石蜡-松香包膜尿素的形貌及其释放行为的研究

以石蜡-松香混合物作为包膜材料，以磷酸氢钙为调理剂，采用熔融喷雾包涂的方法制备一种新型、多营养、不污染土壤的缓释尿素。用水浸泡法和土壤培养法探讨了包膜尿素的释放特性，用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面和截面形貌。分析了松香与石蜡的配比、涂层量对包膜尿素养分释放速率的影响。结果表明，松香与石蜡的配比是影响包膜尿索养分释放速率的主要因素，涂层量是影响尿素释放的重要因素，包膜尿素在水中氮索的释放行为可用一级释放动力学方程来描述；其中，CRC-25和CRC-30包膜尿素在水中溶出80％的氮素分别需要10．07d、17．88d，在土壤中溶出80％的氮索所需要的时间大于130d；包膜尿素的扫描电镜照片显示，包膜层中的缝隙小于5μm。     

松香甘油酯包膜材料对尿素缓释性的影响

该文以松香甘油酯为包膜材料,生产包膜尿素,并利用盆栽土壤试验法,研究以松香甘油酯为包膜材料的包膜尿素缓释性能。结果表明：C=5%其初溶出率均为12.9%。用LOGISTIC生长曲线模型进行模拟,得到涂层覆盖率C=5%时,其最大养分释放量为96%,养分释放期为146 d;涂层覆盖率C=8.1%时,其最大养分释放量为97%,养分释放期为194 d,这表明：控制涂层覆盖率,可控制肥料释放周期;松香甘油酯为包膜材料的选用开辟了新的途径。     

木质素/环氧树脂基复合包膜尿素的研制与性能研究

将木质素这一廉价且环保的原料作为包膜尿素的包膜材料并完善包膜尿素的制备工艺具有重要意义。本试验以木质素、辛酸亚锡、六亚甲基异氰酸酯和聚乙二醇为原料制备木质素基膜材，以此作为包膜尿素的内层，将环氧树脂基包膜液喷涂在木质素基包膜尿素颗粒表面作为外层，得到木质素/环氧树脂基复合包膜尿素。通过调控-NCO/-OH的摩尔比和包膜率来探究包膜尿素的最佳制备条件，并通过静水培养试验测试其累积养分释放率。在此基础上，选择最优养分释放性能的包膜尿素，评估其表面形貌和抗压性能之间的差异。结果表明，-NCO/-OH的摩尔比为1.50时，木质素基膜材的最大热解温度和水接触角分别为404.31℃和82.36°。-NCO/-OH的摩尔比和包膜率均与包膜尿素的养分释放期呈正相关。在-NCO/-OH摩尔比为1.50、树脂含量为40%、包膜率为7%的条件下，包膜尿素的养分释放性能最佳，其释放80%养分所需时间大于30 d。这种采用木质素为原料制备的包膜尿素符合国家控释肥料标准。本研究结果为绿色、经济包膜尿素的发展提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

磷酸氢钙包膜尿素的研制及其释放特性

以聚乙烯醇水溶液为粘结剂,以肥料级磷酸氢钙为包膜材料,采用喷雾包涂的方法制备一种新的、多营养的、不污染土壤的缓释/控释尿素。用水浸泡法和土壤培养法表征了包膜尿素的释放特性,用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面和截面形貌。讨论了涂层量对包膜尿素的缓释性能的影响。实验结果表明:涂层量是影响尿素释放的重要因素,磷酸氢钙包膜尿素在水中氮素的释放行为可用一级释放动力学方程来描述;CU-25和CU-30包膜尿素在水中溶出80%的氮素分别需要5.36.d和12.53.d,而在土壤中溶出80%的氮素所需要的时间大于110.d;包膜尿素的扫描电镜照片显示,包膜层中的缝隙小于1μm。     

麦饭石混合物包膜尿素的肥效及成膜理化特征研究

以麦饭石和有机粘结剂为包膜材料,采用开放式旋转包膜工艺,制得麦饭石混合物包膜尿素(简称包膜尿素)。盆栽试验结果表明,施用包膜尿素玉米生物量显著高于尿素对照,氮素利用率提高13～32个百分点;应用红外光谱对包膜尿素膜层结构的研究结果看出,膜层结构发生较大的变化,出现了新基团并发生了峰形变化;通过电镜扫描技术对膜结构的研究结果显示,麦饭石包膜前后的结构差异明显,包膜前为分散的单个颗粒,而包膜后是固体粉末颗粒间紧密排列并通过液体胶联的多层堆叠而形成包膜层,这些变化是麦饭石包膜尿素的膜层结构紧密而使其控释性能增强的原因。     

双层和夹层包膜工艺对水基树脂包膜材料控释性能的影响

为了优化水基树脂的包膜控释性能,该文以脂溶性树脂为配合包膜材料,利用底喷风动流化床制造多层包膜控释尿素,并通过包膜控释尿素养分释放率的测定评价双层和夹层包膜工艺对水基树脂包膜材料控释性能的影响.研究结果表明:两种工艺相比,夹层包膜工艺能显著延长包膜控释尿素的肥效期,其肥效期是双层包膜工艺的5倍.在夹层包膜工艺中,内保护层厚度在5～15 g/m2的范围内对包膜控释尿素的肥效期无明显影响,50 g/m2水基树脂控释层和10g/m2脂溶性树脂外保护层夹层控释尿素的肥效期均约为260 d.但是,夹层包膜控释尿素的养分释放模式与内保护层厚度有关,内保护层厚度达到10 g/m2以上时,养分释放模式由抛物线型变成了S型.综上可知,脂溶性树脂内保护层较适宜的厚度为5～10 g/m2,采用夹层包膜工艺能更好的发挥水基树脂的控释性能.     

绿色木质素/环氧树脂基双层包膜尿素的研制及对香蕉幼苗生长的影响

将木质素天然材料作为制备包膜尿素的膜层原料,并成功构建无溶剂木质素基包膜尿素的制备工艺体系。以木质素、辛酸亚锡、六亚甲基异氰酸酯和聚乙二醇为原料,通过调控—NCO/—OH的摩尔比和液固比研制木质素基膜材,以此研制包膜尿素的内层包膜材料。在此基础上,将环氧树脂基包膜液作为外层包膜材料喷涂在木质素基包膜尿素颗粒表面,通过重复喷涂固化数次,即可得到不同包膜率的绿色木质素/环氧树脂基双层包膜尿素。通过调控—NCO/—OH的摩尔比、液固比和包膜率来探究包膜尿素的最佳工艺条件。同时,通过静水培养试验测试其累积氮素释放率,选择最优氮素释放性能的包膜尿素,评估其表面形貌和抗压性能之间的差异。最后,通过香蕉盆栽试验评估包膜尿素的肥效。结果表明,膜材水接触角与—NCO/—OH摩尔比和液固比呈正相关。在—NCO/—OH摩尔比为1.50、液固比为3.19和包膜率为6.99%的条件下包膜尿素的氮素释放性能最优,其28 d的累积氮素释放率为62.26%。与常规尿素相比,该研究制备的包膜尿素有效提高了香蕉幼苗的株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重多项指标,同时提高了肥料的氮素利用率。     

高吸水性树脂包膜尿素的水肥一体化调控效果研究

以不同类型和吸水倍率的高吸水性树脂为包膜材料,以大颗粒尿素和改性矿物包膜尿素为核心肥料,研制出高吸水性树脂单层包膜尿素、高吸水性树脂复式包膜尿素系列产品。通过盆栽玉米试验,在养分淋失和水分胁迫条件下研究了肥料的水肥一体化调控效果。结果表明：在高吸水性树脂与核心肥料配比为6∶100、9∶100时,高吸水性树脂包膜尿素能显著延缓氮素释放速率,减少淋溶损失量,降低耗水量,玉米生物量、水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率较核心肥料均显著提高。高吸水性树脂包膜尿素的水肥一体化调控效果主要与肥料包膜状况、内膜材料的性质、高吸水     

异质膜材多层包膜尿素养分释放特征及其数学模拟

为了明确以水溶性树脂（氯乙烯偏氯乙烯、丙烯酸脂）为主包膜材料、脂溶性改性石油 C9树脂为辅助材料的多层包膜尿素的养分释放特征,采用3×4双因素随机区组设计,其中因素一为改性C9石油树脂内保护层包膜用量,设3个水平,即每平方米尿素表面积喷涂5、10、15 g改性C9石油树脂;因素二为水溶性树脂包膜用量,设4个水平,即每平方米尿素表面积喷涂30、40、50、60 g水溶性树脂。采用流化包衣技术制备共12种供试样品,所有供试样品均在水溶性树脂包膜层外再喷涂10 g/m2改性C9石油树脂。然后采用1：5肥水比的恒温静水培养法检测了供试肥料的养分释放曲线并对其进行数学模拟。结果表明,通过Richards方程的特征参数判断可知其中10个供试样品的养分释放曲线为S型,说明了采用水溶性树脂为主和脂溶性树脂为辅所制的多层尿素可以实现养分的S型释放。改性C9内保护层的作用主要体现在改变养分释放曲线形状上,内保护层由5 g/m2增加至10 g/m2,曲线趋向于S型,30～60 g/m2水溶性树脂包膜层4组处理的最大养分释放速度出现的时间点分别推迟22.6、49.3、74.9和39.4 d,进一步增加至15 g/m2,最大养分释放速率出现的时间点不变或者轻微地提前。水溶性树脂包膜层的主要作用是控制养分释放速率,包膜层厚度由30 g/m2逐渐增加至60 g/m2显著延长了包膜尿素的肥效期,其肥效期为75.0～287.1 d。综上可知,以改性石油C9树脂为保护层的水溶性树脂包膜尿素可实现养分的S型释放;使用5～10 g/m2改性C9作内保护层、30～60 g/m2水溶性树脂作为包膜层、10 g/m2改性C9作为外保护层,采用流化包衣技术可制造肥效期约为75.0～287.1 d的符合国家相关标准包膜控释氮肥产品。该研究可为水溶性树脂包膜肥料的制造工艺提供参考。     

醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素水中养分溶出特征

以研制的4种醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素肥料为研究对象,日本70 d聚烯烃包膜尿素肥料为对照,研究醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素在水中尿素态氮溶出特征,以确定醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素的控释性能.结果表明.醋酸酯淀粉包膜肥料尿素累积溶出曲线呈倒"L"型.在水中7～13 d达到最大溶出量.尿素态氮累积溶出80%的时间为2～3 d,初期溶出率65.71%～75.79%;养分累积释放率不超过75%的时间为1～2 d;第7 d微分溶出率都显著大于2.5%.聚烯烃包膜肥料尿素态氮累积溶出80%的时间超过40 d.初期溶出率为2.05%;聚烯烃养分累积释放率36 d为73.32%,37 d为75.01%;第7 d微分溶出率1.68%.醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素缓/控释效果较差,对养分的控释能力明显低于聚烯烃包膜尿素,但对尿素态氮起到了一定的缓/控释作用.醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素及聚烯烃包膜尿素肥料在水中尿素态氮累积溶出特征曲线符合一元二次方程模型.     

粘土包膜缓释尿素的养分释放特征及其增产效应

以尿素为缓释肥料核心,两种粘土矿物为包膜材料,聚乙烯醇为粘结剂,研制出两种包膜缓释肥料,并探讨了两种包膜肥料在土壤、石英砂等介质条件下的氮素释放特征及形态转化规律,还通过盆栽试验进一步研究了包膜尿素的增产效应。试验结果表明,与普通尿素相比,两种粘土矿物肥料均具有较好的缓释性能,在以石英砂为介质时表现的尤为明显;包膜后的尿素具有较明显的生物增产效应,两种包膜肥料在株高、鲜重、干重等主要产量性状方面与普通尿素均存在显著差异。     

麦-稻轮作系统有机无机肥料配施协同氮素转化的机制研究Ⅱ.小麦季残留~(15)N对水稻的有效性分析

以15氮(N)标记的硫酸铵和兔粪作为无机肥和有机肥氮源,采用土培试验,研究了小麦-水稻轮作(W-R)系统小麦季残留的氮素对下茬水稻(O.sativaL.cv.Wuyujing7)生长的影响。结果表明:1)小麦季残留的氮素对水稻生长具有显著影响,有机无机肥料配施(IOF)处理的水稻籽粒产量均高于单一无机氮肥施用(IF)处理,黏壤土和黏土上分别高49.3%和14.9%;2)与IF处理相比较,IOF处理的矿质氮含量在水稻季均保持较高水平,且IOF处理显著增加了黏壤土上穗期和黏土上分蘖期、拔节期、穗期土壤矿质氮中来自于有机肥料15N和无机肥料15N的比例。IOF处理还显著增加了水稻分蘖期、拔节期、穗期土壤微生物量氮(MBN)中来自于无机肥料15N的比例;3)与IF处理相比较,IOF处理有机肥料氮促进了小麦季残留无机肥料15N在水稻生殖器官籽粒的分配比例,黏壤土和黏土上分别增加60%和52.6%,降低了其在叶片等营养器官的分配比例,降幅均在30%以上;与单一有机氮肥(OF)处理相比较,IOF处理无机肥料氮降低了残留有机肥料15N在水稻生殖器官籽粒的分配比例,黏壤土和黏土上降幅分别为20%和22.7%,增加了其在根系的分配比例,黏壤土和黏土增幅分别为90%和240%;4)与IF或OF处理相比较,IOF处理有机肥料氮促进了无机肥料15N在土壤的残留,而无机肥料氮增加了有机肥料15N在植株和土壤的回收率。有机肥料氮和无机肥料氮的协同降低了双方在水稻季向环境的损失,黏壤土和黏土上无机肥料15N损失率(NLR)分别降低17%和16%,而有机肥料15N的NLR分别降低15%和56%。IOF通过提高有机、无机肥料氮在土壤-作物系统的回收减少了肥料氮在W-R轮作系统的损失。     

Determination of organic materials quality based on nutrient recovery,mineral fertilizer equivalency and maize (Zea mays L.) allometry

Crop production in Sub-Saharan Africa is primarily limited by soil fertility decline. In view of this, the fertilizer value of locally available organic materials (OMs) was assessed for their nutrient release to crop growth. Crop residues and farmyard manure (FYM) were evaluated along with mineral fertilizers to grow a test crop maize variety – Gibe 2. The maize allometric parameters, nutrient ratios (NRs), nutrient recovery (NRy) and mineral fertilizer equivalency (MFE) were used to assess the mineral fertilizer value (MFV) of OMs. MFE of OMs was estimated as the available mineral N and P out of the fraction of total nitrogen and phosphorus applied relative to mineral fertilizers supply. The results revealed that maize allometry, NRy and MFE were significantly influenced by fertilizer sources. OM amendment resulted in poor maize allometry and low NRy. Interestingly, MFE of OM amended ranged from ?201% with chickpea (CHP) residue to 63% with FYM. The results demonstrate that CHP has the poorest quality, while FYM is a good-quality OM as a fertilizer source.     

灌溉施用氮肥后氮素在土壤中的转化及淋失状况: 土柱模拟研究

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation (the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI) on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation (SFI), and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer) in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N (NH₄⁺-N + NO₃^--N) in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control (without urea addition), on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH₄⁺-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH₄⁺-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH₄⁺-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH₄⁺-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.     

不同肥料处理对有机黄芪养分吸收与分配的影响

黄芪是我国大宗中药材的典型代表,目前对于有机黄芪养分需求及施肥管理措施研究较少,且符合有机种植的有机肥、矿物肥、微生物肥配施鲜有报道。本文通过田间试验研究了不施肥(CK)、化肥(C)、有机肥(O)、有机肥+矿物肥(OM)、有机肥+矿物肥+微生物肥(OMD)等5个肥料处理对有机黄芪各器官中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌等9种矿质养分元素吸收、积累、分配的影响。结果表明:在黄芪生长期内,黄芪各器官中9种矿质元素的含量动态因肥料处理不同而存在差异。黄芪根系各元素积累规律均呈现逐渐增加的趋势,茎叶中各元素呈现先升高后降低的积累动态趋势。5种肥料对比分析发现,单施化肥能促进黄芪茎叶对养分的吸收。而有机肥+矿物肥+微生物肥(OMD)能显著促进黄芪根系对氮、钾、铁、锰、铜、锌的吸收和积累,促进茎叶对磷的吸收和积累;与其他处理相比促进了9种养分向茎叶的分配,为黄芪地上部生长提供更多营养。总体而言,有机肥+矿物肥+微生物肥(OMD处理)能有效促进黄芪对多种矿质养分元素的积累与分配,这可能是该处理下有机黄芪高产优质的生理基础。     

A model system for studying the biochemistry and biology of the root-soil interface

Calcined attapulgite, a non-swelling clay mineral, has been used as a medium for plant growth when mixed with a nutrient solution in the proportion of 0.95 ml g^?1. Attapulgite is an ideal model “soil” for ultrastructural studies, enabling large intact thin sections through root, rhizoplane and soil. Transmission electron micrographs are presented which illustrate the value of attapulgite for in situ studies of rhizosphere populations, for the demonstration of enzyme activities in individual bacteria and for specific staining of extracellular polysaccharide.A standard fumigation-respiration technique widely used for estimating soil microbial biomass is shown to give unreliable results for rhizosphere samples and should not be used to measure microbial biomass in close asssociation with living roots. The addition of a dilute soil suspension to the attapulgite medium caused a stimulation of root growth without any increase in shoot growth.     

有机钾肥和钾硅钙矿物肥对烤烟生长及烟叶产量质量的影响

为了探讨有机钾肥和矿物钾肥在河南省烤烟上的施用效果,采用大田试验,研究了施用有机钾肥、钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾对烤烟生长及烟叶产量、质量的影响。结果表明,施用有机钾肥、钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾处理比全部施用硫酸钾处理显著提高了圆顶期叶片SPAD值,起到了延缓叶片衰老,保证叶片有足够成熟时间的作用;与全部施用硫酸钾处理相比,用有机钾肥、粒状钾硅钙矿物肥、粉状钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾的3个处理,烟叶产量分别提高16.4%、21.1%和13.0%,产值分别增加5 037.3、10 975.0和3 306.6元/hm2。施用有机钾肥、粉状和粒状钾硅钙矿物肥的3个处理间相比,烟叶产量差异不显著,烟叶产值以施用粒状钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾处理最高,上、中、下部烟叶钾含量显著提高,下部叶和中部叶钾氯比达3.5以上。     

胶结型缓释肥在小麦上应用效果的研究

在盆栽条件下,以不施肥CK1和施用等NPK养分化肥CK2为对照,研究了胶结型缓释肥塑料-淀粉胶结肥和粘土-聚酯胶结肥对冬小麦生长发育、产量、植株内养分含量、土壤中有效养分含量的影响。结果表明,施用粘土-聚酯胶结肥和塑料-淀粉胶结肥均能显著增加冬小麦产量,与CK2相比分别增产14.85%、27.48%;施用胶结型缓释肥能够促进小麦各生育时期叶绿素合成;与CK2相比,施用粘土-聚酯胶结肥和塑料-淀粉胶结肥分别使小麦中后期干物重增加9.24%～45.56%和7.53%～45.64%;使植株内氮素含量分别增加4.43%～12.96%,5.70%～14.42%;与CK2相比,土壤中碱解氮和速效磷含量均表现为小麦生长前期低生长中后期高,充分体现了胶结型缓释肥的养分缓释效果。     

Organic‐carbon fractions in an agricultural topsoil assessed by the determination of the soil mineral surface area

According to recent conceptual models, the organic carbon (OC) of soils can be divided into OC fractions of increasing stability from labile free OC to resistant OC associated with the soil mineral phase. In this study, we present a method for quantifying two OC fractions based on soil aggregate–size fractionation and the N₂ gas–adsorption method. For this purpose, we analyzed soil material of the plow layer of a Haplic Chernozem subjected to different fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, mineral and organic fertilizer). The total organic‐C concentration (TOC) and the clay content of the different size fractions were determined as well as the specific surface area (SSA_mineral) and the sample pore volume after thermal oxidation (OC‐free). The TOC of the different soil‐aggregate fractions was linearly related to SSA_mineral. Clay‐associated OC and nonassociated OC fractions of the different soil samples were quantified using two methods based on the OC surface loading at the clay fraction. The application of organic fertilizer increased the amount of nonassociated OC but hardly affected the concentration of clay‐associated OC. This finding agrees with previous studies on C dynamics in soils and indicates a finite capacity of soil materials to sequester OC. Even without any addition of organic fertilizer, the mineral phase of the analyzed soil material appears to be C‐saturated.     

EFFECT OF SOIL CLAY TYPE ON THE 'AVAILABILITY' OF ZINC IN SOME MEDITERRANEAN RENDZINA SOILS

The influence of soil clay type on the ‘availability’ of zinc was studied in six rendzina soils from Israel. The quantities of zinc extracted by EDTA—(NH₄)₂CO₃, were higher in the soils with a lower total of zinc content. Values of extracted zinc calculated on the basis of soil minus CaCO₃ were higher in soils with attapulgite than in soils with montmorillonite as the predominant mineral. Thus, it appears that zinc is more strongly bound to montmorillonite. This was confirmed by a greenhouse experiment in which total zinc uptake after zinc fertilization was higher from rendzinas containing attapulgite than from montmorillonitic rendzinas.