两种亚致死剂量的农药对亚洲玉米螟化学通讯系统的干扰作用

采用胸部点滴法研究马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯在亚致死剂量(100h-LD30)下对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis雌蛾性信息素通讯系统的干扰作用。试验结果表明：①点滴当天雌蛾的求偶百分率分别下降为对照的50％、33％，但求偶高峰期出现的时间未受影响。②点滴这两种药剂后求偶百分率的恢复过程相当缓慢。③亚致死剂量的马拉硫磷使性信息素的量下降1／2左右，亚致死剂量的溴氰菊酯使性信息素量下降为不足对照的1／4，但性信息素顺反异构体比例均不受影响。④马拉硫磷点滴后第4天性信息素量能完全恢复，但溴氰菊酯点滴后，到第4天仍几乎不能恢复。     

不同性诱剂对亚洲玉米螟的诱捕效率及在种群监测中的应用

为探索鲜食玉米田间主要害虫亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)的绿色防控方法,于2018年－2019年在浙江东阳利用性诱剂对亚洲玉米螟进行了田间种群监测和诱捕效率试验,对7种亚洲玉米螟性信息素诱芯和2种诱捕器进行组合,并测试了诱捕器悬挂高度对诱捕效果的影响。结果表明,7种诱芯对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾均有引诱活性,不同诱捕器和诱芯组合的诱捕效率有显著差异,其中诱芯F、诱芯E、诱芯C分别与船型诱捕器组合及诱芯E与飞蛾诱捕器组合田间诱捕效果较好,两种诱捕器诱蛾总量无显著差异,诱捕器悬挂于1.8 m高度的效果优于1.5 m和1.2 m。田间种群监测结果表明,亚洲玉米螟在5月和9月各有一次比较典型的高峰,性诱剂可有效用于亚洲玉米螟田间种群监测。     

亚致死剂量溴氰菊酯对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾性信息素通讯行为的影响

用亚致死剂量溴氰菊酯处理亚洲玉米螟雄蛾后,存活雄蛾对信息素定向行为反应受到较大的影响。雄蛾的起飞潜伏期延长,不应率增加,到达诱芯率大幅度下降。反应下降程度与剂量的相关性显著。以雄蛾的行为反应率机率值(Z)对药剂处理剂量对数(X)和处理天数(Y)进行二元回归分析,回归方程分别为:起飞:Z=6.979-6.559X 0.162Y;定向:Z=5.258-2.611X-0.039Y;逆飞:Z=4.982-2.457X-0.061Y;到达:Z=3.399-1.011X 0.168Y。     

Sublethal effects of larval exposure to indoxacarb on reproductive activities of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Sublethal effects of larval exposure to indoxacarb on reproductive activities of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) were studied. The third instar male and female larvae of the diamondback moth were fed with collard leaves dipped with a lethal dose of 20% mortality of indoxacarb in order to determine its impact on reproductive activities of adult survivors. Females from indoxacarb treatment had similar peak calling percentage (100%) and mean calling hours (5.83 ± 0.47 h) compared to control females (92% of peak calling, 5.05 ± 0.55 h of mean calling hours) at the first scotophase, but had slightly lower peak calling percentages and shorter calling hours at the subsequent scotophases. The sex pheromone blend or single component from the blend for P. xylostella elicited similar electroantennography responses compared with those from control males and indoxacarb-treated male survivors. Indoxacarb did not alter the number of eggs produced per female and female longevity. However, larval treatment of males with indoxacarb showed a decreased copulation success rate, and this effect was not observed in identically treated female survivors.     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫对不同寄主植物的取食选择性

为深入了解亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)不同龄期幼虫的取食特性,采用叶碟法对6个科的24种植物进行了测定.结果显示,亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫选择性试验中,酸模叶蓼上幼虫百分率最高,为29.81％;菜豆上次之,为27.36％.3龄幼虫选择性试验中,菜豆上幼虫百分率最高,为28.66％;酸模叶蓼上次之,为26.21％;该虫较喜食的其它几种植物上幼虫百分率由多到少依次是葎草、向日葵和苘麻,而玉米叶片上的幼虫取食百分率最低,初孵幼虫为0,3龄幼虫为4.28％.5龄幼虫在上述6种植物茎秆或果实上取食停留的时间没有显著差异.试验说明,亚洲玉米螟幼虫保持了对原始寄主的取食特性.     

亚洲玉米螟与串珠镰孢菌复合侵染对玉米产量损失的影响

在玉米吐丝、灌浆和乳熟期,以亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)为试虫,以串珠镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides为供试菌种,研究玉米雌穗不同发育期亚洲玉米螟与串珠镰孢菌复合侵染对玉米产量的影响.结果表明:串珠镰孢菌与玉米螟复合侵染危害后玉米雌穗穗长缩短、籽粒数减少、穗粒腐病加重,使得玉米的产量性状发生改变,导致玉米产量和品质下降;接虫处理和复合处理均以玉米吐丝期对玉米产量构成因素影响最大,吐丝期复合处理单穗损失率为40.84%,在灌浆和乳熟期分别为27.92%和11.10%;在单独接菌条件下以灌浆期危害最重,单穗损失率为6.62%,而在吐丝和乳熟期分别为4.13%和0.65%.     

亚洲玉米螟对不同部位玉米叶片的定向行为

利用玉米叶片作为信息源,通过测定亚洲玉米螟对玉米不同部位叶片的起飞至接近信息素源等行为,研究亚洲玉米螟对玉米不同部位叶片的定向反应。结果表明在近距离范围内,上部叶片更能吸引亚洲玉米螟;而在较远距离,亚洲玉米螟对上部叶片与下部叶片的定向行为没有显著性差异。另外在微风环境中亚洲玉米螟对玉米叶片的定向行为更为明显。     

Impact of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on the pheromone-communication systems of insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant obliquebanded leafrollers Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The effects of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on pheromone production, calling, female attractiveness and the ability of males to locate sources of natural and synthetic pheromone were compared in azinphos-methyl-susceptible (susceptible) and azinphos-methyl-resistant (resistant) obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). The amount of pheromone in susceptible females was reduced by 29-33% after exposure to azinphos-methyl; this treatment did not affect the pheromone content of resistant females. Azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females contained 39-43% less pheromone than azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females. Resistant females that were not treated with azinphos-methyl contained 35-56% less pheromone than susceptible females that were not treated with insecticide. The incidence of calling was reduced by 67-100% in azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females; the incidence of calling by resistant females was not affected by exposure to azinphos-methyl. The incidence of calling by azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females was 58-100% lower than that of azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females. There was no difference in the incidence of calling between susceptible and resistant females that had not been treated with insecticide. In a flight tunnel, treatment with insecticide reduced the attractiveness of susceptible females by 38%; treatment with insecticide did not affect the attractiveness of resistant females. There was no difference in the proportion of males attracted to susceptible and resistant females that had, or had not been treated with insecticide. In an apple orchard, the attractiveness of susceptible and resistant females treated with azinphos-methyl was reduced by 84 and 12%, respectively. The proportion of males attracted to azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females was 58% lower than the proportion attracted to azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females, whereas, if females were not treated with insecticide, the proportion attracted to resistant females was 57% lower than the proportion attracted to susceptible females. In a flight tunnel, azinphos-methyl did not affect the ability of susceptible or resistant males to locate a source of pheromone gland extract. Likewise, in an apple orchard, the insecticide treatment had no effect on the ability of susceptible or resistant males to locate a source of synthetic pheromone. In a flight tunnel, there was no difference in the proportion of azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible and resistant males locating a source of pheromone gland extract; however, in the orchard, 39% fewer azinphos-methyl-treated resistant males located a source of synthetic pheromone than azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible males. A similar proportion of susceptible and resistant males that had not been treated with insecticide located a source of pheromone gland extract in the flight tunnel, but in the orchard, the proportion of resistant males not treated with azinphos-methyl that located the source of synthetic pheromone was 32% lower than the proportion of susceptible males not treated with this insecticide. The implications of the differences in the effect of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on the pheromone communication system of susceptible and resistant moths are discussed in relation to the theory of the development of insecticide resistance, the detection of resistance in feral populations of moths using sex pheromone-baited traps, and the control of moths using sex pheromone-mediated mating disruption.     

杀虫剂对蛾类昆虫生殖行为影响的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外关于杀虫剂对蛾类昆虫求偶、性信息素合成及释放、定向行为、交配和产卵等生殖行为影响的研究进展。经杀虫剂处理后,许多雌蛾的求偶行为受到抑制、性信息素含量降低,雄蛾对性信息素的反应和交配成功率下降,但药剂对产卵量和卵孵化率没有明显影响。而部分药剂可增强雄蛾对性信息素的反应,刺激雌蛾信息素含量异常增高和使活性组的比例发生漂移。     

Effect of pyriproxyfen,a juvenile hormone mimic,on egg hatch,nymph development,adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri Kuwayama

BACKGROUND: The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is a vector of bacteria presumably responsible for huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus. In this laboratory study, an investigation was made of the activity of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on ACP eggs, nymphs and adults to evaluate its potential as a biorational insecticide for inclusion in an integrated pest management (IPM) program for ACP. RESULTS: Irrespective of egg age, timing or method of treatment, a significantly lower percentage of eggs (5–29%) hatched after exposure to 64 and 128 µg mL^?1 of pyriproxyfen. Only 0–36% of early instars (first, second and third) and 25–74% of late instars (fourth and fifth) survived to adults following exposure to 16, 32 and 64 µg mL^?1 of pyriproxyfen. However, 15–20% of adults that emerged following treatment as late instars exhibited morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, pyriproxyfen adversely affected reproduction (fecundity and fertility) of adults that emerged from treated fifth instars or that were treated topically with 0.04 µg as adults. CONCLUSIONS: Application of pyriproxyfen at 64 µg mL^?1 resulted in greater inhibition of egg hatch and suppression of adult emergence compared with lower rates. Pyriproxyfen also markedly reduced female fecundity and egg viability for adults that were exposed either as fifth instars or as newly emerged adults. The ovicidal, larvicidal and reproductive effects against ACP suggest that pyriproxyfen is suitable for integration into an IPM program for ACP. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Vertical transmission of sublethal granulovirus infection in the tobacco caterpillar <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera litura</Emphasis>

Larvae that survived sublethal infection of Spodoptera litura granulovirus (SlGV) as 4th and 5th instars led to an increase in the larval period of treated larvae when compared with control. While pupal period and pupal weight remained unaffected, a significant alteration in sex ratio was observed. Although survivor moths could mate successfully, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of ovipositing females in treated larvae as compared with control. A significant reduction in fecundity of moths emerging from treated larvae was also noticed, but the egg viability was never influenced by the treatment. However, there was a significant increase in progeny mortality in treated larvae over control. The offspring mortality in survivors increased up to three subsequent generations but not thereafter. Hence, repeated field applications of inoculum are required. The implication of the present findings in terms of reduced fecundity coupled with increased larval development indicates that vertical transmission can lead to increased virus dispersal, both of which would reduce the host's innate capacity for population increase. This is particularly important in S. litura, which is a migratory species and occurs sporadically in a particular agro-ecosystem.     

Effects of the synergist S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate on indoxacarb toxicity and metabolism in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)

The toxicity of the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), was evaluated in the presence and absence of S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), an inhibitor of hydrolytic metabolism. Bioassays involving topical application of different concentrations of indoxacarb to third instars of a susceptible O. nubilalis laboratory strain were performed, and in vitro metabolism experiments involving [¹⁴C] indoxacarb were examined to determine the role of hydrolytic metabolism in indoxacarb activation. Indoxacarb toxicity decreased in the presence of DEF indicating antagonism of toxicity. Results of in vivo and in vitro inhibition experiments indicated a reduction of indoxacarb activation and formation of the hydrolytic metabolite. These results are consistent with the proposed mechanism of hydrolytic activation for this compound.     

甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期叶片挥发物组成及其对亚洲玉米螟的电生理活性

为了研究甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期叶片挥发物成分的差异及挥发物对亚洲玉米螟的电生理活性,采用溶剂漂洗法和气相色谱—质谱联用仪（GC-MS）提取、分析了甘蔗（Saccharum officinarum）苗期、甘蔗茎伸长期、玉米（Zea mays）苗期、吐丝期叶片挥发物,并通过触角电位技术测定了亚洲玉米螟对其中24种挥发物的电生理反应。结果表明：甘蔗苗期、玉米苗期分别分离出45种、38种化合物,而甘蔗茎伸长期和玉米吐丝期分别鉴定出44种、42种化合物。甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期挥发物成分存在差异,其中在甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期叶片中均存在的化合物有25种,玉米特有化合物有4种,甘蔗特有化合物有12种。甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期挥发物种类主要包括萜类、绿叶气味、醛类、酮类、酸类、醇类、酯类、酰胺类和烃类,且这些化合物的含量在甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期之间存在着差异,但均以烃类化合物的含量最高。亚洲玉米螟交配雌蛾对检测的24种挥发物均可产生EAG反应,表现出绿叶气味＞萜类和醛类化合物＞酸类和烃类化合物的总体反应趋势,其中以顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯的反应相对值最大（145.91±5.43）;交配雌蛾的反应相对值在同一类化合物（绿叶气味除外）间差异不显著,说明亚洲玉米螟对同一类化合物的嗅觉辨识能力较差。本研究结果为进一步探明植物挥发物对亚洲玉米螟的行为影响奠定了基础。     

Spread of local electroantennogram response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

The electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male moths of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) to locally applied pheromone, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, were studied with multiple electrodes. The amplitude of the locally elicited EAG was different depending on the stimulated point and also on the recorded locus, and a gradient in the amplitude was observed along the antennal axis. The locally stimulated region responded as a local negative deflection relative to the resting region, and the response spread from the stimulated point in an asymmetric way, more effectively in the proximal direction than in the distal direction. A possible mechanism of the local EAG spread is discussed.     

Effect of temperature on toxicity of pyrethroids and endosulfan, activity of mitochondrial Na-K-ATPase and Ca-Mg-ATPase in Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The toxicity of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and endosulfan to the fourth-instar larvae of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), was measured at 17, 27, and 37 °C. The three insecticides all displayed a positive temperature coefficient between 17 and 37 °C. The temperature coefficients of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and endosulfan were 5.59, 1.68, and 2.85, respectively. However, temperature coefficients of deltamethrin and bifenthrin between 17 and 27 °C and between 27 and 37 °C varied. The inhibition of the above three insecticides to mitochondrial Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase from the fourth-instar larvae of rice stem borer was determined at 17, 27, and 37 °C. The inhibition of deltamethrin to the specific activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase showed a negative temperature coefficient, but endosulfan exhibited a positive temperature coefficient. Inhibition of bifenthrin exhibited the contrary temperature coefficients between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase and a negative temperature coefficient for the former and a positive temperature coefficient for the later.     

Sex-related response to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in adult Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

During the development of a resistance-monitoring bioassay that uses males as the life-stage tested, the relationship of adult female and male susceptibility of Grapholita molesta to different classes of insecticides was investigated. Preliminary results indicated that more males survived diagnostic doses of azinphos-methyl than females. Additional research revealed that, although the body mass of adult male G molesta was only 69% of that of female moths (5.67 and 8.20 mg, respectively), their LC50 values were 2.6, 4.1 and 10.3 times higher than those of females for azinphosmethyl, malathion and parathion-methyl, respectively. However, female G molesta moths were more tolerant to methomyl than were male moths. There was no indication that this sex-related response occurred in G molesta larvae. The results presented here raise concerns regarding the use of pheromone traps for determining whether insecticide treatments are required and as part of resistance monitoring programs.     

Inhibition of pheromone action in Sesamia nonagrioides by Haloacetate analogues

The electrophysiological activity of some halogenated analogues of the major component of the sex pheromone of the corn stalk borer Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (1) is presented. The analogues comprise a series of fluoro-, chloro- and bromoacetate analogues 4 – 10 as well as trifluoromethyl ketone 11. The fluoro derivatives 4 – 6 displayed remarkable electro-antennogram (EAG) intrinsic activities in comparison with the parent acetate 1, while the remaining analogues elicited significantly lower response. The compounds have also been tested as inhibitors of the sex pheromone perception in EAG and in the field. In the laboratory. fluoro analogues 4 – 6 were better inhibitors than chloro derivatives 7 – 9 , which in turn behaved similarly to the bromoacetate 10 . Trifluoromethyl ketone 11, however, was a poor inhibitor of the pheromone action. In the field, baits of mixtures of compounds 5 – 11 with the corn stalk borer pheromone in 10 :1 ratio inhibited the concomitant attraction of the clover cutworm moth Scotogramma irifolii Rott., while the difluoro analogue 5, trichloroacetate 9 and trifluoromethyl ketone 11 also diminished the number of catches of the armyworm Mythimna unipuncta Haw. The monofluoroacetate 4. trifluoro analogue 6 and bromo derivative 10 significantly disrupted the pheromone action of the corn borer, whereas trifluoromethyl ketone 11 synergistically increased the number of males attracted to the pheromone trap alone. Addition of 11 to baits containing the corn borer pheromone caught S. nonagrioides selectively with regard to the other habitat-sharing species M. unipuncta and S. trifolii.     

我国玉米螟优势种的研究

1977—1984年,通过形态鉴定、生殖隔离试验、性信息素活性反应及其化学成份分析等四种方法,明确我国玉米螟优势种是亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenee),而不是欧洲玉米螟O.nubilalis(Hubner)。亚洲玉米螟主要分布在我国东半壁黑龙江至广东的广大地区,是玉米、谷子、高粱等作物的大害虫。欧洲玉米螟分布于新疆(伊宁),为害玉米,并在内蒙古(呼和浩特)、宁夏(永宁)和河北(张家口、芦台)一带与亚洲玉米螟混生(仍以亚洲玉米螟为主),多寄生于苍耳和大麻。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A大面积防治二代区亚洲玉米螟效果评价

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)是黑龙江省玉米生产上发生最重、为害最大的常发性害虫,为明确苏云金芽胞杆菌G033A(Bt G033A)对2代区亚洲玉米螟的田间防效,分别于玉米心叶期和穗期,应用Bt G033A对1代和2代亚洲玉米螟进行了防治示范,测定田间平均防治效果、挽回产量损失率及产量...     

Summation and gradient characteristics of local electroantennogram response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Summation and gradient characteristics of the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male moths of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilatis) to their pheromone, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, were studied. Direct evidence that the summation of the locally elicited EAGs contribute to the overall response amplitude is presented; if two simultaneously stimulated loci were separated by more than 1 mm, the observed response was the summation of the two independent local EAGs. Configuration of the local EAG response was obtained at various loci of the antenna. It was demonstrated that a gradient in the amplitude of the local EAG exists along the antennal axis and that this gradient has its origin in the epithelial layer of the antenna. Several possible morphological and physiological factors affecting the response characteristics were considered.