的量,然后加入PEG-6000溶液进行干旱处理,处理的水势梯度为0 MPa(即为对照),-0.3,-0.6,-0.9和-1.2 MPa。处理后每2 d进行称重补水以维持溶液浓度。设干旱处理与对照(正常浇水)两组,对14个早熟禾品种幼苗进行模拟干旱胁迫,4次重复。测定叶绿素(CHL)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等生理生化指标。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,早熟禾幼苗叶片CHL含量呈下降趋势;Pro含量、MDA含量、SOD活性总体呈上升趋势;POD活性总体呈先降再升后降的趋势;利用隶属函数分析得出14个早熟禾品种的抗旱性强弱顺序依次为:3号恩托佩草地早熟禾>10号细叶早熟禾>1号优异草地早熟禾>2号斗士草地早熟禾=9号蓝钻草地早熟禾>7号草地早熟禾>11号草地早熟禾>4号草地早熟禾>5号瓦巴斯草地早熟禾>8号早熟禾=13号肯塔基草地早熟禾>14号草地早熟禾>6号莫诺波利草地早熟禾=12号菲尔津草地早熟禾。     

甘肃野生草地早熟禾萌发期抗旱性鉴定与评价

采用-0.1,-0.3,-0.5和-0.7 MPa的聚乙二醇6000（PEG-6000）模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫,在萌发期分别处理8份野生草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）种质和2个商用品种21 d,并测定发芽率、发芽势和活力指数等7个鉴定指标,并以其相对值作为评价指标,利用隶属函数法和聚类分析对供试的10份种质材料进行了综合评价和分类,同时,对各鉴定指标在草地早熟禾萌发期抗旱性评价中的作用进行了比较分析。结果表明,用于草地早熟禾萌发期抗旱性研究的适宜PEG-6000浓度为-0.1～-0.3 MPa,种子活力指数和发芽率受干旱胁迫的影响较大,且与抗旱性的关系最为密切,可作为草地早熟禾种质萌发期抗旱性鉴定的重要指标。10份种质材料抗旱性由强到弱依次为：秦州 > 西和 > 陇西 > 安定 > 渭源 > 天祝 > 榆中 > MidnightⅡ > 清水 > Baron;聚类分析可把供试材料按抗旱性强弱分为三类,其中清水和Baron属于干旱敏感种质;安定、渭源和MidnightⅡ等属于中等抗旱种质;秦州、西和和陇西属于抗旱种质,可作为抗旱育种材料。     

水氮交互作用对草地早熟禾生理生化与坪用质量的影响

采用3个不同水分梯度和3个不同氮素浓度的交互处理,研究草地早熟禾细胞抗氧化酶活性等相关生理生化指标与草坪质量的变化。结果表明:在轻度水分胁迫×中氮处理下,草地早熟禾SOD、POD及CAT酶活性均较高,MDA含量相对较低;草地早熟禾的细胞抗氧化能力与叶片可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量、叶片含水量之间不同程度的正相关;草地早熟禾坪用质量与叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量及含水量间呈显著一元线性关系;同等干旱胁迫下,适当增施氮素可提高叶片可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量和含水量,即干旱胁迫导致草地早熟禾坪用质量的降低可通过施适量氮素得到补偿。     

干旱条件下硅对草地早熟禾生长初期的影响

在聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫条件下,研究了5种硅肥(Na2SiO3)浓度对草地早熟禾Poapratensis种子萌发以及幼苗生长初期形态及生理指标的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫会显著抑制早熟禾种子的萌发.使其幼苗萎蔫失水、叶片相对含水量降低、生物量下降;干旱胁迫下,硅可以显著提高早熟禾种子的发芽率和发芽势.并且干旱胁迫程度愈大硅的作用效果愈显著,同时硅能有效改善幼苗根系生长状况,利于早熟禾对养分和水分的吸收,提高叶片相对含水量和生物量,从而起到缓解干旱伤害的作用.但超过一定浓度时,硅也会抑制早熟禾的生长.     

模拟干旱胁迫下45份早熟禾种质资源种子萌发特性比较

干旱胁迫是限制早熟禾种子萌发的主要环境因素。以青藏高原地区的45份早熟禾(Poa L.)种质资源为试验材料,设置4个聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)浓度模拟干旱胁迫,测定发芽率和发芽势等6个指标,运用隶属函数法和系统聚类法对供试材料进行抗旱性评价。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫的增强,各试验材料6个指标均呈下降趋势,其中相对发芽势和相对活力指数受干旱胁迫影响较大,可以作为早熟禾种质资源抗旱性鉴定的关键指标;聚类分析将材料分为3大类：09-066草地早熟禾等10份材料为抗旱材料,09-237冷地早熟禾等20份材料为中等抗旱材料,09-016冷地早熟禾等15份材料为干旱敏感材料。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein