不同化学除莠剂的除莠效应试验研究

依据成都地区以草地早熟禾为主体的草坪杂草的季节生长发育节律,测定了它们在不同地段的种类、结构、数量、季节更替及其危害.选用了神锄、甲醛(浓度5%)、2,4-D(浓度为0.7%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%、1.4%)、2,4-D丁酯与使它隆按一定比例配合混施和单施,对草坪为双子叶杂草进行化学除莠.试验获知,甲醛灭效为92.82%;2,4-D浓度为0.8%时灭效为84.45%,浓度为1.0%时灭效为87.37%,1.2%时灭效为91.54%,1.4%时灭效为93.24%;使它隆、2,4-D丁酯混施灭效欠佳,平均为46.98%,使它隆单施灭效为87.83%,2,4-D丁酯单施灭效为83.85%,神锄灭效最差,平均为31.92%.     

除草剂2,4-D丁酯对皮燕麦安全性和产量的影响及其残留动态分析

以陇燕3号为试验材料,喷施低、中和高3个剂量(450, 750和1050 mL·hm^-2)的2,4-D丁酯,在药后1,7,14,21,28 d以及开花期、灌浆期植株和收获后籽粒中测定2,4-D丁酯残留量,探讨不同剂量2,4-D丁酯处理对杂草防效、燕麦的安全性、株高和产量的影响。结果表明,2,4-D丁酯对燕麦安全性、产量及田间杂草防效影响显著。高剂量下燕麦出现顶端下垂、叶尖发红和药斑等药害现象。杂草防效随2,4-D丁酯施用剂量的增加而提高。高剂量除草剂喷施后45 d,株防效较药后30 d仍有小幅上升,鲜重防效达到90%以上。3个剂量均使株高有一定程度的降低,高剂量下燕麦株高较对照降低了10.49%。低剂量下干草产量有所降低,但与对照差异不显著(P>0.05),籽粒增产22.64%;中剂量下燕麦干草产量呈增加趋势,籽粒增产40.57%;高剂量下,燕麦干草产量下降了8.85%(P<0.05)。2,4-D丁酯及2,4-D在皮燕麦中的残留量随除草剂施用剂量的增加而上升。施药28 d后,高浓度下燕麦中2,4-D丁酯和2,4-D残留量最高,达0.168 和0.011 mg·kg^-1,显著(P<0.05)高于低浓度处理。综上所述,本试验条件下,750 mL·hm^-2为皮燕麦田2,4-D丁酯的最佳使用剂量。     

冬季草坪化学除莠试验

为了筛选确定安全有效的适于四川冬季草坪中应用的除草剂,特设置本项试验。结果表明：使它隆、２,４－Ｄ丁酯对防治草坪阔叶杂草有效率可达９０％以上,幼龄杂草１００％死亡,老龄杂草死亡率可达６０％左右,是适合于草坪应用的有效除草剂。     

2,4-D草地化学除莠试验灭效分析

应用高效、低毒、低残毒农药2,4-D(即2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)在成都平原暖性草丛草地进行了不同浓度[以质量分数:0.8％,1.0％,1.2％,1.4％和1.6％]的除莠试验。结果表明,在完熟期植物与果后营养期植物并存的深秋,按株数法3次重复测定,其群体灭草率分别为44.50％,49.38％,60.00％,81.66％和89.80％。按质量法测定结果符合随浓度增加灭草数量增加的规律。     

草坪阔叶杂草防除技术研究

在2000～2001年两年问,应用使它隆乳油、阔草克乳油、丁甲颗粒剂、杂8颗粒剂、2甲4氯钠盐、2,4-D丁酯六种选择性除草剂及其混剂对华中农业大学校园草坪杂草进行防除试验.结果表明使它隆、阔草克、72%2甲4氯、72%2,4-D乳油以及两种混剂对几种主要杂草防效比较好,30d的防效能达到100%,而且两种混剂有增效作用,扩大了除草剂的使用范围,比单独使用的防效有所提高.     

西宁地区草坪阔叶杂草防除试验

于2001和2003年4-6月对西宁地区草坪阔叶杂草进行了除草剂药效试验。结果表明,5种药剂试验处理中,72%2,4-D丁酯与48%百草敌药效最好,防效分别为89.8%和87.9%,75%杜邦巨星药效较好,防效为85.2%,药效较差的是10%甲磺隆,防效为52.9%,25%氯磺隆药效最差,防效为37.6%。浓度筛选试验中,72%2,4-D丁酯400倍液与500倍液药效最好,防效分别为97.5%和96.7%,48%百草敌1 000倍液与1 300倍液防效分别为92.9%和92.3%,药效较好,75%杜邦巨星10 000倍液药效较差,防效为87.9%,其中以72%2,4-D丁酯500倍液的防除成本最低,其次是48%百草敌1 300倍液,防除成本最高的是75%杜邦巨星10 000倍液,从防除效果和成本2方面综合考虑,72%2,4-D丁酯为西宁地区防除草坪阔叶杂草较理想的除草剂,田间推荐剂量为500倍液。     

沟叶结缕草草坪杂草化学防治研究

采用苯达松、2,4-D丁酯、高效盖草能(10％乳油)3种除草剂对沟叶结缕草草坪进行了杂草化学防治研究。结果表明,苯达松(25％水剂)每15 kg水可加至80 ml左右,2,4-D丁酯(72％乳油)每15 kg水可加至25 ml,高效盖草能(10％乳油)每15 kg水可加至10-15 ml,每667m2控制用水25-30 kg可取得较好效果。但高温季节除草剂容易对草坪产生药害,施用时应在杂草幼苗期进行,并降低药剂浓度,以提高对草坪的安全性。     

几种选择性除草剂防除草坪双子叶杂草效果的研究

在1997 ～1998 年两年间,应用好事达、百草敌、使它隆、2 ,4 - D 丁酯四种选择性杂草防除剂对四川农业大学校园草坪杂草进行防除试验。结果表明:防除草坪中的双子叶杂草用72 % 的2,4 - D 丁酯2500ml/hm2 + 使它隆1000ml/hm2 ,株防效为90-3 % ,种防效为74 % ,效果最好,经方差检验,与其它几种处理的差异达到了显著或极显著的水平。     

高寒地区禾草混播草地杂草防除研究

研究高寒地区多年生禾草混播草地建植当年的杂草种类、危害程度及所用除草剂的最佳和最大剂量。结果表明,混播草地杂草有10种,均为阔叶型,杂草草情指数高(74.08),危害严重。采用高效低毒、具有较强选择性和内吸传导性的2,4-D丁酯进行防除,其最佳剂量(按有效成分)为1188g/hm²;最大剂量为1622g/hm²。     

草坪阔叶杂草防除技术研究

在 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年两年间 ,应用使它隆乳油、阔草克乳油、丁甲颗粒剂、杂 8颗粒剂、 2甲 4氯钠盐、 2 ,4-D丁酯六种选择性除草剂及其混剂对华中农业大学校园草坪杂草进行防除试验。结果表明 :使它隆、阔草克、 72 %2甲 4氯、 72 %2 ,4-D乳油以及两种混剂对几种主要杂草防效比较好 ,3 0d的防效能达到 1 0 0 %,而且两种混剂有增效作用 ,扩大了除草剂的使用范围 ,比单独使用的防效有所提高。     

具有除甲醛功能的真丝织物的制备及性能测试

利用天然藏青果提取物中的多酚成分能与甲醛发生化学反应的原理,制备具有除甲醛功能的真丝织物。采用正交试验优化制备工艺条件为:整理温度70℃,整理时间2.0 h,整理液pH 4。在此工艺条件下,用质量分数为8%的藏青果提取物粉末整理制备的真丝织物24 h对空气中甲醛的去除率可达到84.5%,较普通真丝织物对空气中甲醛的去除率提高74.7个百分点。进一步用金属离子处理真丝织物,可有效改善织物除甲醛功效的耐洗性能,其中:Fe2+离子处理织物经10次洗涤后,甲醛去除率仅下降5.2个百分点;Al3+离子处理后,甲醛去除率仅下降4.9个百分点。试验表明,利用藏青果提取物整理及金属离子后处理制备的真丝织物具有明显的除甲醛功效,且织物的耐洗性能良好,是一种新型健康环保的织物。     

3种除草剂对燕麦田杂草的防除效果研究

选用仲丁灵、金都尔和使它隆3种除草剂,研究不同施药浓度对燕麦田杂草的防效及燕麦种子产量的影响。结果表明:供试的3种类型除草剂不同浓度对燕麦田杂草均有较好的防效,并且安全性好,无药害发生。48%仲丁灵,96%金都尔,20%使它隆在燕麦田的最佳施用浓度分别为5 625,1 350和750mL/hm2,30d株防效分别为79.7%,84.4%和87.8%,增产率分别为25.8%,31.8%和39.2%。     

甘肃陇西野生草地早熟禾植株的再生体系

以甘肃陇西野生草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)成熟种子为外植体,研究不同激素及其浓度组合对愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响。结果表明,不同浓度2,4-D处理下,愈伤组织的诱导率差异明显。MS+1.0 mg·L-1 2,4-D是陇西野生草地早熟禾愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养条件,诱导率为41.40%;单独使用2,4-D,愈伤组织的诱导率和质量要优于2,4-D和6-BA配合使用的情况。2 mg·L-1 6-BA适合甘肃陇西野生草地早熟禾愈伤组织的分化,在MS+2 mg·L-1 6-BA基础上添加0.5 mg·L-1 NAA和0.2 mg·L-1 2,4-D,绿苗率显著提高(P0.05),分别为22.88%和19.72%。生根培养基同分化培养基,生根率为100%。     

Efficiency of phenoxyethanol at removing formaldehyde from immersion fixed muscle tissue

The propensities of several fluids for extracting formaldehyde from fixed muscle tissue were compared. Following formalin fixation, similar samples of muscle tissue were immersed in solutions of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% phenoxyethanol, 40% ethanol, 25% ethylene glycol or water. Following storage periods of 4, 25, 50 or 100 days, the formaldehyde content of the fluids was determined by sodium sulfite titration. The solution containing 40% ethanol was clearly superior to the others. Solutions containing 2% or 4% phenoxyethanol were least effective and there was a significant inverse linear relationship between the concentration of phenoxyethanol and amount of formaldehyde extracted. This suggests that phenoxyethanol decreases the ability of water to extract formaldehyde from fixed tissues.     

白羊草真叶愈伤组织诱导和植株再生

以7日龄白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum(L.)Keng)真叶作为外植体,进行愈伤组织诱导和植株再生研究,筛选较合适的激素组合,以建立白羊草再生体系。结果表明:在愈伤诱导阶段KT的作用明显,其与2,4-D的交互作用优于ABA与2,4-D,也高于单独使用2,4-D,在2,4-D1.0 mg/L+KT0.5 mg/L时诱导率最大,达到93.45%;分化阶段6-BA0.1 mg/L与NAA 0.04-0.06 mg/L的激素组合中分化率差异不明显。     

Comparison of two formaldehyde administration methods of in ovo-injected eggs

Formaldehyde administration in the hatchery can be very useful in decreasing microbial numbers. However, its use is controversial because of the adverse effects that can occur to chicks and people. This study was designed to look at alternative methods of application of formaldehyde in the hatchery. In addition, the study compared the effects of these methods of application on in ovo-and non-in ovo-injected eggs. All in ovo-injected eggs were given diluent only with no vaccine or antibiotic added. In hatchers containing both in ovo-injected eggs and non-in ovo-injected eggs, formaldehyde was administered two ways, dose (DOSE) and constant rate infusion (CRI). In the DOSE hatcher, 12 ml of formaldehyde was administered at one time every 12 hr, whereas in the CRI hatcher, the same volume was administered at a rate of 1 ml/hr over a 12-hr period. A control (CONT) hatcher received 12 ml of distilled water at the same time that the DOSE hatcher was given formaldehyde. In the DOSE hatcher, a peak concentration of formaldehyde of 102 ppm was reached. The CRI was maintained at approximately 20 ppm of formaldehyde. At pipping, the aerosol bacterial load in the hatchers receiving formaldehyde (DOSE, 130 colony-forming units [CFU]/m3; CRI, 82.5 CFU/m3) was significantly less than in the CONT hatcher (235 CFU/m3). At hatch, the CRI (337.5 CFU/m3) was not able to control bacterial levels and only the DOSE hatcher (150 CFU/m3) had a significantly lower aerosol bacterial count. The CRI non-in ovo-injected eggs (93.39%) had a significantly higher percentage of hatch of fertile compared with non-in ovo-injected eggs exposed to water (84.27%). In ovo-injected eggs in CONT and DOSE treatment groups contained significantly higher percentages of visual contamination than non-in on-injected eggs in the same hatchers. This difference had numerical significance only in the treatment groups within the CRI hatcher. The chicks were then placed into replicate treatment groups and grown for 14 days. Chicks from the CRI in ovo-injected eggs had a statistically significant improvement in feed conversion ratio (1.24) at 14 days when compared with chicks from CONT non-in ovo-injected eggs (1.29). All formaldehyde-exposed chicks had numerically lower feed conversion ratios compared with the CONT exposed chicks.     

甲醛处理对豆饼干物质和蛋白质瘤胃降解率及胃蛋白酶消化率的影响

豆饼用２ｇ／ｋｇＤＭ甲醛处理后,１０ｈ瘤胃干物质（ＤＭ）降解率从８７．１９％下降到豆饼含水量为１４％和６０．９３％和含水量１８％时的５６．２９％,粗蛋白降解率从８７．６９％分别下降到４８．３６％和４３．４３％,随着甲醛用量的增加,干物质的粗蛋白的降解率进一步下降,但下降幅度减少。在甲醛用量低于２ｇ／ｋｇＤＭ的情况下,甲醛用量对ＰＨ为４．５时的胃蛋白酶４ｈ和８ｈ干物质和粗蛋白消化率没有明显影响,但     

2,4-D对匍匐翦股颖不同品种愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响

以匍匐翦股颖Penn A-1和Penn A-4为供试品种,就2,4-D不同浓度和作用时间对匍匐翦股颖愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响进行试验。结果表明,2mg/L的2,4-D对Penn A-1愈伤组织诱导效果最佳,出愈率为36.4%,4mg/L的2,4-D对Penn A-4的效果最佳,出愈率为82.4%;愈伤组织最佳分化时间为2,4-D作用0～30d时,Penn A-1和Penn A-4分化率分别保持在50%和83%;分化能力随2,4-D作用时间的增长而下降,而颗粒状、质地松散的愈伤组织最终将失去分化能力。     

Hatching eggs sanitized with chlorine dioxide foam: egg hatchability and bactericidal properties

The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as an alternative sanitizing agent for hatching eggs was investigated because of the health concerns about formaldehyde fumigation. Hatchability of chicken eggs was reduced when the eggs were dipped in the ClO2 solutions for more than 5 minutes or in concentrations greater than 100 ppm Cl. However, treating hatching eggs with a ClO2 foam or fumigating with formaldehyde had no adverse effect on hatchability compared with untreated control eggs. Sanitizing soiled duck eggs with ClO2 foam improved hatchability by more than 10% and hatch by more than 6% compared with untreated eggs (P less than 0.05). A novel method for assessing bactericidal potential of egg-sanitizing agents was developed. Using this technique, both chlorine dioxide foam and formaldehyde fumigation reduced the number of egg-contaminant bacteria inoculated on sterile chicken eggs compared with the number of bacteria on untreated eggs (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that sanitizing hatching eggs with ClO2 foam may be a viable alternative to fumigating with formaldehyde.