石羊河流域冬季冻土深度变化趋势及原因

利用1961~2007年石羊河流域上游、中游、下游当地气象站的冬季最大冻土深度、气温、地温、日照时数、降水量、相对湿度、蒸发、积雪资料,分析了近47 a石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度的空间分布以及时间变化特征,进而采用相关系数法进一步探讨了冬季最大冻土深度变化的原因。结果表明:在空间分布上,石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度分布与本地地理位置、土壤类型和海拔高度密切相关。石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度梯度呈南—北走向,最大值出现在南部古浪,最小值出现在北部民勤。时间变化上,近47 a,石羊河流域以及流域上、中游冬季最大冻土深度呈下降趋势,而下游民勤冬季最大冻土深度则呈上升趋势,石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度在不同时段内存在明显的6~7 a和9~10 a的周期反映,除下游民勤外在20世纪90年代都发生了突变。相关系数法分析表明,影响石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度的气象因子是主要是热力因子,热力因子中关联最强的是极端最低地温和气温;水分因子中蒸发和冬季最大冻土深度的关联最明显。     

过去(1958-2007)和未来(2011-2060)50年淮河流域气候变化趋势分析

根据淮河流域1958-2007年观测资料和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式对该流域2011-2060年气候变化的预估结果,分析淮河流域1958-2007年平均气温、极端高(低)温、农业界限温度和年降水量变化,并对2011-2060年气温和降水量变化趋势进行预估。结果表明:(1)淮河流域年平均气温,20世纪90年代以前以降温为主,90年代中后期增温显著;季节变化上,春秋两季气温呈波动增加趋势,冬季增温速率较高,夏季则呈下降趋势,极端气温事件出现次数和温度变化幅度均减小。淮河流域热量资源的时间变化以增温趋势为主,各界限温度初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数和累积温度增加。从区域分布上,流域东部增温趋势强于西部。1958-2007年年降水量和极端降水等无突变性的增加或减少趋势;季节变化上,流域夏季降水量变幅较大。(2)3种排放情景下淮河流域年平均气温升高趋势一致,且SRES-A1B情景升温幅度大于其它两种情景且约在2040年突变增温,3种情景下季节平均气温均为冬季升高最快;未来年降水量有微弱增加,但M-K检测均无显著变化趋势,未来50a淮河流域季节降水仍以春、夏季降水为主,约占全年降水量的70%。     

石羊河流域冬季冻土对沙尘天气的影响分析

利用石羊河流域上游、中游、下游当地气象站1961²007年的冬季气温、降水、蒸发、最大冻土深度和19622007年的冬季气温、降水、蒸发、最大冻土深度和1962²008年沙尘天气的常规观测资料,分析了近47 a石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度和春夏沙尘日数的空间分布以及时间变化特征,近而采用相关系数法分析了冬季各气象因子与冬季最大冻土深度和次年春夏沙尘天气之间的相关关系,以进一步探讨石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度与次年春夏沙尘天气的关系,结果表明:空间分布上,受地理位置和海拔高度等因素影响,石羊河流域冬季最大冻土深度分布呈东南—西北走向,而沙尘日数分布呈西北—东南走向,北部荒漠低海拔地区的冻土深度小于南部山区高海拔地区,而低海拔地区的沙尘日数明显高于高海拔地区。时间分布上,石羊河流域以及流域上、中游冬季最大冻土深度和沙尘日数线性趋势一致,皆随时间递减,在下游冬季最大冻土深度和沙尘日数线性趋势相反。相关系数法分析表明,石羊河流域冬季冻土深度与次年春夏沙尘天气发生日数之间都存在正相关,究其原因可能归根于冬季热力因子和水分因子对冬季最大冻土深度和次年春夏沙尘发生日数影响的一致性,其中热力因子的作用大于水分因子。     

洮河流域气候变化及其对水资源的影响

利用洮河流域气象观测资料和水资源定位观测资料,分析气候变化特征、水资源变化特征及其二者的关系,建立水资源气候模式。分析表明：洮河流域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在-14．5～-4．6mm／10a之间,降水量递减以夏季降水量递减为主。气温年际变化趋势呈显著上升趋势,气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在0．12～0．59℃／10a之间,增温率以冬季最大,年际变化趋势从20世纪70年代之后持续上升。年干燥指数变化呈显著上升趋势,年干燥指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在0．05～0．12／10a之间。近50年来洮河流域气候趋于暖干化。洮河流域水资源呈显著下降趋势,年际变化存在2～3,8～9,15a的年际周期变化。水资源与降水量呈显著正相关,与干燥指数呈显著负相关,降水量减少,干燥指数上升,导致水资源减少。     

新疆意大利蝗适生区的气候变化特征分析

选取新疆境内意大利蝗（Calliptamus italicus L.）适生区14个气象站1961-2013年月降水量及平均气温资料,采用线性回归和趋势分析方法,分南疆地区、天山山区和北疆地区3个气候区对近53a（1961-2013）降水量和气温变化特征进行分析.结果表明,（1）南、北疆地区年平均降水量均显著增加（P＜0.05）,南疆以夏季增加为主,北疆以冬季增加为主,天山山区年平均降水量高于南、北疆地区,但其53a来变化不显著;（2）3个区域年平均气温均极显著升高（P＜0.01）,南、北疆地区以冬季增温幅度最大,天山山区秋季增幅最大;（3）3个区域年平均最高气温均极显著升高（P＜0.01）,且均以秋季升幅最大;各区年平均最低气温均极显著升高（P＜0.01）,南北疆地区冬季增幅最大,天山山区夏季增幅最大,其最低气温增幅高于最高气温.在全球气候变暖背景下,意大利蝗适生区近53a气候总体呈暖湿趋势,气候格局的显著变化,会导致蝗虫地理分布格局及灾变规律的重大改变.     

洮河流域气候变化及其对水资源的影响

利用洮河流域气象观测资料和水资源定位观测资料,分析气候变化特征、水资源变化特征及其二者的关系,建立水资源气候模式。分析表明:洮河流域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在-14.5~-4.6 mm/10 a之间,降水量递减以夏季降水量递减为主。气温年际变化趋势呈显著上升趋势,气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在0.12~0.59℃/10 a之间,增温率以冬季最大,年际变化趋势从20世纪70年代之后持续上升。年干燥指数变化呈显著上升趋势,年干燥指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在0.05~0.12/10 a之间。近50年来洮河流域气候趋于暖干化。洮河流域水资源呈显著下降趋势,年际变化存在2~3,8~9,15 a的年际周期变化。水资源与降水量呈显著正相关,与干燥指数呈显著负相关,降水量减少,干燥指数上升,导致水资源减少。     

艾比湖流域气候变化及对地表水资源的影响

利用艾比湖流域逐月气温、降水数据,结合流域地表径流和艾比湖湖泊面积数据,分析了1961—2010年流域气候要素变化趋势和突变特征,探讨了气候变化对流域地表水资源的影响。结果表明:(1)近50a来艾比湖流域气温、降水均呈波动上升趋势,气候由暖干型向暖湿型转变。冬季升温对流域气温增幅贡献率大,气温在1995年发生突变。冬季降水量增幅明显,夏季只有温泉站点降水量增幅显著,降水量在1984年发生突变;(2)流域年均气温与径流量呈正相关,年降水量与径流量的变化呈显著同步性;(3)流域年平均气温与艾比湖面积大小关系复杂;年平均降水量与湖泊面积的变化趋势趋于同步,1996—1999年这种同步性更明显;(4)气候变化直接影响冰川伸缩与雪线升降,冰川数量和规模均逐渐减小,用水矛盾日益尖锐,影响绿洲社会经济发展。     

新疆库车县近40 a来气温与蒸发量变化趋势分析

通过对新疆库车县1971-2006年气温与蒸发量变化趋势的分析,发现年平均气温及四季（春季、夏季、秋季、冬季）平均气温36 a来无明显变化,均在多年平均值上下波动。年蒸发量和4个季节平均蒸发量均呈显著下降的趋势,其中年蒸发量的下降率为35 mm/a,4个季节的下降率以夏季最大,冬季最小。并在此基础上,对库车县蒸发量下降的原因进行了分析。     

近52年黑龙江省农业气候资源变化特征分析

根据1961—2012年黑龙江省72个站点逐日气象资料,应用线性趋系数法对全年、四季、年代际的气温、降水、日照时数等主要农业气候资源的变化特征进行分析,结果表明,黑龙江省平均气温有明显升高趋势,升高速率为0.35℃/10 a。冬季是增温的主要贡献者,平均每10 a增加0.52℃。全年和四季平均气温的年代际变化呈增加趋势,2000s增温最明显;黑龙江省年降水量波动中呈减少趋势,减少速率为2.76 mm/10 a,减少趋势不明显,但季节性变化比较明显,秋季是降水量减少最大贡献者。年和四季降水量的年代际变化各不相同;黑龙江省全年和四季日照时数都呈减少趋势,其中,全年日照时数减少速率为26.07 h/10 a。春季是日照时数减少的最大贡献者。全年和四季日照时数随年代际变化呈非一致减少趋势。     

近50年黄河流域气温和降水量变化特征分析

利用黄河流域54个气象站点1961-2010年气象数据,探讨近50a黄河流域气温和降水量的变化趋势特征。结果表明:(1)黄河流域年降水量变化具有明显的空间差异,总体表现为上游地区增多、中游地区减少的特点。春季上游降水量呈显著增加趋势,秋季中游显著减少,冬季全流域降水量均呈显著增加趋势,其中下游增幅最大。年内降水量显著增加的时段主要集中在1-3月和12月;(2)黄河流域气温变化呈显著升高趋势,平均最高气温和最低气温变化具有明显的不对称性,平均最低气温变化对平均气温升高的贡献率大于平均最高气温。平均最高气温、平均气温和平均最低气温全流域均表现为冬季增幅最大,夏季和秋季则为流域上游增幅最大。月平均气温显著增加的站点比例最高,月最高气温显著增加的站点比例最小,且均集中在2月。(3)全流域冬季出现暖湿化趋势,春季上游出现暖湿化趋势,而秋季中游出现暖干化趋势。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.