Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus in Captive Wild Birds

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from the faeces of seven different species of clinically healthy captive wild birds. All seven NDV isolates were characterized as velogenic, based on the mean death time in embryonated hens' eggs and the intracerebral pathogenicity index in day-old chicks. Three of the isolates were placed in group C₁ based on the reactions with monoclonal antibodies. The role of captive wild birds in the epidemiology of Newcastle disease is briefly discussed.     

Isolation of Mycoplasma meleagridis from Free‐ranging Birds of Prey in Germany

In this study tracheal swabs and air sac biopsies of 68 raptors of different species that were found injured or debilitated in Germany were investigated for the occurrence of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma meleagridis, Mycoplasma falconis, Mycoplasma buteonis, Mycoplasma gypis and five mycoplasma isolates not identified so far could be isolated from 32 (47 %) birds. Mycoplasma meleagridis could be detected in five birds. These birds did not show clinical signs or histopathological alterations in air sac biopsies related to the infection.     

An Additional Bone in the Carpal Region of Raptorial Birds

In a series of 4 species of owls and 12 species of diurnal raptors, an additional bone was present bilaterally in the area of the carpus. Designating the bone as an “additional bone of the raptorial carpal region” is suggested pending appropriate embryological studies to determine the origin of the bone. Generally, the bone was present in owls and in diurnal raptors with relatively short, rounded wings, but was absent in species with longer, more tapered wings. The bone lies at the cranial edge of the carpal area near the radial carpal bone, and is fixed to the surrounding skeleton by ligaments. The tendon of the tensor patagium longus muscle has one slip that attaches to the additional bone and another that passes over its craniodorsal surface en route to insertion. Awareness of the occurrence of this bone in some raptors, but not others, is essential in clinical evaluation of wing injuries, as well as in forming a prognosis for the return to soundness, the potential for release, and, therefore, the life of an injured raptor.     

Differentiation of Staphylococcus sciuri Strains Isolated from Free‐Living Rodents and Insectivores

Twenty‐nine Staphylococcus sciuri strains isolated from free‐living insectivores and rodents were comparatively analysed for their biochemical capacities and their SmaI macrorestriction patterns. The 29 S. sciuri isolates represented 21 different biotypes and 22 different SmaI macrorestriction types. This observation confirmed that S. sciuri isolates obtained from insectivores and rodents living in natural environments constituted a heterogeneous population. Cluster analysis revealed that the macrorestriction patterns and the biochemical profiles matched in some cases. However, S. sciuri isolates that exhibited the same or closely related biochemical profiles were also found to be associated with different macrorestriction patterns. Analysis of the 29 S. sciuri isolates for their plasmid content and their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents showed that most of the isolates were plasmid‐free and susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested.     

圈养珍稀野生动物应激性疾病及防治

野生动物怕热、易惊厥,容易发生应激或患应激性疾病.圈养条件下,特别在热、冷等应激原的刺激下易诱发大熊猫、羚牛、金丝猴的大肠埃希菌性肠炎和某些传染性的应激性疾病等,麻醉、运输等应激原的刺激而诱发羚牛的应激或应激性疾病,其死亡率高达20%,严重地威胁着珍稀野生动物的生命.再加之其生性凶猛,在诊断和治疗上都存在着很大的局限性...     

Tetracycline Resistance in Staphylococci from Free‐living Rodents and Insectivores

One hundred and fifty‐eight staphylococcal strains isolated from wild rodents and insectivores were analysed for plasmid‐borne resistance to tetracycline (Tc). Only 10 isolates, six Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates and single isolates of S. xylosus, S. equorum, S. warneri and S. cohnii subsp. cohnii carried a Tc resistance plasmid of approximately 4.4 kb as confirmed by protoplast transformation. All 10 plasmids harboured a Tc resistance gene of hybridization class K [tet(K)] as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The plasmid was assigned to the pT181 family as it revealed a high degree of restriction map homology to pT181 and other members of this family. Macrorestriction analysis with the enzyme SmaI showed that three of the six isolates identified as S. saprophyticus shared the same pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern.     

A型流感病毒在野禽中的全球分布(续完)

3海鸥和燕鸥中的流感病毒1961年,首次报道从燕鸥(sterna hirundo)中分离到流感病毒。该高致病性禽流感H5N3亚型病毒引起了南部非洲禽流感的爆发,并至少造成1300只     

野生鸟类高致病性禽流感抗体水平检测

高致病性禽流感对禽类及人类危害十分严重.高致病性禽流感流行病学特点之一是随野生鸟类的迁徙,该病在全球广泛扩散和蔓延.野生鸟类在紧急免疫后的血清抗体水平直接关系到疫情的控制、养禽业的发展以及人类的健康.我国GB/T 18936高致病性禽流感诊断技术对火鸡、鸭、鹅(包括野生鸟类)等禽类接种禽流感疫苗免疫效力评价缺乏足够的血清学依据,国际国内对野生鸟类血清抗体水平检测资料比较欠缺.因此对野生鸟类高致病性禽流感血清抗体水平进行检测,就显得十分重要和必要.     

百鸟园小型鸟类营巢地的选择初探

通过对上海野生动物百鸟园内各种小型鸟类在2003～2004年度营巢数量和所选营巢地的比较分析,发现通过增挂人工巢箱,可在一定程度上提高园内空间资源的利用率,科学地引导鸟类充分利用百鸟园内的有效繁殖空间,提高鸟类的繁殖率。     

侯鸟携带蜱及蜱传播疾病流行概况

蜱作为一种重要的媒介生物,可以携带并传播多种病原体,引发人兽共患蜱传病,具有重要的公共卫生意义。侯鸟因其独特的飞行运动特性、集群性及广阔的活动范围,为蜱及蜱传病的散播提供有利条件。其传播作用既有生物性传播又有机械性传播,感染性媒介蜱可趁候鸟迁飞途中落地休息及食物补给之时重新寻找宿主并完成跨距离传播,促进新的自然疫源地产生。我国位于国际候鸟迁飞主要迁徙带上,然而有关鸟类携带蜱及蜱传病原相关研究数据却非常缺乏。论文根据国内外研究状况,就侯鸟携带蜱及蜱传病原的种类、分布、流行情况进行综述,以期更好地了解鸟类、蜱以及病原三者之间的相互关系,从而为蜱传病的监测、预警和防控提供参考。     

野生和人工饲养鳄蜥夏季行为时间分配及节律差异

为了探析人工饲养是否会导致鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)行为时间分配及活动节律发生变化,2019年7月在广西大桂山国家级自然保护区,通过布置监控摄像头对22只野生鳄蜥和44只人工繁育鳄蜥进行监控,记录2种环境中被观察个体在每个时段(1 h)内每种行为的占用时长,并对数据进行整理分析。结果显示:夏季行为时间分配方面,野生鳄蜥种群的移动、捕食及晒太阳行为时间占比极显著高于人工饲养个体(P<0.01);2种环境中鳄蜥的静栖和隐蔽行为时间占比无显著差异(P>0.05)。夏季行为节律方面,当气温较高时(13:00—16:00),人工饲养个体静栖行为占比为73.04%～82.82%,而野生个体多选择隐蔽(行为占比56.82%～62.88%);野生个体移动行为占比有2个明显的高峰,分别位于07:00(5.42%)和18:00(6.02%),而人工饲养个体移动行为占比仅有1个明显高峰,位于19:00(2.34%);野生个体捕食行为有3个高峰,分别位于07:00(2.35%)、11:00(1.70%)及17:00(0.98%),而人工饲养个体几乎没有出现捕食行为(全...     

青海湖地区野（候）鸟禽流感流行病学监测

为正确评估野(候)鸟在禽流感流行病学中的作用,从2005年5月开始对青海湖地区野(候)鸟进行了血样、喉气管拭子、泄殖腔(粪便)拭子和病死禽(脑组织)样品的采集,到2007年8月底,共采集样品2403份,采用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)试验对喉气管拭子、泄殖腔(粪便)拭子和病死禽(脑组织)样品进行了病原学检测,结果出现阳性10份,其余均为阴性;采用HA和HI试验进行了禽流感血清抗体的检测,结果在4种野(候)鸟的11份血样中检出了5份AIV阳性抗体,全部为H5亚型。     

野鸟禽流感的研究进展及西藏的预防和控制对策

高致病性禽流感是由A型流感病毒引起的一种传染病,不仅给世界养禽业造成重大损失,也具有重要的公共卫生学意义。作者综述了高致病性禽流感的研究进展和流行特点,以及野鸟感染禽流感的概况,并结合实际情况提出西藏预防和控制禽流感的建议。     

Detection of Zoonotic Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis suihominis in Wild Boars from Spain

Food safety regulations require the control of the presence of protozoa in meats destined for human consumption. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat may constitute a source of zoonoses. A 23.8% (688/2881) seroprevalence of anti‐Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and 72.2% (662/910) Sarcocystis sarcocysts prevalence were detected among wild boars hunted in Southwestern areas of Spain. Identity of Sarcocystis spp. was performed by RFLP‐PCR and sequencing, detecting S. miescheriana (7/8) and the zoonotic S. suihominis (1/8). Risk assessment studies of these coccidian in meats destined to human consumption are needed.     

人工饲养野生动物现状调查及检疫监管思考

为了解我国人工饲养野生动物的现状,分析了当前野生动物养殖的种类、规模、分布以及关注热点,探讨了《野生动物保护法》《动物防疫法》规定的应当附有检疫证明的野生动物范围,产地检疫过程中判断可开展检疫的野生动物品种、调查野生动物的来源、实施详细具体检疫的步骤,养殖、运输、流通环节的监管等问题,提出了推动完善法律法规,加大野生动物疫病的研究与监测力度,加强部门监管与协作的对策,为完善人工饲养野生动物疫病防控和检疫监管提供参考。     

青海野生鸟类禽流感监测防控亟待关注解决的问题

近年来,青藏高原迁徙的野生鸟类不断发生高致病禽流感疫病,给生态安全和人们的健康带来了极大的威胁。如何面对和做好野生鸟类的疫源疫病监测与防控,本文通过青海省发生和开展的防控工作情况,就面临和亟待解决的问题,提出对策建议。     

65株不同圈养野生动物源性肠杆科菌的药敏分析

采用K-B法药敏试验,分析圈养野生动物肠杆科菌对青霉素类、头孢类、氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类的10种临床常用抗生素的药敏情况。结果显示：最敏感的是头孢稀类的三代头孢,头孢哌酮和头孢噻肟,其敏感率均为83.1%;较敏感的为喹诺酮类和氨基糖甙类药物,敏感率大于或等于60%;敏感性较差的是一代头孢中的头孢拉定、磺胺类药中的复方新诺明、青霉素类的氨苄青霉素,其敏感性分别为58.5%、43.1%和21.5%,被研究结果为兽医临床用药提供了依据。