Hormesis: a response to low environmental concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons

Crab zoeae (Rhithropanopeus harrisii) were exposed to water-soluble fractions of jet fuel (JP5) for the first 5 days or for the duration of zoeal development (11 to 14 days). Short-term exposure or continuous exposure to low concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons caused no increase in mortality or changes in development rate, and increased megalopal weight was characteristic of such groups. This phenomenon, termed "hormesis," is probably a generalized aspect of environmental stress etiology but has seldom been reported as such.     

Limiting factors in phytoplankton algae: their meaning and measurement

There are two common responses of plants to changes in concentration of limiting factors: change in the final yield (type I response) or change in the growth rate (type II response). Type II is typical of phytoplankton algae in nature, yet some experiments have failed to show growth rate changes because of inappropriate experimental design.     

典型有机污染物微生物降解及其分子生物学机理的研究进展

介绍了国外氯代芳香族污染物好氧与厌氧生物降解的降解菌、降解途径、酶学、基因结构及其表达、调控,生物降解途径设计,高效降解菌构建等研究进展与动向,并提出了一些想法.     

渤海湾外来浮游植物物种及其入侵途径分析

为了预防外来浮游植物入侵引发的渤海湾赤潮灾害,基于近20年建设项目环境影响评价报告书和相关文献资料的研究成果,收集整理了渤海湾海域已发现的外来浮游植物物种及具体物种信息,分析了物种入侵的主要途径及可能产生的赤潮灾害影响。结果表明：渤海湾海域共发现17种外来浮游植物,其中,甲藻门最多,有10种;硅藻门次之,有5种;金藻门和黄藻门最少,各有1种。研究表明：渤海湾外来浮游植物中,除中华盒形藻外,其余16种均属于赤潮生物,这些物种主要通过压载水引入、传播的方式进入渤海湾海域,应加强港口监控和管理,以防赤潮灾害。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物效应研究现状与展望

多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)是土壤中典型的持久性有机污染物之一,具有强烈的致癌、致畸和致突变效应.土壤微生物既可以降解有机污染物,修复受污染的土壤,又可以敏感地反映土壤环境质量的变化,在土壤污染修复和生物指示方面应用广泛.该文从土壤环境质量表征的微生物学指标和微生物对土壤污染物的降解与修复两个主要方面,综述了PAHs污染土壤的微生物研究现状,包括微生物活性和多样性作为PAHs污染土壤的生物指示,PAHs高效降解菌株筛选,微生物降解PAHs的途径和修复方法等.针对目前研究中存在的问题,提出了研究展望,旨在为研究土壤微生物对PAHs污染土壤的生物响应机制和修复机理提供参考.     

上海青草沙水库浮游植物功能群时空变化特征及其影响因子

为探究上海青草沙水库浮游植物功能群的时空变化特征及其与环境因子的关系,以及进、出水口与库区浮游植物群落特征异同的原因,于2021年每月对浮游植物进行调查,运用浮游植物功能类群(Functional groups,FG)方法和冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)对数据进行分析。结果显示,调查期间青草沙水库共鉴定出浮游植物7门143种,主要由蓝、绿、硅藻门种类构成,浮游植物年均生物量为(0.64±0.35) mg/L。水库浮游植物共划分出25个功能类群,其中K、Lo、H1、S1、B、D、P、MP、F、G为优势功能群,主要隶属于蓝藻门和硅藻门。进、出水口浮游植物种类分别有3门40种,5门48种,分属于15组、19组功能群,共有优势功能群为7组,分别为K、Lo、S1、P、MP、B和F功能群;进水口年均生物密度和生物量分别为118.17×10⁴ cell/L和0.16mg/L,与进水口相比,出水口年均生物密度和生物量分别上升了34.85%和50.12%,且进、出水口生物量间呈显著性差异。对青草沙水库3个库区浮游植物优势功能群的生物量进行单因素方差分析(...     

果树对盐胁迫的反应及耐盐性鉴定的研究进展

综述了国内外利用盐碱地种植果树的概况 ,不同果树种质资源的耐盐性 ,盐胁迫对果树营养生长及果实品质、生理生化特性的影响及果树耐盐性鉴定的指标     

伏马毒素的研究及其对玉米产业的影响

一、伏马毒素的起因和研究概况伏马毒素(Fumoni-sins)是串珠镰刀菌(F-usariummoniforme,F.proliferatum)在一定温度和湿度条件下繁殖所产生的一类霉菌毒素,多见于粮谷和饲料中。串珠镰刀菌是北温带地区最常见的一种产毒霉菌,该菌易产生于生长期、储存期的农作物及产品中,并在美洲、欧洲、亚洲等温带区域种植的谷物中被广泛发现。特别需要指出的是,作为世界主要粮食品种之一的玉米最容易感染串珠镰刀菌,而由它产生的伏马毒素B1对多种动物有较严重的毒副作用。玉米中伏马毒素含量受许多环境因素的影响,如收获前和收获期间的温度、湿度、干旱…     

Sunlight-induced bromate formation in chlorinated seawater

Chlorinated waters are being introduced into estuarine and coastal areas in increasing quantities. In such systems, the chlorine reacts with the natural bromide and ammonia to produce the highly toxic hypobromous acid, hypobromite ion, and haloamines. Sunlight causes up to 50 percent conversion to bromate ion, which is persistent in natural waters and has an unknown toxicity.     

DDT residues in marine phytoplankton: increase from 1955 to 1969

Phytoplankton samples collected in Monterey Bay, California, from 1955 to 1969 contained compounds identified as p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE. Total concentrations of these compounds were approximately three times greater in the later samples. Lower concentrations throughout the period were associated with higher densities of standing crop.     

Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring

Theory and data suggest that a male in good condition at the end of the period of parental investment is expected to outreproduce a sister in similar condition, while she is expected to outreproduce him if both are in poor condition. Accordingly, natural selection should favor parental ability to adjust the sex ratio of offspring produced according to parental ability to invest. Data from mammals support the model: As maternal condition declines, the adult female tends to produce a lower ratio of males to females.     

Ubiquitin protein ligase activity of IAPs and their degradation in proteasomes in response to apoptotic stimuli

To determine why proteasome inhibitors prevent thymocyte death, we examined whether proteasomes degrade anti-apoptotic molecules in cells induced to undergo apoptosis. The c-IAP1 and XIAP inhibitors of apoptosis were selectively lost in glucocorticoid- or etoposide-treated thymocytes in a proteasome-dependent manner before death. IAPs catalyzed their own ubiquitination in vitro, an activity requiring the RING domain. Overexpressed wild-type c-IAP1, but not a RING domain mutant, was spontaneously ubiquitinated and degraded, and stably expressed XIAP lacking the RING domain was relatively resistant to apoptosis-induced degradation and, correspondingly, more effective at preventing apoptosis than wild-type XIAP. Autoubiquitination and degradation of IAPs may be a key event in the apoptotic program.     

鄱阳湖湿地景观恢复的物种选择及其对环境因子的响应

湿地是重要的生态系统,对人类和野生生物都具有极其重要的价值。由于自然因素的变化和人类活动的干扰,湿地退化严重。近年来,湿地恢复已成为世界环境问题改善的重要工具之一。选择适用的湿地植物是退化湿地恢复的关键途径。本文以鄱阳湖湿地为研究对象,通过专家赋值、野外调查、定位观测等方法,筛选了苦草、野菱、芦苇、苔草等25种鄱阳湖常见植物作为湿地景观恢复的优先物种。对苦草、黑藻、菹草、菖蒲、芦苇等5种植物对环境因子的响应进行观测。结果表明,苦草在清水环境130-140cm处的生长最好;黑藻在清水环境中100-110cm处的生长最好;菹草在不同水深(50-160cm)下都能够生长,菹草高度随水深增加而增加;菖蒲具有一定的耐淹能力(< 80cm),但完全淹水(水深100-120cm)明显影响到菖蒲根状茎萌发、幼苗生长和生物量的积累;芦苇根状茎萌发对水深要求严格,土壤要湿润且透气性良好才是芦苇萌发的最好条件,芦苇根状茎萌发前淹水超过20 cm其萌发将会受到明显抑制,淹水超过30 cm则无法萌发。通过对沉水植物的透明度研究表明,植物对水质的透明度都有一定的要求,透明度较好更利于湿地植物的生长发育。     

Persistence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in soils

The percentages of technical aldrin, chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, Dilan, isodrin, BHC, and toxaphene remaining in Congaree sandy loam soil after 14, years were 40, 40, 41, 16, 23, 15, 10, and 45, respectively; those of purified aldrin and technical dieldrin after 15 years were 28 and 31, respectively; and the percentage of technical DDT in three soils after 17 years was 39. Treatments and maintenance of the soils were such that leaching, volatilization, photodecomposition, mechanical removal, and probably biological decomposition were at a minimum. These values may approach an upper limit of persistence of insecticides in soil.     

光肩星天牛成虫对原寄主枝条挥发物趋向的测定

光肩星天牛是一种食性很广的蛀干害虫。利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了从漳河柳、箭杆杨、合作杨和新疆杨4种不同抗性等级树种上羽化的光肩星天牛成虫对这4种寄主树种和嗜好树种复叶槭枝条气味的嗅觉反应。在以空气为对照试验中,源自4种不同寄主树种上的光肩星天牛成虫对其原寄主树种枝条挥发性气味均有明显的正趋性反应（P0.05）。但从合作杨、漳河柳和箭杆杨上羽化的光肩星天牛成虫对新疆杨枝条挥发性气味表现出不同程度的忌避作用;复叶槭枝条挥发性气味对源自4种寄主树上的光肩星天牛均具有不同程度的引诱作用,并且对源自箭杆杨、合作杨和新疆杨上的雌性成虫的引诱作用达到了差异显著的程度（P0.05）。在以复叶槭气味为对照试验中,4种不同寄主上羽化的光肩星天牛对原寄主气味和复叶槭气味的趋向差异不大。这表明在没有嗜好寄主气味的前提下光肩星天牛可以识别原来寄主气味,但是如果有嗜好树种气味存在,光肩星天牛就不趋向原来寄主树种的气味。      

Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton

An analysis of growing season data from 17 lakes throughout the world suggests that the relative proportion of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) in the epilimnetic phytoplankton is dependent on the epilimnetic ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus. Blue-green algae tended to be rare when this ratio exceeded 29 to 1 by weight, suggesting that modification of this ratio by control of nutrient additions may provide a means by which lake water quality can be managed.