海南岛热带低地雨林木本植物幼苗层组成与功能群恢复动态

以海南岛霸王岭林区内不同恢复阶段低地雨林幼苗(DBH<1 cm)层为研究对象,比较了不同恢复群落中幼苗的物种组成和功能群变化,分析了幼苗层的自然恢复动态。结果表明:不同恢复阶段幼苗层的物种组成存在显著差异;不同恢复阶段幼苗层的物种个体多度都随高度级的增加而减少,其中,第I高度级幼苗的物种数和个体多度在各个恢复时期均显著高于其它3个高度级,这说明幼苗层的存活曲线接近凹型;恢复60年的次生林群落中幼苗的个体多度最高,符合中度干扰假说;随着恢复时间的增加,不同功能群重要值表现出明显的变化规律,先锋种的重要值随恢复时间的增加逐渐减少,而耐荫种的重要值则随恢复时间的增加而逐渐增大,说明在恢复过程中耐荫种逐渐取代先锋种,从而实现了群落的更新和演替。     

浑善达克沙地榆树疏林沙地榆空间分异特征研究

通过对浑善达克沙地榆树疏林由西向东、南向北典型8个样地沙地榆个体生长指标进行调查,研究了该地区沙地榆个体生长指标和种群年龄级的空间分异规律。结果表明:随着沙地的地理位置由西向东、由南向北沙地榆株高、胸径、冠幅平均值逐渐下降,沙地榆在西南部个体较大,东北部个体逐渐变细小,与沙地榆自然更新有较大关系;沙地榆树疏林8个不同地区沙地榆年龄结构呈衰退型种群,但不同地区所占的主要年龄级不同;8个样地中中部样地4有X1年龄级(幼苗)的更新,靠近东部样地6和南部样地8缺失幼苗和幼树;整体上X3、X4、X5成熟龄级沙地榆株数在60%～80%之间龄林,X1、X7、X8、X9、X10年龄级最少,甚至缺失。     

森林火灾后兴安落叶松林植被群落乔木更新状况研究

以内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松林火烧迹地为研究对象,采用空间代替时间研究方法,分析比较了不同火烧强度、不同林型、不同更新方式下兴安落叶松林群落恢复过程中乔木更新状况的差异。结果表明:火干扰对乔木的天然更新有一定的促进作用;恢复过程中很长一段时间,白桦更新苗的年龄、高度、基径等指标在群落中都处于优势地位;3种不同更新方式下,乔木更新密度均大于对照样地,并呈现出天然更新人工更新人工促进更新的趋势。     

不同强度人为干扰对毛竹林植物多样性的影响

为了比较不同程度人为干扰下毛竹林下植被的群落组成结构,研究了人工干扰对毛竹林下植被群落的影响。本研究以杭州市临安区为例,选择了人工干扰程度不同的9个样地,并在每个样地中设置样方,测量植被的多样性,调查植被的种类、株数等,同时计算其重要值、丰富度指数(S)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数指数(H)、Pielou均匀度指数(J_sw)、Alatalo均匀度指数(E)。结果表明:不同强度人为干扰下的毛竹林群落科属种组成发生了明显的变化,表现为中度干扰下毛竹林植被的科属种数目最多,轻度干扰次之,重度干扰最小;而乔木层物种数在轻度干扰下最多,灌木层物种数在中度干扰下最多,草本层物种数在重度干扰下最多;毛竹林乔木层和灌木层中S、D、H、J_sw和E值总体上均呈现出中度干扰最大、轻度干扰次之、重度干扰最小的变化趋势,但草本层中各项指标值随着干扰强度的增大而增大。因此,保持适度的人为干扰、维持植被多样性对竹林经营过程有着重要的意义。     

国内唯一疏林草原——丰宁永太兴草原

<正>"滦河河道、生态湿地、疏林草原、山丘绿林、天然沙丘应有尽有。"这个地方叫永太兴,隶属于丰宁满族自治县国有林场管理处下属的草原林场。丰宁永太兴草原位于内蒙古多伦和河北围场、丰宁两地三县交界处,地处浑善达克沙地南缘。从山顶俯看,稀稀落落的榆树点缀在万亩草场,这是北纬42度唯一的大面积榆树疏林草原,也是目前国内唯一的疏林草原,更有人喜欢把这里叫做"丰宁小非洲"。从无人机升空500米的镜头中我们仅仅看到了永太兴的部分区域,这里的面积至少在100平方公里以上,镜头中山川、河流、草原、疏     

福建武平米槠林恢复生态学研究 Ⅵ 不同人为干扰尺度对各层次物种多样性指数、均匀度和优势度的影响

从物种多样性指数、均匀度和优势度角度分析了不同人为干扰尺度(原始米槠林、择伐更新、天然更新、人促更新和种植杉木林)对福建武平米槠林各层次恢复的影响.结果表明随着不同人为干扰尺度加大,乔木层物种多样性指数和均匀度呈线性下降、而优势度呈线性上升,灌木层物种多样性指数和均匀度呈"下降-上升"交替变化趋势、而优势度延伸至B级后上升,草本层和层外植物物种多样性指数和均匀度上升至B级或C级后下降、而优势度上升至A级后下降;人工种植杉木后各方面指标与原始米槠林相距甚远,目前较难恢复到米槠顶极群落,而其余更新方式以顶极种米槠为第一优势种或第二优势种,各方面指标与原始米槠林相距较近,将能恢复到米槠顶极群落.     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林不同更新林的群落特征

基于对尖峰岭热带山地雨林原始林、皆伐后恢复41 a的天然更新林和皆伐后恢复25 a的人工促进天然更新林的调查数据,对其物种组成、物种相似性、物种丰富度及多样性、植株密度和稳定性等进行比较分析,并通过优势种群龄级结构分析预测群落的发展趋势.结果表明:1)物种丰富度及物种多样性均以原始林最高,乔木层物种多样性表现为天然更新林>人工促进天然更新林,幼树层和下木层表现为人工促进天然更新林>天然更新林;2)天然更新林与原始林的物种相似性比其与人工促进天然更新林的高,说明天然更新林恢复程度较人工促进天然更新林好;3)植株密度表现为人工促进天然更新林>天然更新林>原始林,与干扰程度正相关,与皆伐后恢复时间负相关;4)乔木层和下木层的群落稳定性表现为原始林>天然更新林>人工促进天然更新林;5)优势种群发展趋势分析表明,原始林群落主要优势种群大部分表现为增长或稳定趋势,天然更新林群落上层阳性树种表现为衰退或稳定趋势,下木层的优势种则表现为增长趋势,人工促进更新林的栽培种和一些偏阳性树种表现出衰退或稳定趋势,林下一些优势度稍低的种群表现出逐渐增长趋势.因此,虽然天然更新林和人工促进天然更新林所在群落具有一定的稳定性,但其种类组成结构将发生较大的变化,仍处在由前期阳性树种向后期耐荫树种转变的演替进程中.     

人工促进更新米槠次生林群落α多样性分析

于2022年,以福建省尤溪国有林场经不同间伐强度(强度间伐、中度间伐、弱度间伐)实施人工促进更新40 a的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林为研究对象,探讨人工促进更新的米槠群落结构特征和物种多样性。结果表明：物种—样方累积曲线分析表明研究区域内抽样充分,群落总体的物种—样方累积曲线选择4种数学模型进行拟合,最优拟合模型选用对数平方函数,方程为S=(2.9804+1.7418log A)²。物种组成较为丰富,群落总体共有39科58属102种;米槠重要值最高,形成乔木层优势树种;随着定向干扰强度的增加,对目的物种重要值的影响也逐渐增大。物种丰富度、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和稀疏度不同间伐强度之间差异不显著;而乔、灌、草层次之间差异显著,物种丰富度、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和稀疏度排序为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。研究结果可为该地区地带性常绿阔叶林植被恢复和物种配置提供参考。     

浑善达克沙地土地类型及其治理

浑善达克沙地属于榆树疏林草原,由于气候变化和人类不合理的开发利用,造成了浑善达克沙地原已固定的沙丘再度活化,流动沙丘逐年增多,植被覆盖率逐年减少,可利用的草场逐年退化,可利用的耕地利用率逐年降低。沙漠化土地类型也在发生变化。本文通过对沙漠化土地类型的研究,进而提出有效的治理途径和不同的治理措施条件下沙漠化土地动态变化规律。     

湘西南喀斯特石漠化地区植物多样性研究

以湘西南喀斯特石漠化生态系统环境为研究对象,采用野外样方调查和以空间代替时间的方法,研究了轻度、中度和重度3种不同等级石漠化环境下植物群落的结构特征、物种组成和植物多样性演变规律,旨在为湘西南喀斯特石漠化生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论支撑。结果表明:1)该石漠化地区植物调查记录共39科68属77种,其中灌木植物有28科40属47种,草本植物14科28属30种,3种不同等级石漠化样地中蔷薇科、壳斗科、菊科和禾本科等植物的种类和数量较多;2)在3种不同等级石漠化样地中,灌木层的物种丰富度为中度石漠化>重度石漠化>轻度石漠化,而Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数均是中度石漠化>轻度石漠化>重度石漠化;草本层的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数均随着石漠化等级程度下降呈现上升趋势,Pielou指数和Simpson指数表现为中度石漠化>重度石漠化>轻度石漠化;3)不同石漠化等级的植物相似性有较大差异,其中灌木层和草本层植物的相似性分别为21.28%和33.33%,轻度、中度和重度石漠化样地灌木层和草本层单独植物分别为8.51%～34.84%和6.67%～26.67%,而灌木层和草本层在不同石漠化样地之间的相似性分别在6.38%～12.77%和3.33%～6.67%之间。说明3个不同等级石漠化样地生活型的植物组成、多样性和群落相似性存在较大差异,随着石漠化程度的加深,在长期不加治理的情况下湘西喀斯特石漠化生态系统灌木化会更加严重。     

内蒙古流动沙丘恢复疏林草地植被治理技术研究

在科尔沁沙地的天然植被中 ,疏林草地是最稳定 ,也是分布面积比较大的植被类型。因此 ,流动沙丘恢复为疏林草地植被 ,是适应自然规律 ,投入少见效快的治理方式。试验表明 ,在 350mm左右降水量地区 ,对沙丘首先进行围封 ,促进自然植被恢复 ,借助风力 ,削平沙丘顶部 ,降低沙丘高度。同时 ,进行人工喷播灌木和人工栽植乔灌木树种。经过 4～ 5年 ,人工栽植的乔木树种覆盖度达到 1 0 % ,天然更新的小叶杨、家榆等的覆盖率也达 1 0 % ,人工喷播的灌木达到 2 0 % ,天然草本植物的覆盖度由 1 5% ,增加到 60 %。流动沙丘基本稳定 ,并且恢复为疏林草地植被类型     

西藏高原典型生态系统退化及植被恢复技术综述

全球变暖和人类活动导致西藏高原脆弱生态系统遭到不同程度的干扰和破坏, 对正在进行的国家生态安全屏障保护与建设构成严重的潜在威胁。文中在全面梳理西藏高原典型退化生态系统的主要表现(草地退化、湿地退化、工程扰动区植被破坏、风沙化土地不断扩张)、识别其驱动因素(气候变化、过度放牧和工程扰动)的基础上, 总结了西藏高原典型退化生态系统植被恢复的技术措施(围栏封育、人工种草、工程扰动分类恢复、适生植物种选择、沙障设置等), 以期为进一步加强西藏高原退化生态系统保护与恢复治理、促进国家生态安全屏障建设提供决策依据和技术支撑。     

章古台固沙林更新造林中天然更新的结合与利用

辽宁省章古台固沙林经过经营疏伐与块状采伐以后,通风透光条件改善,促进了天然下种更新。天然更新强度,在采伐迹地为690株·hm^-2,人工更新造林地为575株·hm^-2,油松和赤松林下松树为181株·hm^-2,其他树种295株·hm^-2。通过采取保护1年生樟子松幼树越冬,抚育油松、赤松幼树等措施,促进针叶树天然更新。在更新造林中,沙丘下部与丘间低地营造杨树,利用行间天然更新树木形成阔叶树混交林,沙丘中上部营造针叶树,利用行间天然更新灌木,形成乔灌混交林。     

The composition and diversity of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps under different intensities of forest disturbance

The positive ecological interaction between gap formation and natural regeneration has been examined but little research has been carried out on the effects of gaps on natural regeneration in forests under different intensities of disturbance.This study evaluates the composition,diversity,regeneration density and abundance of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps in undisturbed,intermittently disturbed,and disturbed forest sites.Bia Tano Forest Reserve in Ghana was the study area and three gaps each were selected in the three forest site categories.Ten circular subsampling areas of 1 m2 were delineated at 2 m spacing along north,south,east,and west transects within individual gaps.Data on natural regeneration 350 cm height were gathered.The results show that the intensity of disturbance was disproportional to gap size.Species diversity differed significantly between undisturbed and disturbed sites and,also between intermittently disturbed and disturbed sites for Simpson's(1-D),Equitability(J),and Berger-Parker(B-P) indices.However,there was no significant difference among forest sites for Shannon diversity(H) and Margalef richness(MI) indices.Tree species composition on the sites differed.Regeneration density on the disturbed site was significantly higher than on the two other sites.Greater abundance and density of shade-dependent species on all sites identified them as opportunistic replacements of gap-dependent pioneers.Pioneer species giving way to shade tolerant species is a natural process,thus make them worst variant in gap regeneration.     

Key attributes to the disturbance response of montane cloud forest trees: shade tolerance,dispersal mode and the capacity to form a seed bank

? Context

Understanding the biological mechanisms related to plant response to disturbance is essential for predicting the changes in the structure of plant communities resulting from disturbance.

? Aims

The aims of this study are to identify the regeneration traits linked to the response to disturbance of tree species of a montane cloud forest in order to define regeneration types and to explore whether disturbance intensity acts to select specific regeneration types that can colonize disturbed plots.

? Methods

A theoretical model was developed and evaluated using structural equation modeling to link two latent variables: regeneration type and vulnerability to disturbance. We studied two plots that were subjected to different intensities of disturbance and one plot of mature forest.

? Results

Shade tolerance, dispersal mode, and the capacity to form a seed bank were the traits that determine regeneration type. There was a trend for re-sprouting capacity to be associated with the regeneration types dominant in disturbed plots. Regeneration types were differentially distributed among the sites.

? Conclusion

There was evidence that disturbance intensity has a filtering effect on the colonization of disturbed plots. Species vulnerability to disturbance depends on specific combinations of regeneration traits. Structural equation modeling is useful for exploring plant response to disturbance using key parameters linked to plant persistence.     

樟子松固沙疏林农林牧循环立体经营技术的研究

１９９７年雨季在泰来县江桥镇、街基乡分别营建了半固定沙丘、沙地樟子松固沙疏林，在疏林行间播种培育了沙打旺、锦鸡儿、沙棘、黄芪、黄芩、防风、甘草、大豆、红小豆、绿豆、荞麦等，形成农林牧循环（轮作）立体经营樟子松固沙疏林体系。经对苗木进行生化处理以及采用雨季造林技术，樟子松、沙棘成活率保存率高。中草药、牧草、农作物产量和质量达到当地先进水平。通过调查，植被盖度迅速提高，有效地控制了风蚀。系统运行　４年来，稳定良好。     

大黑山生态修复区典型植物群落物种多样性变化特征分析

以大黑山水土保持生态修复工程示范区为研究区域,运用典型植物群落物种组成和群落物种多样性指数方法,对大黑山水土保持生态修复区典型植物群落物种多样性变化特征进行了研究,结果表明,生态修复区内天然次生林植物群落形成了乔灌草相结合的稳定的植物群落结构。人工林植物群落按生长型可以划为明显的乔木层和草本层2层群落结构类型;典型植物群落物种多样性指数的排序为:蒙古栎+蒙椴植物群落(Ⅱ)>山杏+黄榆植物群落(Ⅰ)>蒙古栎植物群落(Ⅲ)>油松+山杏混交植物群落(Ⅴ)>油松纯林植物群落(Ⅳ)>油松+沙棘混交植物群落(Ⅵ)>油松疏林植物群落(Ⅶ)。天然次生林植物群落的物种多样性要大于人工林植物群落。天然次生林植物群落由于远离人类活动区,长期以来受人为干扰较小,逐渐形成了相对比较发达的草本层植物群落。     

Tree Recruitment from On-site Versus Off-site Propagule Sources During Tropical Forest Succession

The management of successional forests has become an increasingly important tool for tropical forest restoration on disturbed lands. Successful management depends on understanding factors governing tree recruitment during succession. Recruits can be on-site propagules surviving disturbance (e.g. saplings) or seeds arriving after disturbance. Among disturbed sites, the importance of seed arrival from off-site should increase as availability of on-site propagules declines. This study examines how seed arrival from off-site seemed to influence natural forest regrowth on logged plantations in Uganda. Specifically, the effect of seed arrival from mammals (determined directly) and birds (determined inferentially) was estimated in two plantations with high and three plantations with low quantities of saplings surviving logging. In both plantation types, first-year recruitment seemed to originate from on-site (seed bank and sprouts from damaged trees) and off-site sources (seed-dispersing birds). Recruitment declined 2–3 years after logging in all plantations despite high densities of seed-dispersing birds. Recruitment was generally greater in plantations with low initial quantities of on-site propagules, and by 4–6 years forest structure was similar between plantation types. Recruitment was dominated by bird-dispersed species, rather than mammal- or wind-dispersed species. Taken together, these results illustrate that disturbed areas with low initial on-site propagule availability have much potential for forest regrowth.     

滇西北亚高山退化森林生态系统及其恢复途径——“近自然林业”理论及方法

滇西北的森林生态系统由于自然和人为因素,超过一半的森林生态系统受到不同程度的干扰并退化为石漠化裸地、荒草坡、疏林灌丛地、干扰迹地和次生林地,使系统的结构改变、功能降低、内部环境恶化,物种间平衡关系破裂。针对传统的退化森林生态系统恢复中存在的造林树种单一、模式单一、缺乏景观观念、自由放牧等问题,提出采用“近自然林业”理论和方法,通过确定恢复策略,采用乡土树种,发展混交林,早期抚育目的树种,天然更新,对林地进行针对性管理等技术手段,以实现滇西北亚高山退化生态系统的恢复。     

Effects of ground preparation and microenvironment on germination and natural regeneration of Juniperus procera and Afrocarpus gracilior in Ethiopia

The seedling establishment of Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. and Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilger) C. N. Page was assessed in the Afromontane forests of Ethiopia. Percent light transmission, litter depth and percentage cover of vegetation were assessed for seedling microsites in five sites with different levels and history of disturbance. The response of natural and artificial regeneration to burning, mechanical scarification (removal of all logging waste and ground vegetation) and cultivation following clear felling and timber extraction was assessed 19 months after treatment.There was no evidence that regeneration was correlated with light intensity. Despite the presence of a viable seed bank in the undisturbed forest floor, removal of the overstorey vegetation by clear felling did not encourage natural regeneration of J. procera. This suggests that light may not be the main factor limiting regeneration of J. procera.Natural regeneration of J. procera can withstand exposure and is compatible with management by ‘clear cutting with seeding from adjacent stands’ together with ground treatment, particularly controlled burning which exposes the minearl soil and releases nutrients. In contrast, both clear felling and surface disturbance will discourage the natural (or artificial) regeneration of A. gracilior suggesting that J. procera is a pioneer species which is more exposure-tolerant, whilst A. gracilior is more shade-tolerant and exposure-intolerant.