广州桑树植原体分子检测及多样性初探

采用植原体16S-23S rDNA区段的通用引物对P1/P7和巢式引物对Rm16F2/Rm16R1,建立了快速准确的桑树植原体巢式PCR检测技术。对广州的两个桑树品种资源圃中的部分桑树品种进行了植原体分子检测,结果在两个资源圃中均发现有植原体存在。对巢式PCR的扩增产物(16S rDNA片段)进行了限制性片断长度多态性(RFLP)分析,显示出3种RFLP带型,暗示桑树植原体存在多样性。对所得植原体16S rDNA片段进行序列测定,并与其它植物植原体作亲缘关系分析,结果表明该植原体的16S rDNA序列与其它植物病原植原体之间的同源性为83.3%~99.9%,并初步判断所检测到的桑树植原体属于16S rI组。     

从浙江蚕区桑园发生桑黄化型萎缩病植株分离植原体的分子鉴定

从浙江省蚕区的桑园内采集表现桑黄化型萎缩病症状的植株叶片,并提取叶脉总DNA,通过巢式PCR和常规PCR方法对桑黄化型萎缩病植原体分离物(MYD-ZJ)的16S r DNA、延伸因子基因tuf和核糖体蛋白基因rp进行扩增及克隆,分别得到大小为1 239 bp、842 bp和1 240 bp的序列。对这些基因片段序列进行系统进化分析,结果表明,MYD-ZJ的16S r DNA序列与来自山东、安徽等省感病桑树分离桑黄化型萎缩病植原体的同源序列的相似度为98%,在进化树中位于同一进化支;MYD-ZJ的tuf基因序列与来自山东省的桑黄化型萎缩病植原体的同源序列的相似度为89%~100%,并与该同源序列以及同样来自山东省的枣疯病植原体、苦楝丛枝病植原体等聚为一支;MYD-ZJ的rp基因序列与来自山东省、安徽省的桑黄化型萎缩病植原体的同源序列的相似度为100%,在进化树中位于同一进化支。研究结果明确了MYD-ZJ属于翠菊黄化植原体组的16SrⅠ-B亚组、tufⅠ-B亚组及rpⅠ-B亚组。     

山东蚕区桑黄化型萎缩病病原物的分子鉴定

以采自山东省宁阳市桑园的桑黄化型萎缩病发病植株叶脉组织为材料,通过PCR扩增植原体16S rRNA基因及延伸因子基因(tuf)和核糖体蛋白基因(rp),分别得到大小约为1.4、0.8和1.2 kb的目的片段并测定序列。以该病原物的16S rRNA基因与GanBank中相关的植原体16S rRNA基因序列构建系统发育树并进行RFLP分析,结果显示该病原物属于翠菊黄化组的16SⅠr-B亚组,与翠菊黄化组16SⅠr-B亚组典型成员的同源性为99.9%。进一步对延伸因子基因和核糖体蛋白基因构建系统发育树并做RFLP分析,结果显示该病原物与翠菊黄化组的tuⅠf-B亚组典型成员和rpⅠ-B亚组典型成员的同源性分别达到99.6%、99.9%。由此在3个基因水平确定该植原体的分类地位属于16SrⅠ-B、tuⅠf-B和rpⅠ-B亚组。     

检测柑橘黄龙病的四对常规PCR引物特异性和灵敏度比较

柑橘黄龙病是目前危害柑橘产业的重要危险性病害,实验室中通过PCR技术检测柑橘黄龙病是最有效的方法,因此,确定一组特异性好、灵敏度高的引物至关重要。本文通过荧光定量PCR标定柑橘黄龙病菌核酸浓度的方法,对目前各实验室常规PCR应用比较广泛的4对引物（P400F/R、P535F/R、OI1/OI2,16SF/R）做了特异性和灵敏度的比较。结果发现4对引物均能排除其它来源核酸的干扰,表现出明显的特异性,但在灵敏度方面4对引物差别很大,灵敏度结果是依次为：16SF/R＞P400F/R ＞P535F/R=OI1/OI2,灵敏度最高的16SF/R引物检测柑橘黄龙病菌核酸含量约为1.87×10﹣2 ng/μl。本研究结果为实验室开展检测柑橘黄龙病研究提供了很好的理论与实践基础     

基于SCoT标记分析紫花苜蓿遗传多样性的取样数量

本研究采用目标起始密码子多态性(Start codon targeted,SCoT)标记,对600份不同紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)材料(共6个种质)的基因组DNA进行扩增,分析了不同取样数量下(10,15,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90和100)紫花苜蓿的遗传多样性,旨在筛选出代表紫花苜蓿种群遗传多样性的最佳取样单株数。结果发现,6条SCoT引物共扩增出80个条带,平均每条引物的扩增条带数为13.3个,多态性条带百分率为100%。在评价不同取样梯度下的紫花苜蓿遗传多样性覆盖度时发现,当取样数量增加至40时,6个供试紫花苜蓿种质的遗传多样性覆盖率均达到95%以上。此外,本试验采用UPGMA与STRUCTURE聚类分析方法,分析了不同取样梯度下紫花苜蓿的遗传结构。结果表明,样本量为40时能够有效反映紫花苜蓿群体间差异。     

航天诱变紫花苜蓿第一代植株(SP1)表型变异及基因多态性分析

采用正交设计优化紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa L.)SSR-PCR反应体系,从17对SSR引物中筛选出6对扩增产物具有稳定多态性的引物,检测第1代植株的基因多态性。结果表明:4个紫花苜蓿品种德福(Defi)、德宝(Derby)、阿尔刚金(Algonguin)、三得利(Sanditi)共检测到25个等位基因,每对引物检测出2～8个等位基因,平均为4.17个。结合植株较高、叶色较深、叶片较大、多叶4个表型突变指标,检测经过表型变异筛选的植株等位基因频率及每个位点的多态性信息量(PIC),PIC在0.2216～0.8328之间变化,平均为0.6366。分析多态基因植株与表型变异的相关性,根据检测结果初步确定了13株突变植株,为后继世代遗传变异的多代跟踪及选育奠定基础。     

基于Nc2和Nc5基因的新孢子虫PCR方法的建立

本试验筛选了新孢子虫病PCR检测的引物,运用《新孢子虫病检疫技术规范》(SN/T 3499-2013)对根据犬新孢子虫Nc2和Nc5基因设计的PCR引物进行了评价。此外,同时运用F1/R1、F2/R2和SN/T 3499 F/SN/T 3499 R共同对14份荷斯坦牛和19份西门塔尔牛全血DNA进行PCR检测,旨在筛选出特异性较好的引物,建立新孢子虫病PCR检测方法和了解当地不同品系牛患新孢子虫病的感染率。结果显示,3对引物分别扩增出105、128和231 bp目的片段,均与预期目的片段大小相符;其中,F1/R1与SN/T 3499 F/SN/T 3499 R的最低检测量相同,为19.9 fg/μL,F2/R2最低检测量为199 fg/μL,说明F1/R1和SN/T 3499 F/SN/T 3499 R引物的敏感性更好;运用F1/R1、F2/R2引物分别对19.9 pg/μL和199 fg/μL模板重复进行4次扩增,均出现了较明亮的扩增条带,证明两对引物重复性较好。33份血液样品共检出6份阳性DNA,阳性率分别为21.43%和15.79%,检出复合率为100%。以上结果说明F1/R1和F2/R2引物均可作为新孢子虫病PCR的诊断引物,本试验初步建立了新孢子虫PCR方法,同时初步了解了当地牛群中新孢子虫感染情况,为有效预防和控制新孢子虫病提供了科学的理论依据。     

牛冠状病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

针对牛冠状病毒(BCoV)N基因保守序列设计合成了1对特异性引物,以体外转录法制备的cDNA标准品为模板,建立了检测BCoV的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法。在1个反应体系中模板最低检测限为7.8 copies/μL,比普通RT-PCR更加灵敏;与牛主要消化道和呼吸道病毒病病原均无交叉反应;批内、批间重复变异系数均低于1.5%;应用定量PCR检测了39份疑似临床病料,阳性检出率为51.28%(20/39),普通RT-PCR为41.03%(16/39)。结果表明,该方法特异性强、稳定性好、准确率高,本方法将为BCoV的临床诊断和流行病学调查提供技术保障。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒TaqMan-MGB荧光定量PCR方法的建立

为建立牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法,本研究根据IBRVgB基因保守区域设计特异性引物和MGB探针,并采用矩阵法优化了PCR反应条件。结果显示,标准曲线相关系数(R2)为0.998,103拷贝/μL~108拷贝/μL内具有较好的线性关系。对牛呼吸道合胞体、牛病毒性腹泻粘膜病1型、牛副流感病毒3型的cDNA进行检测,结果均为阴性,特异性良好。该方法对IBRV检测的灵敏度可达到1.49×101拷贝/μL,是常规PCR灵敏度的100倍,重复性试验表明该方法的组内和组间变异系数均小于1.5%。应用建立的方法与普通PCR方法分别对17份疑似临床呼吸道症状牛鼻黏液拭子样品进行检测,该方法检测的阳性率比传统PCR法检测的阳性率提高了约12%。研究表明建立的IBRV TaqMan-MGB荧光定量PCR方法灵敏、快速、特异性强、重复性好,适用于临床疑似样品的快速定量检测。     

佳木斯地区紫花苜蓿播种量试验初报

研究了在佳木斯地区建植紫花苜蓿单播人工草地和混播人工草地时紫花苜蓿的最佳播种量。3年试验结果表明,在佳木斯地区建植紫花苜蓿单播人工草地的最佳播种量为15.0 kg/hm2;建植紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦混播人工草地的紫花苜蓿+无芒雀麦最佳播种量为18.8 kg/hm2(紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦播种量比例为2∶1)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in